A survey of therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma

Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 121-133

  Basso, Michele ^a   Cassano, Alessandra ^a   Barone, Carlo ^a  

^a CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bevacizumab; Cytokine; mTOR inhibitors; Multikinase inhibitor; Renal cell carcinoma

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; ALPHA2A INTERFERON; BEVACIZUMAB; CAPECITABINE; CARBOPLATIN; DOXORUBICIN; EVEROLIMUS; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; GEMCITABINE; INTERLEUKIN 2; IRINOTECAN; PACLITAXEL; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; TEMSIROLIMUS; VINBLASTINE;

ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ANEMIA; ANOREXIA; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ASTHENIA; BLOOD TOXICITY; BREAST CANCER; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARDIOTOXICITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLORECTAL CANCER; CONFUSION; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DEPRESSION; DIARRHEA; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PERFORATION; DISORIENTATION; DRUG ACTIVITY; EPILEPSY; EPISTAXIS; FATIGUE; FEVER; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HAND FOOT SYNDROME; HEALTH SURVEY; HEART EJECTION FRACTION; HUMAN; HYPERAMYLASEMIA; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; HYPOTENSION; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; KIDNEY GRAFT REJECTION; KIDNEY METASTASIS; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; LYMPHOCYTOPENIA; MALAISE; MYALGIA; NEPHRECTOMY; NEUTROPENIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; QUALITY OF LIFE; RASH; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN MANIFESTATION; STOMATITIS; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOEMBOLISM;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; HUMANS; KIDNEY NEOPLASMS; NEPHRECTOMY; RADIOTHERAPY;

EID: 77249178172     PISSN: 10781439     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.04.015     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Motzer R.J., Bander N.H., and Nanus D.M. Renal cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 335 (1996) 865-875
2. Jemal A., Siegel R., Ward E., et al. Cancer statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 56 (2006) 106-130
3. Ferlay J., Autier P., Boniol M., et al. Estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006. Ann Oncol 18 (2007) 581-592
4. Parkin D.M., Bray F., Ferlay J., et al. Global cancer statistics 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 55 (2005) 74-108
5. Yao M., Yoshida M., Kishida T., et al. VHL tumor suppressor gene alterations associated with good prognosis in sporadic clear cell renal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 94 (2002) 1569-1575
6. Soccio R.E., Adam R.M., Maxwell K.N., et al. Differential gene regulation of star D4 and star D5 cholesterol transfer protein. Activation of starD4 by sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 and starD5 by endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Biol Chem 280 (2005) 19410-19418
7. Kim W.Y., and Kaelin W.G. Role of VHL gene mutation in human cancer. J Clin Oncol 22 (2004) 4991-5004
8. Rini B.I., and Small E.J. Biology and clinical development of vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy in renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 1028-1043
9. Dvorak H.F. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor: A critical cytokine in tumor angiogenesis and a potential target for diagnosis and therapy. J Clin Oncol 20 (2002) 4368-4380
10. Kaufmann J.J. Cancer of the urogenital tract: Kidney. Reasons from nephrectomy: Palliative and curative. JAMA 204 (1968) 607-608
11. Montie J.E., Stewart B.H., Straffon R.A., et al. The role of adjuvant nephrectomy in patients in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 3 (1977) 272-275
12. Wood C.G. The role of cytoreductive nephrectomy in the management of the metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am 30 (2003) 581-588
13. Flanigan R.C., Salmon S.E., Blumestein B.A., et al. Nephrectomy followed by interferon-α 2b compared with interferon-α 2b alone for metastatic renal-cell cancer. N Eng J Med 345 (2001) 1655-1659
14. Mickisch G.H., Garim A., van Poppel H., et al. Radical nephrectomy plus interferon-α-based immunotherapy compared with interferon-α alone in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: Randomized trial. Lancet 358 (2001) 966-970
15. Kierney P.C., Van Heerden J.A., Segura J.W., et al. Surgeon's role in the management of solitary renal cell carcinoma metastases occurring subsequent to initial curative nephrectomy: An institutional review. Ann Surg Oncol 1 (1994) 345-352
16. Kavolius J.P., Mastorakos D.P., Pavlovich C., et al. Resection of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 16 (1998) 2261-2266
17. Han K.R., Pantuck A.J., Bui M.H., et al. Number of metastatic site rather than location dictates overall survival of patients with node-negative metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Urology 61 (2003) 314-319
18. Alves A., Adam R., Majno P., et al. Hepatic resection for metastatic renal tumors: Is it worthwhile?. Ann Surg Oncol 10 (2003) 705-710
19. Hofmann N.E., Gillett M.D., Cheville J.C., et al. Differences in organ system of distant metastasis by renal cell carcinoma subtype. J Urol 179 (2008) 474-477
20. Yagoda A., Abi-Rached B., and Petrylak D. Chemotherapy for advanced renal-cell carcinoma: 1983-1993. Semin Oncol 22 (1995) 42-60
21. Waters J.S., Moss C., Pyle L., et al. Phase II clinical trial of capecitabine and gemcitabine chemotherapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 91 (2004) 1763-1768
22. Nanus D.M., Garino A., Milowsky M.I., et al. Active chemotherapy for sarcomatoid and rapidly progressing renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 101 (2004) 1545-1551
23. Childs R., Chernoff A., Contentin N., et al. Regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma after non-myeloablative allogenic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. N Eng J Med 343 (2000) 750-758
24. Rini B.I., Halabi S., Barrier R., et al. Adoptive immunotherapy by allogenic stem cell transplantation for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A CALGB intergroup phase II study. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 12 (2006) 778-785
25. Fyfe G., Fisher R.I., Rosenberg S.A., et al. Results of treatment of 255 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin Oncol 13 (1995) 688-696
26. McDermott D.F., and Atkins M.B. Application of IL-2 and other cytokines in renal cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 4 (2004) 455-468
27. Dutcher J.P., Atkins M.B., Fischer R., et al. Interleukin-2 based therapy for metastatic renal cell cancer: The Cytokine Working Group Study experience. Can J Sci Am 3 (1997) S73-S78
28. Dutcher J.P., Fischer R.I., Weiss G., et al. Outpatient subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon-α for metastatic renal cell cancer: Five years follow-up of the Cytokine Working Group Study. Cancer J Sci Am 3 (1997) 157-162
29. Dutcher J.P., Logan T., Gordon M., et al. Phase II trial of interleukin-2, interferon-α, and 5-fluorouracil in metastatic renal cell cancer: A cytokine working group study. Clin Cancer Res 6 (2000) 3442-3450
30. Negrier S., Caty A., Lesimple T., et al. Treatment of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma with a combination of subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon-α with or without fluorouracil. Groupe Francais d'immunotherapie, Federation nationale des centres de lutte contre le cancer. J Clin Oncol 15 (2000) 4007-4008
31. Negrier S., Escudier B., Lasset C., et al. Recombinant human interleukin-2, recombinant human interferon-α 2a, or both in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. N Eng J Med 338 (1998) 1272-1278
32. McDermott D.F., Regan M., Clark J., et al. Randomized phase III trial of high-dose interleukin-2 vs. subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 133-141
33. Yang J., Sherry R., Steinberg S., et al. Randomized study of high-dose and low dose interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic renal cancer. J Clin Oncol 21 (2003) 3127-3132
34. Collaborators MRC. Interferon-α and survival in metastatic renal carcinoma. Early results of a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 353 (1999) 14-17
35. McDermott D., Flaherty L., Clark J., et al. A randomized phase III trial of high-dose interleukin-2 (HD IL2) vs. subcutaneous (SC) IL2/interferon (INF) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). A Cytokine Working Group Study. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol (2001) 2072a
36. Atkins M.B., Regan M., and McDermott D.F. Update on the role of interleukin 2 and other cytokines in the treatment of patients with stage IV renal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res Suppl (2004) S6342-S6346
37. Muss H.B. Interferon therapy for renal cell carcinoma. Semin Oncol 14 Suppl 2 (1987) 36-42
38. Neidhart J.A. Interferon therapy for the treatment of renal cancer. Cancer 57 Suppl 8 (1986) 1696-1699
39. Negrier S., Perol D., Ravaud A., et al. Do cytokines improve survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) of intermediate prognosis?. Results of the prospective randomized PERCY Quattro trial. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) DBA4511 [Abstract]
40. Pyrhonen S., Salminen E., Ruutu M., et al. Prospective randomized trial of interferon-α 2a plus vinblastine vs. vinblastine alone in patients with advanced renal cell cancer. J Clin Oncol 17 (1999) 2859-2867
41. Wilhelm S.M., Carter C., Tang L., et al. BAY 43-9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 64 (2004) 7099-7109
42. Ahmad T., and Eisen T. Kinase inhibition with BAY 43-9006 in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 15 (2004) 6388-6392
43. Carlomagno F., Anaganti S., Guida T., et al. BAY 34-9006 inhibition of oncogenic RET mutants. J Natl Cancer Inst 98 (2006) 326-334
44. Chang Y.S., Henderson A., Xue D., et al. BAY 43-9006 (sorafenib) inhibits ectopic and orthotopic growth of a murine model of renal adenocarcinoma (Renca) predominantly through inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. AACR Meeting Abstracts 1372 (2005)
45. Strumberg D., Richly H., Hilger R.A., et al. Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of the novel RAF kinase and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor BAY 439006 in patients with advanced refractory solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 965-972
46. Ratain M.J., Eisen T., Stadler W.M., et al. Phase II placebo-controlled randomized discontinuation trial of sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 2505-2512
47. Escudier B., Eisen T., Stadler W., et al. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Eng J Med 356 (2007) 125-134
48. Szczylik C., Dmkow T., Staehler M., et al. Randomized phase II trial of first-line treatment with sorafenib vs. interferon in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: Final results. J Clin Oncol 25 (2007) 5025 [Abstract]
49. Ryan C., Goldman B., Lara P., et al. Sorafenib with interferon α-2b as first-line treatment of advanced renal carcinoma: A phase II study of the southwest oncology group. J Clin Oncol 25 (2007) 3296-3301
50. Mendel D.B., Laird A.D., Xin X., et al. In vivo antitumor activity of SU11248, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet derived growth factors receptors: Determination of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship. Clin Cancer Res 9 (2003) 327-337
51. Faivre S., Delbaldo C., Vera K., et al. Safety, pharmacokinetic and antitumor activity of SU11248, a novel oral multitarget tyrosine inhibitor in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 25-35
52. O'Farrel A.M., Foran J.M., Fiedler W., et al. An innovative phase I clinical study demonstrates inhibition of FLT3 phosphorylation by SU11248 in acute myeloid leukemia patients. Clin Cancer Res 9 (2003) 5465-5476
53. Schuenermann A.J., Himmerlfarb E., Geng L., et al. SU11248 maintenance therapy prevents tumor re-growth after fractionated irradiation of murine tumor models. Cancer Res 63 (2003) 4009-4016
54. Raymond E., Faivre S., Vera C., et al. Final results of a phase I and pharmacokinetic study of SU111248, a novel multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced cancers. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 22 (2003) 769 [Abstract]
55. Motzer R., Michaelson D., Redman B., et al. Activity of SU11248, a multitargeted inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet derived growth factor receptor, in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 16-24
56. Motzer R., Rini B., Bukowski R., et al. Sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. JAMA 295 (2006) 2516-2524
57. Motzer R., Hutson T., Tomczak P., et al. Sunitinib vs. interferon-α in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. N Eng J Med 356 (2007) 115-124
58. Presta L.G., Chen H., O'Connor S.J., et al. Humanization of antivascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody for the therapy of solid tumors and other disorders. Cancer Res 57 (1997) 4593-4599
59. Hurwitz H., Fehrenbacher L., Novotny W., et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Eng J Med 350 (2004) 2335-2342
60. Sandler A., Gray R., Perry M.C., et al. Paclitaxel-carboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non small cell lung cancer. N Eng J Med 355 (2006) 2542-2550
61. Yang J.C., Haworth L., Sherry R.M., et al. A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody for metastatic renal cancer. N Eng J Med 349 (2003) 427-434
62. Escudier B., Pluzanka A., Koralewski P., et al. Bevacizumab plus interferon-α 2a for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A randomized, double-blind phase III trial. Lancet 370 (2007) 2103-2111
63. Melichar B., Koralewski P., Ravaud A., et al. First-line bevacizumab combined with reduced dose interferon-(α) 2a is active in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 19 (2008) 1470-1476
64. Schmezle T., and Hall M.N. TOR, a central controller of cell growth. Cell 103 (2000) 253-262
65. Fingar D.C., Richardson C.J., Tee A.R., et al. mTOR controls cell cycle progression through its cell growth effector S6K1 and 4E-BP1 eukaryotic translation factor 4E. Mol Cell Biol 24 (2004) 200-216
66. Hudson C.C., Liu M., Chiang G.G., et al. Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α expression and function by the mammalian target of rapamycin. Mol Cell Biol 22 (2002) 7004-7014
67. Thomas G.V., Tran C., Mellinghoff I.K., et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor determines sensitivity to inhibitors of mTOR in kidney cancer. Nat Med 12 (2006) 122-127
68. Del Bufalo D., Ciuffreda L., Trisciuoglio D., et al. Anti-angiogenic potential of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor temsirolimus. Cancer Res 66 (2006) 5549-5554
69. Raymond E., Alexandre J., Faivre S., et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of weekly intravenous infusion of CCI-779, a novel mTOR inhibitor in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 22 (2004) 2336-2347
70. Hidalgo M., Buckner J.C., Erlichman C., et al. A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of temsirolimus (CCI-779) administered intravenously daily for 5 days every 2 weeks to patients with advanced cancer. Clin Cancer Res 12 (2006) 5755-5763
71. Atkins M.B., Hidalgo M., Stadler W.M., et al. Randomized phase II study of multiple dose levels of CCI-779, a novel mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor in patients with advanced refractory renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 22 (2004) 909-918
72. Hudes G., Carducci M., Tomczak P., et al. Temsirolimus, interferon-α, or both for advanced renal cell carcinoma. N Eng J Med 356 (2007) 2271-2281
73. Schmidinger M., Vogl U.M., Lamm W., et al. Temsirolimus in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Preliminary results from the Austrian Compassionate Use Program. J Clin Oncol 26 Suppl 20 (2008) 16125 [Abstract]
74. Jac J., Giessinger S., Khan M., et al. A phase II trial of RAD001 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC). J Clin Oncol 25 Supp S18 (2007) 5107 [Abstract]
75. Jac J., Amato J., Giessinger S., et al. A phase II study with a daily regimen of the oral mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma which has progressed on tyrosine kinase inhibition therapy. J Clin Oncol 26 Suppl 20 (2008) LBA5026 [Abstract]
76. Motzer R.J., Escudier B., Oudard S., et al., RECORD-1 Study Group. Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: A double blind randomized, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Lancet 372 (2008) 449-456
77. Feldman D.R., Ginsberg M.S., Baum M., et al. Phase I trial bevacizumab plus sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 26 Suppl 20 (2008) 5100 [Abstract]
78. Fischer P., Patel P., Carducci M.A., et al. Phase I study combining treatment with temsirolimus and sunitinib malate in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 26 Suppl 20 (2008) 16020 [Abstract]
79. Sosman J.A., Flaherty K.T., Atkins M.B., et al. Updated results of phase I trial of sorafenib (S) and bevacizumab (B) in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC). J Clin Oncol 26 Suppl 20 (2008) 5011 [Abstract]
80. Whorf R.C., Haisnwhort J.D., Spiegel D.R., et al. Phase II study of bevacizumab and everolimus (RAD001) in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). J Clin Oncol 26 Suppl 20 (2008) 5010 [Abstract]
81. Bracarda S., Porta C., Boni C., et al., GOIRC Study Group. Randomized prospective phase II trial of two schedules of sorafenib daily and interferon-α 2a (IFN) in metastatic renal carcinoma (RAPSODY): GOIRC study 0681. J Clin Oncol 25 Suppl S18 (2007) 5100 [Abstract]
82. Motzer R.J., Bacik J., Mariani T., et al. Treatment outcome and survival associated with metastatic renal cell carcinoma of non-clear cell histology. J Clin Oncol 20 (2002) 2376-2381
83. Choueiri T.K., Plantade A., Elson P., et al. Efficacy of sunitinib and sorafenib in metastatic papillary and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 26 (2008) 127-131
84. Gore M.E., Porta C., Oudard S., et al. Sunitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): Preliminary assessment of toxicity in an expanded access trial with subpopulation analysis. J Clin Oncol 25 Suppl 18S (2007) 5010 [Abstract]
85. Knox J.J., Figlin R.A., Stadler W.M., et al. The advanced renal cell carcinoma Sorafenib (ARCCS) expanded access trial in North America: Safety and efficacy. J Clin Oncol 25 Suppl 18S (2007) 5011 [Abstract]
86. Beck J., Bajetta E., Escudier B.S., et al. A large open-label, noncomparative phase III study of the multi-targeted kinase inhibitor sorafenib in European patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer Suppl 5 Suppl (2007) 300 4506 [Abstarct]
87. Dutcher J.P., Szczylik C., Tannir N., et al. Correlation of survival with tumor histology, age and prognostic risk group for previously untreated patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (adv RCC) receiving temsirolimus (TEMSR) or interferon-α (IFN). J Clin Oncol 25 Suppl 18S (2007) 5033 [Abstract]
88. Messing E.M., Manola J., Wilding G., et al. Phase III study of interferon α-NL as adjuvant treatment for resectable renal cell carcinoma: An Eastern cooperative oncology group/intergroup trial. J Clin Oncol 21 (2003) 1214-1222
89. Clark J.I., Atkins M.B., Urba W.J., et al. Adjuvant high-dose bolus interleukin-2 for patients with high-risk renal cell carcinoma: A cytokine working group randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 21 (2003) 3133-3140
90. Bex A., van der Veldt A.A., Balnk C., et al. Neoadjuvant sunitinib for surgically complex advanced renal cell cancer of doubtful resectability: Initial experience with downsizing to reconsider cytoreductive surgery. World J Urol Jan 15 (2009) [Epub ahead of print]
91. Figlin R.A., Hutson T.E., Tomczak P., et al. Overall survival with sunitinib vs. interferon (IFN)-α as first-line treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). J Clin Oncol 26 (2008) 5024 [Abstract]
92. Motzer R.J., Bacik J., Murphy B.A., et al. Interferon-α as comparative treatment for clinical trials of new therapies against advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 20 (2002) 289-296
93. Figlin R., Gitlitz B., Franklin J., et al. Interleukin-2-based therapy for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: An analysis of 203 consecutively treated patients. Cancer J Sci Am 3 (1997) S192-S197
94. Leibovich B.C., Han K.R., Bui M.H., et al. Scoring algorithm to predict survival after nephrectomy and immunotherapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 98 (2003) 2566-2575
95. Upton M.P., Parker R.A., Youmans A., et al. Histologic predictors of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) response to interleukin-2 base therapy. J Immunother 28 (2005) 488-495
96. Bui M.H., Seligson D., Han K.R., et al. Carbonic anhydrase IX is an independent predictor of survival in advanced renal clear cell carcinoma: Implications for prognosis and therapy. Clin Cancer Res 9 (2003) 802-811
97. Atkins M., Regan M., McDermott D., et al. Carbonic anhydrase IX expression predicts outcome of interleukin 2 therapy for renal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 11 (2005) 3714-3721
98. Motzer R.J., Bacik J., Murphy B.A., et al. Interferon-α as a comparative treatment for clinical trials of new therapies against advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 20 (2002) 289-296
99. Mekhail T.M., Abou-Jawde R.N., BouMerhi G., et al. Validation and extension of Memorial Sloan-Kettering prognostic factors model for survival in patients with previously untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 832-841