Sample Integrity and Preanalytical Variables

Quality in Laboratory Hemostasis and Thrombosis

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 31-42

  Adcock, D M ^a  

^a Esoterix Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

Common sources of error; Ideal samples for hemostasis testing; Laboratory testing integral component of clinical decision making; Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT); Sample acquisition (specimen collection); Sample integrity and preanalytic variables; Sodium citrate collection tubes; Stability and storage of plasma samples; Whole blood specimen transportation to laboratory

Indexed keywords

EID: 77249118759     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444303575.ch4     Document Type: Chapter

References (49)

1. Lippi G, Mattiuzzi C, Guidi GC. Laboratory quality improvement by implementation of phlebotomy guidelines. Letter to the Editor. Med Lab Observ 2006; January: 6-7.
2. Lippi G, Salvagno G, Montagnana M, Franchini M, Guidi GC. Phlebotomy issues and quality improvement in results of laboratory testing. Clin Lab 2006; 52: 217-230.
3. Kalra J. Medical errors: impact on clinical laboratories and other critical areas. Clin Biochem 2004; 37: 1052-1062.
4. Morrissey JH, Macik BG, Neuenschwander PF, Comp PC. Quantitation of activated factor VII levels in plasma using tissue factor mutant selectively deficient in promoting factor VII activation. Blood 1993; 81: 734-744.
5. Favaloro EJ, Soltani S, McDonald J. Potential laboratory misdiagnosis of hemophilia and von Willebrand disorder owing to cold activation of blood samples for testing. Am J Clin Pathol 2004; 122: 686-692.
6. Ernst DJ, Ernst C. Phlebotomy tools of the trade: Part 4. Proper handling and storage of blood samples. Home Health Nurse 2003; 21: 266-270.
7. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2008) Collection, Transport and Processing of Blood Specimens for Testing Plasma-based Coagulation Assays and Molecular Hemostasis Assays: Approved Guideline, 5th edn. CLSI: H21-A5.
8. Ernst DJ, Ernst C. Phlebotomy tools of the trade. Home Health Nurse 2002; 20: 151-153.
9. Sharp MK, Mohammad SF. Scaling of hemolysis in needles and catheters. Ann Biomed Eng 1998; 26: 788-797.
10. Jaques LB, Fidlar E, Felsted ET, Macdonald AG. Silicones and blood coagulation. CMAJ 1946; 56: 26-31.
11. WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (1999) Guidelines for Thromboplastins and Plasma used to Control Oral Anticoagulant Therapy. WHO Techni- cal Report series. No. 880, Geneva: World Health Organization.
12. Adcock DM, Kressin DC, Marlar RA. Effect of 3.2% vs. 3.8% sodium citrate concentration on routine coagulation testing. Am J Clin Pathol 1997; 107: 105-110.
13. Favaloro EJ, Bonar R, Duncan E, Earl G, Low J, Aboud M, et al. (2006) Identification of factor inhibitors by diagnostic hemostasis laboratories: a large multi-centre evaluation. Thromb Haemost 2006; 96: 73-78.
14. van den Besselaar AMHP, Meeuwisse-Braun J, Jansen- Gruter R, Bertina RM. Monitoring heparin by the activated partial thromboplastin time: the effect of preanalytical conditions. Thromb Haemost 1987; 57: 226-231.
15. Adcock DA, Kressin DC, Marlar RA. The effect of time and temperature variables on routine coagulation tests. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1998; 9: 463-470.
16. Rahr HB, Sorenson JV, Danielsen D. Markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis in blood drawn into citrate with and without D-Phe-Pro-Arg-Chloromethylketone (PPACK). Thromb Res 1994; 73: 279-284.
17. Adcock DM, Kressin DC, Marlar RA. Minimum specimen volume requirements for routine coagulation testing. Dependence on citrate concentration. Am J Clin Pathol 1998; 109: 595-599.
18. Chuang J, Sadler MA, Witt DM. Impact of evacuated collection tube fill volume and mixing on routine coagulation testing using 2.5 mL (pediatric) tubes. Chest 2004; 126: 1262-1266.
19. Koepke JA, Rodgers JL, Ollivier MJ. Pre-instrument variables in coagulation testing. Am J Clin Pathol 1975; 64: 591-596.
20. Marlar RA, Potts RM, Marlar AA. Effect on routine and special coagulation testing values of citrate anticoagulant adjustment in patients with high hematocrit values. Am J Clin Pathol 2006; 126: 400-405.
21. Siegel JE, Swami VK, Glenn P, et al. Effect (or lack of it) of severe anemia on PT and aPTT results. Am J Clin Pathol 1998; 110: 106-110.
22. Kiechle FL, Adcock DM, Calam RR, Davis C, Schwartz JG. So You're Going to Collect a Blood Specimen. An Introduction to Phlebotomy, 12th edn. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists, 2007.
23. Lippi G, Savagno GL, Montagnana M, Guidi GC. Shortterm stasis influences routine coagulation testing. Blood Coagul Fibrinololysis 2005; 16: 453-458.
24. McPhedran P, Clyne LP, Ortoli NA, Gagnon PG, Sanders FJ. Prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time associated with poor venipuncture technic. Am J Clin Pathol 1974; 62: 16-20.
25. Quick AJ, Honorato R, Stafanini M. The value and limitations of the coagulation time in the study of hemorrhagic diseases. Blood 1948; 3: 1120-1129.
26. Brigden ML, Graydon C Mcleod B, Lesperance M. Prothrombin time determination: the lack of need for a discard tube and 24-hour stability. Am J Clin Pathol 1997; 108: 422-426.
27. Yawn BP, Loge C, Dale J. Prothrombin time: one tube or two. Am J Clin Pathol 1996; 105: 794-797.
28. Adcock DM, Kressin DC, Marlar RA. Are discard tubes necessary in coagulation studies? Lab Med 1997; 28: 530-533.
29. Procedures for the Collection of Diagnostic Blood Specimens by Venipuncture. Approved Standard, 5th edn. Wayne PA: CLSI: 2003, H3-A5.
30. Calam RR, Cooper MH. Recommended "order of draw" for collecting blood specimens into additive-containing tubes. Clin Chem 1982; 28: 1399.
31. Laxson CJ, Titler MG. Drawing coagulation studies from arterial lines: an integrative literature review. Am J Critical Care 1994; 1: 16-24.
32. Powers JM. Obtaining blood samples for coagulation studies from a normal saline lock. Am J Critical Care 1999; 8: 250-253.
33. Dyszkiewicz-Korpanty A, Quinton R, Jassine J, Sarode R. The effect of pneumatic tube transport on PFA-100TM closure time and whole blood aggregation. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2: 354-356.
34. van Geest-Daalderop JH, Mulder AB, BoonmandeWinter LJ, Hoekstra MM, van den Besselaar AM. Prenanlytical variables and off-site blood collection: influences on the results of the prothrombin time/international normalized ratio test and implications for monitoring oral anticoagulant therapy. Clin Chem 2005; 51: 561-568.
35. Bohm M, Teaschner S, Kretzschmar E, Gerlach R, Favaloro EJ, Scharrer I. Cold storage of citrated whole blood induces drastic time-dependent losses of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor: potential for misdiagnosis of haemophilia and von Willebrand disease. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2006; 17: 39-45.
36. Favaloro E, Nair SC, Forsyth CJ. Collection and transport of samples for laboratory testing in von Willbrand's disease (VWD): time for a reappraisal? Thromb Haemost 2001; 86: 1589-1590.
37. Refaii MA, van Cott EM, Lukoszyk M, Hughes J, Eby CS. Loss of factor VIII and von Willebrand activities during cold storage of whole blood is reversed by rewarming. Lab Hematol 2006; 12: 99-102.
38. Lippi G, Salvagno GL, Montagnana M, Monzato F, Guidi GC. Influence of the centrifuge time of primary plasma tubes on routine coagulation testing. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2007; 18: 525-528.
39. Carroll WE, Wolitzer AO, Harris L, Ling MC, Whitaker ML, Jackson RD. The significance of platelet counts in coagulation studies. J Med 2001; 32: 83-96.
40. Aursnes I, Vikholm V. On possible interaction between ADP and mechanical stimulation in platelet activation. Thromb Haemost 1984; 51: 54-56.
41. Nelson S, Pratt A, Marlar RA. Rapid preparation of plasma for 'stat' coagulation testing. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994; 118: 175-176.
42. Sheppard CA, Channell C, Ritchie JC, Duncan A. Preanalytical variables in coagulation testing. Letter to the editor. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2006; 17: 425-428.
43. Favaloro EJ. Preanalytical variables in coagulation testing. Letter to the editor. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2007; 18: 86-89.
44. Lippi G, Montagnana M, Salvagno L, Guidi GS. Interference of blood cell lysis in routine coagulation testing. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006; 130: 181-184.
45. Laga AC, Cheves TA, Sweeney JD. The effect of specimen hemolysis on coagulation test results. Am J Clin Pathol 2006; 126: 748-755.
46. O'Neill EM, Rowley J, Hanson-Wicher H, McCarter S, Ragno G, Valeri CR. Effect of 24-hour whole-blood storage on plasma clotting factors. Transfusion 1999; 39: 488-491.
47. Heil W, Grunewals R, Amnd M, Heins M. Influence of time and temperature on coagulation analysis in stored plasma. Clin Chem Lab Med 1998; 36: 459-452.
48. Awad MA, Selim TE, Al-Sabbagh FA. Influence of storage time and temperature on International Normalized Ratio (INR) levels and plasma activities of vitamin K dependent clotting factors. Hematology 2004; 9: 333-337.
49. Woodhams B, Giradot O, Blanco M, Collesse G, Gourmelin Y. Stability of coagulation proteins in frozen plasma. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2001; 12: 229-236.