Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in individuals with minimal or occult immunosuppression

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry

Volumn 81, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 247-254

  Gheuens, Sarah ^a   Pierone, Gerald ^b   Peeters, Patrick ^c   Koralnik, Igor J ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b Treasure Coast Infectious Disease Consultants   (United States)

^c GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALCOHOL LIVER CIRRHOSIS; ARTICLE; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; DERMATOMYOSITIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LYMPHOCYTOPENIA; MALE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY;

ADULT; BRAIN; CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HIV SERONEGATIVITY; HUMANS; IMMUNE TOLERANCE; LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL; LYMPHOPENIA; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; PREGNANCY; RISK FACTORS; SURVIVAL RATE;

EID: 77649139783     PISSN: 00223050     EISSN: 1468330X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2009.187666     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Koralnik IJ. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy revisited: has the disease outgrown its name? Ann Neurol 2006;60:162-73.
2. Koralnik IJ, Schellingerhout D, Frosch MP. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 14-2004. A 66-year-old man with progressive neurologic deficits. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1882-93.
3. Adair JC, Schwartz RL, Eskin TA, et al. Rapidly progressive dementia: a clinicopathologic correlation. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1996;9:209-13.
4. Arai Y, Tsutsui Y, Nagashima K, et al. Autopsy case of the cerebellar form of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy without immunodeficiency. Neuropathology 2002;22:48-56.
5. Astrom KE, Stoner GL. Early pathological changes in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a report of two asymptomatic cases occurring prior to the AIDS epidemic. Acta Neuropathol 1994;88:93-105.
6. Bhatia KP, Morris JH, Frackowiak RS. Primary progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy presenting as an extrapyramidal syndrome. J Neurol 1996;243:91-5.
7. Bolton CF, Rozdilsky B. Primary progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. A case report. Neurology 1971;21:72-7.
8. Chikezie PU, Greenberg AL. Idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia presenting as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: case report. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:526-7.
9. Faris AA, Martinez AJ. Primary progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. A central nervous system disease caused by a slow virus. Arch Neurol 1972;27:357-60.
10. Fermaglich J, Hardman JM, Earle KM. Spontaneous progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 1970;20:479-84.
11. Guillaume B, Sindic CJ, Weber T. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: simultaneous detection of JCV DNA and anti-JCV antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid. Eur J Neurol 2000;7:101-6.
12. Hayashi Y, Kimura A, Kato S, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia in a patient with Sjögren syndrome. J Neurol Sci 2008;268:195-8.
13. Hoogenraad TU, Jansen GH, van Hattum J. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:345; author reply 6.
14. Irie T, Kasai M, Abe N, et al. Cerebellar form of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with chronic renal failure. Intern Med 1992;31:218-23.
15. Isella V, Marzorati L, Curto N, et al. Primary progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: report of a case. Funct Neurol 2005;20:139-42.
16. Kelleher MB, Galutira D, Duggan TD, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with Alzheimer's disease. Diagn Mol Pathol 1994;3:105-13.
17. Knight RS, Hyman NM, Gardner SD, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and viral antibody titres. J Neurol 1988;235:458-61.
18. Lucena J, Girones X, Rico A, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathyeincidental finding in the forensic neuropathological examination. Clin Neuropathol 2009;28:28-32.
19. Matsubara O, Nakagawa S, Shinoda T, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with prolonged hemodialysis treatment. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1984;403:301-5.
20. Matsuda H, Hayashi K, Meguro M, et al. A case report of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-infected hemodialytic patient. Ther Apher Dial 2006;10:291-5.
21. Rockwell D, Ruben FL, Winkelstein A, et al. Absence of imune deficiencies in a case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Am J Med 1976;61:433-6.
22. Rosas MJ, Simoes-Ribeiro F, An SF, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: unusual MRI findings and prolonged survival in a pregnant woman. Neurology 1999;52:657-9.
23. Rueger MA, Miletic H, Dorries K, et al. Long-term remission in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy caused by idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia: a case report. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:e53-6.
24. Stockhammer G, Poewe W, Wissel J, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy presenting with an isolated focal movement disorder. Mov Disord 2000;15:1006-9.
25. Zochodne DW, Kaufmann JC. Prolonged progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy without immunosuppression. Can J Neurol Sci 1987;14:603-7.
26. Takeda S, Yamazaki K, Miyakawa T, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy showing extensive spinal cord involvement in a patient with lymphocytopenia. Neuropathology 2009;29:485-93.
27. Ali Cherif A, Delpuech F, Habib M, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Clinical, CT scan and neuropathologic findings. Apropos of 4 cases. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1983;139:177-86.
28. Stam FC. Multifocal leuko-encephalopathy with slow progression and very long survival. Psychiatr Neurol Neurochir 1966;69:453-9.
29. Chang YY, Lan MY, Peng CH, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in an immunocompetent Taiwanese patient. J Formos Med Assoc 2007;106(2 Suppl):S60-4.
30. Lima MA, Auriel E, Wuthrich C, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy as a complication of hepatitis C virus treatment in an HIV-negative patient. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:417-19.
31. Markiewicz D, Adamczewska-Goncerzewicz Z, Dymecki J, et al. A case of primary form of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with concentric demyelination of Balo type. Neuropatol Pol 1977;15:491-500.
32. Alafuzoff I, Hartikainen P, Hanninen T, et al. Rapidly progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with substantial cell-mediated inflammatory response and with cognitive decline of non-Alzheimer type in a 75-year-old female patient. Clin Neuropathol 1999;18:113-23.
33. Du Pasquier RA, Kuroda MJ, Zheng Y, et al. A prospective study demonstrates an association between JC virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the early control of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Brain 2004;127(Pt 9):1970-8.
34. Elphick GF, Querbes W, Jordan JA, et al. The human polyomavirus, JCV, uses serotonin receptors to infect cells. Science 2004;306:1380-3.
35. Chavez-Tapia NC, Torre-Delgadillo A, Tellez-Avila FI, et al. The molecular basis of susceptibility to infection in liver cirrhosis. Curr Med Chem 2007;14:2954-8.
36. Girndt M, Sester M, Sester U, et al. Molecular aspects of T- and B-cell function in uremia. Kidney Int Suppl 2001;78:S206- 11.
37. Girndt M, Sester U, Sester M, et al. Impaired cellular immune function in patients with end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999;14:2807-10.
38. Calabrese LH, Molloy ES, Huang D, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in rheumatic diseases: evolving clinical and pathologic patterns of disease. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:2116-28.
39. Tubridy N, Wells C, Lewis D, et al. Unsuccessful treatment with cidofovir and cytarabine in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with dermatomyositis. J R Soc Med 2000;93:374-5.
40. Vulliemoz S, Lurati-Ruiz F, Borruat FX, et al. Favourable outcome of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in two patients with dermatomyositis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77:1079-82.
41. DeHovitz JA, Feldman J, Landesman S. Idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1045-6.
42. Zonios DI, Falloon J, Bennett JE, et al. Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia: natural history and prognostic factors. Blood 2008;112:287-94.
43. Coleman DV, Gardner SD, Mulholland C, et al. Human polyomavirus in pregnancy. A model for the study of defence mechanisms to virus reactivation. Clin Exp Immunol 1983;53:289-96.