Impartial judges? Race, institutional context, and U.S. State supreme courts

State Politics and Policy Quarterly

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 381-403

  Bonneau, Chris W ^a   Rice, Heather Marie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77649159262     PISSN: 15324400     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/153244000900900401     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Allen, David W., and Diane E. Wall. 1987. "The Behavior of Women State Supreme Court Justices: Are They Tokens or Outsiders?" Justice System Journal 12:232-44.
2. Arceneaux, Kevin T., Chris W. Bonneau, and Paul Brace. 2008. "Judging Under Constraint: Institutions and State Court Decisionmaking." Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, April 3-6.
3. Beiner, Theresa M. 1999. "What Will Diversity on the Bench Mean for Justice?" Michigan Journal of Gender and Law 6:113-52.
4. Bonneau, Chris W. 2001. "The Composition of State Supreme Courts, 2000." Judicature 85: 26-31.
5. Bonneau, Chris W., Paul Brace, and Kevin Arceneaux. 2006. Individual-Level State Supreme Court Database. www.ruf.rice.edu/~pbrace/statecourt/index.html. (13 October).
6. Brace, Paul, Kellie Sims-Butler, Kevin Arceneaux, and Martin Johnson. 2002. "Public Opinion in the American States: New Perspectives Using National Survey Data." American Journal of Political Science 46:173-89.
7. Brace, Paul, and Melinda Gann Hall. 1995. "Studying Courts Comparatively: The View from the American States." Political Research Quarterly 48:5-29.
8. Brace, Paul, and Melinda Gann Hall. 1997. "The Interplay of Preferences, Case Facts, Context, and Rules in the Politics of Judicial Choice." The Journal of Politics 59:1206-31.
9. Brace, Paul, Laura Langer, and Melinda Gann Hall. 2000. "Measuring the Preferences of State Supreme Court Judges." The Journal of Politics 62:387-413.
10. Davis, Sue. 1986. "The Impact of President Carter's Judicial Selection Reforms: A Voting Analysis of the U.S. Court of Appeals." American Politics Quarterly 14:328-44.
11. Etienne, Margaret. 2005. "Parity, Disparity, and Adversariality: First Principles of Sentencing." Stanford Law Review 58:309-22.
12. Farhang, Sean, and Gregory Wawro. 2004. "Institutional Dynamics on the U.S. Court of Appeals: Minority Representation Under Panel Decision Making." Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 20:299-330.
13. Glaberson, William. 2006. "In Tiny Courts of N.Y., Abuses of Law and Power." New York Times, September 25.
14. Goldman, Sheldon. 1979. "Should There Be Affirmative Action for the Judiciary?" Judicature 62:488-94.
15. Goldman, Sheldon. 1997. Picking Federal Judges: Lower Court Selection from Roosevelt through Reagan. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
16. Gottschall, Jon. 1983. "Carter's Judicial Appointments: The Influence of Affirmative Action and Merit Selection on Voting on the U.S. Court of Appeals." Judicature 67:164-73.
17. Hall, Melinda Gann. 1992. "Electoral Politics and Strategic Voting in State Supreme Courts." The Journal of Politics 54:427-46.
18. Hall, Melinda Gann. 1995. "Justices as Representatives: Elections and Judicial Politics in the American States." American Politics Quarterly 23:485-503.
19. Hall, Melinda Gann. 2001. "State Supreme Courts in American Democracy: Probing the Myths of Judicial Reform." American Political Science Review 95: 315-30.
20. Hall, Melinda Gann, and Paul Brace. 1994. "The Vicissitudes of Death by Decree: Forces Influencing Capital Punishment Decisionmaking in State Supreme Courts." Social Science Quarterly 75:136-51.
21. Hurwitz, Mark S., and Drew Noble Lanier. 2001. "Women and Minorities on State and Federal Appellate Benches, 1985 and 1999." Judicature 85:84-92.
22. Hurwitz, Mark S., and Drew Noble Lanier. 2003. "Explaining Judicial Diversity: The Differential Ability of Women and Minorities to Attain Seats on State Supreme and Appellate Courts." State Politics and Policy Quarterly 3:329-52.
23. Ifill, Sherrilynn A. 2000. "Racial Diversity on the Bench: Beyond Role Models and Public Confidence." Washington and Lee Review 57:405-95.
24. Kalven, Harry, Jr., and Hans Zeisel. 1966. The American Jury. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
25. Keiser, Lael R., Vicky M. Wilkins, Kenneth J. Meier, and Catherine Holland. 2002. "Lipstick and Logarithms: Gender, Identity, Institutional Context, and Representative Bureaucracy." American Political Science Review 96:553-64.
26. King, Gary, Michael Tomz, and Jason Wittenberg. 2000. "Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation." American Journal of Political Science 44:341-55.
27. Leader, Shelah G. 1977. "The Policy Impact of Elected Women Officials." In The Impact of the Electoral Process, eds. Joseph Cooper and Louis Maisel. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
28. Mitchell, John B. 1980. "The Ethics of the Criminal Defense Attorney: New Answers to Old Questions." Stanford Law Review 32:293-337.
29. Nicholson-Crotty, Jill, and Kenneth J. Meier. 2002. "Gender, Representative Bureaucracy, and Law Enforcement: The Case of Sexual Assault." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA.
30. Pitkin, Hanna. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
31. Preuhs, Robert R. 2006. "The Conditional Effects of Minority Descriptive Representation: Black Legislators and Policy Influence in the American States." The Journal of Politics 68:585-99.
32. Preuhs, Robert R. 2007. "Descriptive Representation as a Mechanism to Mitigate Policy Backlash: Latino Incorporation and Welfare Policy in the American States." Political Research Quarterly 60:277-92.
33. Roberts, Julian V., and Loreta J. Stalans. 1997. Public Opinion, Crime, and Criminal Justice. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
34. Segal, Jeffrey A. 1984. "Predicting Supreme Court Cases Probabilistically: The Search and Seizure Cases, 1962-1981." American Political Science Review 78:891-900.
35. Segal, Jeffrey A., and Harold J. Spaeth. 2002. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
36. Smith, Michael David. 1983. Race Versus the Robe: The Dilemma of Black Judges. New York, NY: National University Publications.
37. Smith, Susan Moloney. 1994. "Diversifying the Judiciary: The Influence of Gender and Race on Judging." University of Richmond Law Review 28:179-204.
38. Spohn, Cassia. 1990a. "The Sentencing Decisions of Black and White Judges: Expected and Unexpected Similarities." Law & Society Review 24:1197-1216.
39. Spohn, Cassia. 1990b. "Decision Making in Sexual Assault Cases: Do Black and Female Judges Make a Difference?" Women & Criminal Justice 2:83-105.
40. Spohn, Cassia, and Susan Welch. 1986. "The Effect of the Impact of Prior Record in Judge's Sentencing Decisions." Justice Quarterly 3:389-408.
41. Steffensmeier, Darrell, and Chester L. Britt. 2001. "Judges' Race and Judicial Decision Making: Do Black Judges Sentence Differently?" Social Science Quarterly 82:749-64.
42. Steffensmeier, Darrell, and Chris Hebert. 1999. "Women and Men Policymakers: Does the Judge's Gender Affect the Sentencing of Criminal Defendants?" Social Forces 77:1163-96.
43. Tate, C. Neal. 1981. "Personal Attribute Models of Voting Behavior of U.S. Supreme Court Justices: Liberalism in Civil Liberties and Economics Decisions, 1946-1978." American Political Science Review 75:355-67.
44. Tobias, Carl. 1990. "The Gender Gap on the Federal Bench." Hofstra Law Review 19:171-84.
45. Uhlman, Thomas. 1978. "Black Elite Decision Making: The Case of Trial Judges." American Journal of Political Science 22:884-95.
46. Walker, Thomas G., and Deborah J. Barrow. 1985. "The Diversification of the Federal Bench: Policy and Process Ramifications." The Journal of Politics 47:596-617.
47. Welch, Susan. 1985. "Are Women More Liberal Than Men in the U.S. Congress?" Legislative Studies Quarterly 10:125-34.
48. Welch, Susan, Michael Combs, and John Gruhl. 1988. "Do Black Judges Make a Difference?" American Journal of Political Science 32:126-36.
49. Wilkins, Vicky M. 2007. "Exploring the Causal Story: Gender, Active Representation, and Bureaucratic Priorities." Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 17:77-94.
50. Wilkins, Vicky M., and Lael R. Keiser. 2006. "Linking Passive and Active Representation for Gender: The Case of Child Support Agencies." Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 16:87-102.