The evolution of cities: Geddes, Abercrombie and the new physicalism

Town Planning Review

Volumn 80, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 551-574

  Batty, Michael ^a   Marshall, Stephen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

REGIONAL PLANNING; THEORETICAL STUDY; TWENTIETH CENTURY; URBAN AREA; URBAN GROWTH; URBAN PLANNING;

EID: 77649123318     PISSN: 00410020     EISSN: 1478341X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3828/tpr.2009.12     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Abercrombie, P. (1933), Town and Country Planning (First Edition) (Home University Library), London, Thornton Butterworth.
2. Abercrombie, P. (1937), Planning in Town and Country: Difficulties and Possibilities (An Inaugural Lecture), London, Hodder and Stoughton.
3. Alexander, C. (1964), Notes on the Synthesis of Form, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
4. Alexander, C. (2002), The Nature of Order, Four Volumes, Berkeley, CA, Center for Environmental Structure.
5. Ando, T. (2005), 'Quest for an alternative outlook: Geddes and Japan 1900-2004', in K. Okutsu, A. Johnston, M. Macdonald, and N. Sadakata (eds), Patrick Geddes. By Leaves We Live, Yamaguchi, Japan, Yamaguchi Institute of Contemporary Arts, 46-71.
6. Batty, M. (2005), Cities and Complexity: Understanding Cities with Cellular Automata, Agent-Based Models, and Fractals, Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press.
7. Batty, M. (2007), 'Model cities', Town Planning Review, 78, 125-51.
8. Batty, M. (2008), 'The size, scale, and shape of cities', Science, 319, 769-71.
9. Batty, M. and Marshall, S. (2008), 'Geddes at UCL: "There was something more in town planning than met the eye!"' (CASA Working Paper 138), University College London, London, at http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/working_papers/paper138.pdf
10. Batty, M. and Longley, P. (1994), Fractal Cities: A Geometry of Form and Function, San Diego, CA, Academic Press (also available at www.fractalcities.org).
11. Boardman, P. (1978), The Worlds of Patrick Geddes: Biologist, Town Planner, Re-educator, Peace-warrior, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
12. Bunge, W. (1962), Theoretical Geography, Lund Studies in Geography Series C1, Lund, Sweden, C. W. K. Gleerup.
13. Casa (2007), 'Patrick Geddes and the digital age', News Item, May 2007, available at http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/news/newsStory.asp?ID=153
14. Chadwick, G. F. (1971), A Systems View of Planning: Towards a Theory of the Urban and Regional Planning Process, Oxford, Pergamon.
15. Darwin, C. (1859), On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, London, John Murray.
16. Defries, A. (1927), The Interpreter Geddes: The Man and his Gospel, London, George Routledge and Sons.
17. Dehaene, M. (2005), 'A conservative framework for regional development: Patrick Abercrombie's inter-war experiments in regional planning', Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25, 131-48.
18. Dix, G. (1978), 'Little plans and noble diagrams', Town Planning Review, 49, 329-52.
19. Dobzhansky, T. (1973), 'Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution', American Biology Teacher, 35, 125-29.
20. Geddes, P. (1883), 'Morphology', Encyclopaedia Britannica (9th edn), 16, 836-47.
21. Geddes, P. (1904), 'Civics: as applied sociology', Read before the Sociological Society at a Meeting in the School of Economics and Political Science, 18 July 1904; available at http://www.fullbooks.com/Civics-as-Applied-Sociology.html
22. Geddes, P. (1913), 'Two steps in civics: cities and town planning exhibition and the international congress of cities', Town Planning Review, 4, 78-94.
23. Geddes, P. (1915), Cities in Evolution, London, Williams and Norgate.
24. Geddes, P. and Thomson, J. A. (1889), The Evolution of Sex, London, Walter Scott.
25. Geddes, P. and Thomson, J. A. (1911), Evolution, London, Williams and Norgate.
26. Haldane, J. B. S. (1926, 1985), On Being the Right Size and Other Essays, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
27. Hall, P. (1988), Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, Basil Blackwell.
28. Hall, P. (1995), 'Bringing Abercrombie back from the shades', Town Planning Review, 66, 227-41.
29. Hamdi, N. (2004), Small Change: About the Art of Practice and the Limits of Planning in Cities, London, Earthscan.
30. Hebbert, M. (2003), 'New urbanism: the movement in context', Built Environment, 29, 193-209.
31. Howard, E. (1904, 2003), To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (original edition with Commentary by Peter Hall, Dennis Hardy and Colin Ward), London, Routledge.
32. Huxley, J. S. (1924), 'Constant differential growth-ratios and their significance', Nature, 114, 895-96.
33. Jacobs, J. (1961), The Death and Life of Great American Cities, New York, NY, Random House.
34. Katz, P. (1994), The New Urbanism: Toward an Architecture of Community, New York, NY, McGraw-Hill.
35. Kostof, S. (1991), The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History, London, Thames & Hudson.
36. Kostof, S. (1992), The City Assembled: The Elements of Urban Form Throughout History, London, Thames & Hudson.
37. Lang, J. (2009), 'International urban design: theory and practice', Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Urban Design and Planning, 162, Issue DP1, 7-17.
38. Larson, E. J. (2004), Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory, New York, NY, Random House.
39. Le Corbusier (1933, 1964), The Radiant City, London, Faber and Faber.
40. Le Corbusier (1947), Concerning Town Planning, London, The Architectural Press.
41. Lynch, K. (1981), A Theory of Good City Form, Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press.
42. March, L. and Steadman, P. (1971), The Geometry of Environment, London, RIBA Publications.
43. Marshall, S. (2009), Cities, Design and Evolution, London, Routledge.
44. Marshall, S. and Batty, M. (2009), 'Revisiting Geddes' theory of life' (unpublished paper), Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, London.
45. Massey, D. (1989), 'Regional planning 1909-1939: the experimental era', in P. Garside and M. Hebbert (eds), British Regionalism 1900-2000, London, Mansell, 145-63.
46. Mcloughlin, J. B. (1969), Urban and Regional Planning: A Systems Approach, London, Faber and Faber.
47. Meller, H. (1990), Patrick Geddes: Social Evolutionist and City Planner, London, Routledge.
48. Morrison, G. (2005), 'Geddes and philosophy: the roots, the aftermath', in K. K. Okutsu, A. Johnston, M. Macdonald, and N. Sadakata (eds), Patrick Geddes. By Leaves We Live, Yamaguchi, Japan, Yamaguchi Institute of Contemporary Arts, 89-103.
49. Mumford, L. (1934), Technics and Civilization, New York, Harcourt and Brace.
50. Mumford, L. (1938), The Culture of Cities, London, George Routledge and Sons.
51. Mumford, L. (1962), 'The sky line "Mother Jacobs home remedies"', The New Yorker, 1 December, 148-55.
52. Pepler, G. l. (1955), 'Geddes' contribution to town planning', Town Planning Review, 26, 19-24.
53. Rittel, H. W. J. and webber, M. M. (1973), 'Dilemmas in a general theory of planning', Policy Sciences, 4, 155-69.
54. Sert, J. L. (1942), 'Biology of cities', Time Magazine, 30 November, online at http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,766697,00.html
55. Shillan, D. (1972), Biotechnics: The Practice of Synthesis in the Work of Patrick Geddes, Sixteenth Foundation Lecture, Richmond, Surrey, New Atlantic Foundation.
56. Soria y Mata, A. (1892), 'The linear city', translated by M. D. Gonzalez, in R. LeGates, and F. Stout (eds) (1998) Selected Essays, London, Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 23-27.
57. Talen, E. (2005), New Urbanism and American Planning: The Conflict of Cultures, New York, NY, Routledge.
58. Taylor, N. (1998), Urban Planning Theory Since 1945, London, Sage.
59. Thompson, D. w. (1917), On Growth and Form, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
60. Urban Task Force (1999), Towards an Urban Renaissance, London, Spon Press.
61. Weaver, W. (1948), 'Science and complexity', American Scientist, 36, 536-41.
62. Welter, V. M. (2002), Biopolis. Patrick Geddes and the City of Life, Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press.
63. West, G. B., Brown, J. H. and Enquist, B. J. (1997) 'A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology', Science, 267, 122-26.
64. Wright, M. (1982), Lord Leverhulme's Unknown Venture: The Lever Chair and the Beginnings of Town and Regional Planning 1908-1948, London, Hutchinson Benham.