Nuclear proliferation, the Kargil conflict and South Asian security

Security Studies

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 79-105

  Kapur, S Paul ^a  

^a CLAREMONT MCKENNA COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 7744238606     PISSN: 09636412     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09636410490493868     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Charles Babington and Pamela Constable, "Kashmir Killings Mar Clinton Visit to India," Washington Post, 22 March 2000, A1.
2. Kenneth N. Waltz, "For Better: Nuclear Weapons Preserve an Imperfect Peace," in Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed (New York: Norton, 2003), 117.
3. Devin Hagerty, The Consequences of Nuclear Proliferation: Lessons from South Asia (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998), 184.
4. John J. Mearsheimer, "Here We Go Again," New York Times, 17 May 1998;
5. K. Subrahmanyam, "India and the International Nuclear Order," in Nuclear India in the Twenty-First Century, ed. D.R. SarDesai and Raju G. C. Thomas (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2002), 63-84;
6. Bharat Karnad, Nuclear Weapons and Indian Security: The Realist Foundations of Strategy (New Delhi: Macmillan India, 2002).
7. Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Be Better Adelphi Paper no. 171 (London: International Institute of Strategic Studies, autumn 1981);
8. John J. Mearsheimer, "The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent," Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (summer 1993): 50-66;
9. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and William Riker, "An Assessment of the Merits of Selective Nuclear Proliferation," Journal of Conflict Resolution 26, no. 2 (June 1982): 283-306.
10. Scott D. Sagan, The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993);
11. Robert J. Art, "A Defensible Defense," in America's Strategy in a Changing World, ed. Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992), 87-88;
12. Lewis A. Dunn, Controlling the Bomb: Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), 69-94.
13. Peter R. Lavoy, "The Strategic Consequences of Nuclear Proliferation," Security Studies 4, no. 4 (summer 1995): 695-793;
14. Jeffrey W. Knopf, "Recasting the Optimism-Pessimism Debate," Security Studies 12, no. 1 (autumn 2002): 41-96;
15. David J. Karl, "Proliferation Pessimism and Emerging Nuclear Powers," International Security 21, no. 3 (winter 1996/97): 87-119.
16. Scott Sagan, "For the Worse: Till Death Do Us Part," in Sagan and Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons, 106-7.
17. P. R. Chari, "Nuclear Restraint, Nuclear Risk Reduction, and the Security-Insecurity Paradox in South Asia," in The Stability-Instability Paradox: Nuclear Weapons and Brinksmanship in South Asia, eds. Michael Krepon and Chris Gagné (Washington, D.C.: Stimson Center, 2001), 16.
18. Kanti Bajpai, "The Fallacy of an Indian Deterrent," in India's Nuclear Deterrent: Pokhran II and Beyond, ed. Amitabh Mattoo (New Delhi: HarAnand, 1999), 150-88;
19. Samina Ahmed, "Security Dilemmas of Nuclear-Armed Pakistan," Third World Quarterly 21, no. 5 (October 2000): 781-93;
20. S. R. Valluri, "Lest We Forget: The Futility and Irrelevance of Nuclear Weapons for India," in India's Nuclear Security, eds. Raju G. C. Thomas and Amit Gupta (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2000), 263-73.
21. J. David Singer and Melvin Small, The Wages of War, 1816-1965, A Statistical Handbook (New York: Wiley, 1972).
22. Ashley J. Tellis, C. Christine Fair, and Jamison Jo Medby, Limited Conflicts under the Nuclear Umbrella: Indian and Pakistani Lessons from the Kargil Crisis (Santa Monica: RAND, 2001), ix.
23. Stephen Philip Cohen, "The Nation and the State of Pakistan," Washington Quarterly 25, no. 3 (summer 2002): 110;
24. Sumit Ganguly, Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions since 1947 (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002), 1;
25. Ashley J. Tellis, Indias Emerging Nuclear Posture: Between Recessed Deterrent and Ready Arsenal (Santa Monica: RAND, 2001),131,
26. Sumantra Bose, "Kashmir: Sources of Conflict, Dimensions of Peace," Survival 41, no. 3 (autumn 1999): 149.
27. Arnold Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962), 125-26.
28. Randall L. Schweller, "Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back In," International Security 19, no. 1 (summer 1994): 72-107.
29. Kargil Review Committee, From Surprise to Reckoning: The Kargil Review Committee Report (New Delhi: Sage, 1999);
30. Amarinder Singh, A Ridge Too Far: War in the Kargil Heights 1999 (New Delhi: Motibagh Palace Patiala, 2001);
31. Y.M. Bammi, Kargil 1999: The Impregnable Conquered (Noida, India: Gorkha, 2002);
32. Ashok Krishna, "The Kargil War," in Kargil: The Tables Turned, ed. Ashok Krishna and P. R. Chari (New Delhi: Manohar, 2001 ), 77-138.
33. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), The The Military Balance 2002-2003 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 134-35.
34. Brian Cloughley,A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000), 376.
35. J. N. Dixit, "A Defining Moment," in Guns and Yellow Roses: Essays on the Kargil War, ed. Sankarshan Thakur (New Delhi: HarperCollins, 1999), 188.
36. Gurmeet Kanwal, "Pakistan's Military Defeat," in Kargil 1999: Pakistan's Fourth War for Kashmir, ed. Jasjit Singh (New Delhi: Institute for Defence Analysis, 1999), 153.
37. D. N. Ganesh, "Indian Air Force in Action," in Singh, Kargil 1999 178-88.
38. Jasjit Singh, "Pakistan's Military Defeat,in Singh, Kargil 1999 154.
39. Jasjit Singh, "The Fourth War," in Singh, Kargil 1999, 128-29.
40. D. Subha Chandran, "Role of the United States: Mediator or Mere Facilitator?" in Krisha and Chari, Kargil, 213-14.
41. Shireen M. Mazari, "Kargil: Misguided Perceptions" (paper, Pakistan Institute for Air Defence Studies, 2003), available at www.piads.com.pk/users/piads/mazari1.html.
42. Bruce Riedel, "American Diplomacy and the 1999 Kargil Summit at Blair House" (paper, Center for the Advanced Study of India, University of Pennsylvania, 2002), 3;
43. Zahid Hussain, "On the Brink," Newsline, June 1999.
44. Rafaqat Ali, "Hundreds of Soldiers Fell in Kargil: Army Kept Government in Dark: Nawaz," Dawn, 13 June 2000, available at www.hvk.org/articles/0600/9.htm;
45. Rafaqat Ali, "Nawaz Vows to Expose Kargil 'Debacle,'" Dawn, 14 June 2000, available at www.dawn.com/2000/06/14/top3.htm.
46. "Q&A: Tense Words, Tough Talk; Pakistan's Gen. Pervez Musharraf," Washington Post, 12 March 2000, B1;
47. A. Rashid, "Responsibility for Kargil," Dawn, 22 July 2000, available at www.paksearch.com/dj/2000/August/kargil.htm;
48. "Kargil and Nawaz" (editorial), Dawn, 14 June 2000, available at www.hvk.org/articles/0600/14.htm;
49. Mirza Aslam Beg, "Kargil Withdrawal and 'Rogue Army' Image," Defence Journal 3, no. 8 (September 1999): 8-11;
50. Shireen M. Mazari, "Re-examining Kargil," Defence Journal 3, no. 11 (June 2000): 44-46.
51. Owen Bennett Jones, Pakistan: Eye of the Storm (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 103.
52. "Excerpts from Pakistani Prime Minister Mohammad Nawaz Sharif's Address to Nation Broadcast on National TV," World Media Watch, 12 July 1999, available at www.news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world /monitoring/392828.stm;
53. K. Alan Kronstadt, "Nuclear Weapons and Ballistic Missile Proliferation in India and Pakistan: Issues for Congress," Congressional Research Service, Report RL30623, 31 July 2000, 5;
54. "Over 4,000 Pakistanis Killed During Kargil Conflict: Nawaz Sharif," Press Trust of India, 16 August 2003.
55. "Troops Were in Kargil, General Doesn't Rule Out Repeat," Indian Express, 14 June 2003, available at www.indianexpress.com/archive_frame.php.
56. Irfan Husain, "Kargil: The Morning After," Dawn, 29 April 2000, available at http://www.dawn.com/weekly/mazdak/20000429.htm;
57. Stephen P. Cohen, India: Emerging Power (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2001), 219;
58. F. S. Lodi, "Kargil: Its Aftermath," Defence Journal 3, no. 6 (July 1999): 7-8;
59. Nasim Zehra, "Anatomy of Islamabad's Kargil Policy," Defence Journal 3, no. 7 (August 1999): 2-4.
60. V. N. Rhagavan, Siachen: Conflict without End (New Delhi: Viking, 2002).
61. Ayaz Amir, "What Is the Political Leadership Up To?" Dawn, 2 July 1999, available at http://www.dawn.com/weekly/ ayaz /990702.htm;
62. M. S. Qazi, "High Temperatures at High Mountains" (paper, Pakistan Institute for Air Defence Studies), available at www.piads.com.pk/users/piads/qazi1.html.
63. F. S. Lodi, "India's Kargil Operations: An Analysis," Defence Journal 3, no. 10 (November 1999): 2-3;
64. Javed Nasir, "Calling the Indian Army Chief's Bluff," Defence Journal 3, no. 2 (February-March 1999): 25
65. Ayaz Ahmed Khan, "Indian Offensive in the Kargil Sector," Defence Journal 3, no. 5 (June 1999): 7-8;
66. Mirza Aslam Beg, "Deterrence, Defence, and Development," Defence Journal 3, no. 6 (July 1999): 4-6.
67. Aga Shahi, Zulfikar Ali Khan, and Abdul Sattar, "Securing Nuclear Peace," News International, 5 October 1999, reprinted in Strategic Digest 30, no. 1 (January 2000): 16.
68. Pervez Hoodbhoy, "Pakistan's Nuclear Future," in Pakistan and the Bomb: Public Opinion and Nuclear Options, eds. Samina Ahmed and David Cortright (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1998), 71.
69. Samina Ahmed, "Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons: Moving Forward or Tactical Retreat?" (paper, Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame, February 2000), 18.
70. Ian Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999), 113.
71. C. Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir 1947-48 (New Delhi: Sage, 2002).
72. Robert G. Wirsing, India, Pakistan, and the Kashmir Dispute: On Regional Conflict and Its Resolution (New York: St. Martin's, 1998).
73. Alastair Lamb, Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy 1846-1990 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993), 2.
74. Jasjit Singh, "The Kashmir Issue" in Singh, Kargil 1999, 2-3.
75. Sumit Ganguly, The Crisis in Kashmir: Portents of War, Hopes of Peace (Washington, D.C. and Cambridge: Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Cambridge University Press, 1997);
76. Raja Menon, A Nuclear Strategy for India (New Delhi: Sage, 2000), 195;
77. Thomas Perry Thornton, "Pakistan: Fifty Years of Insecurity," in India and Pakistan: The First Fifty Years, ed. Selig S. Harrison, Paul H. Kreisberg, and Dennis Kux (Washington and Cambridge: Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Cambridge University Press, 1999), 184;
78. J. N. Dixit, India-Pakistan in War and Peace (New Delhi: Books Today, 2002), 212.
79. IISS, The Military Balance 2001-2002 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 162, 167.
80. Indian Defence Yearbook 2002, ed. R. K. Jasbir Singh (Debra Dun: Natraj, 2002), 311, 317.
81. Anthony H. Cordesman, The India-Pakistan Military Balance (Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2002), 4.
82. Ayaz Ahmed Kahn, "Armed Forces Wargaming," Defence Journal 6, no. 1 (August 2002): 61-63.
83. Ashley Tellis, Stability in South Asia (Santa Monica: RAND, 1997), 17-18;
84. John J. Mearsheimer, Conventional Deterrence (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983).
85. George Perkovich, India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferafion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 440;
86. Rodney Jones, "Debating New Delhi's Nuclear Decision," International Security 24, no. 4 (spring 2000): 182-83.
87. Ikram Seghal, "India's War Plans," Defence Journal 5, no. 7 (January 2002): 3.
88. John Lancaster and Kamtan Khan, "Extremist Groups Renew Activity in Pakistan; Support of Kashmir Militants Is at Odds with War on Terrorism," Washington Post, 8 February 2003, A1;
89. Nawaz Sharif, "Statement of Nawaz Sharif in ATC-1," Dawn, 9 March 2000, available at http://www.dawn.com/2000/03/09 /nat1.htm.
90. Shireen M. Mazari, "Kashmir: Looking for Viable Options," Defence Journal 3, no. 2 (February-March 1999): 64;
91. Shireen M. Mazari, "Low-Intensity Conflicts: The New War in South Asia," Defence Journal 3, no. 6 July 1999): 41.
92. Barry Posen, Inadvertent Escalation (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991), 2-4.
93. Muhammad Irshad, "Crises of Nuclear Neighbors," Defence Journal 6, no. 2 (September 2002): 120-25.
94. John J. Mearsheimer, "Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War," International Security 15, no. 1 (summer 1990): 37-40.
95. Robert Jervis, The Meaning of the Nuclear Revolution: Statecraft and the Prospect of Armageddon (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989), 20.
96. Charles Glaser, Analyzing Strategic Nuclear Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 46.
97. Glenn H. Snyder, "The Balance of Power and the Balance of Terror," in The Balance of Power, ed. Paul Seabury (San Francisco: Chandler, 1965), 198-99.
98. George Fernandes, "Opening Address," in Asia's New Dawn: The Challenges to Peace and Security, ed. Jasjit Singh (New Delhi: Knowledge World, 2000), xvii,
99. Jaswant Singh, "Against Nuclear Apartheid," Foreign Affairs 77, no. 5 (September/October 1998): 41-52;