The heterogeneity of mild cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological analysis

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 84-93

  Libon, David J ^a   Xie, Sharon X ^b   Eppig, Joel ^a,c   Wicas, Graham ^a   Lamar, Melissa ^d   Lippa, Carol ^a   Bettcher, Brianne M ^c   Price, Catherine C ^e   Giovannetti, Tania ^c   Swenson, Rod ^f   Wambach, Denene M ^a  

^a DREXEL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^c TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^f UND School of Medicine & Health Sciences Southeast Campus   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimers disease; Declarative memory; Dementia; Executive control; Mild cognitive impairment; Vascular cognitive impairment; Vascular dementia

Indexed keywords

EID: 77149133072     PISSN: 13556177     EISSN: 14697661     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1355617709990993     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Adlam, A.L, Bozeat, S., Arnold, R., Watson, P., & Hodges, J.R. (2006). Semantic knowledge in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease. Cortex, 42, 675-683.
2. Andreasen, N., Minthon, L., Davidsson, P., Vanmechelen, E., Vanderstichele, H., Winblad, B., et al. (2001). Evaluation of CSF-tau and CSF-Abeta42 as diagnostic markers for Alzheimer disease in clinical practice. Archives of Neurology, 58, 373 - 379.
3. Apostolova, L.G., Mosconi, L., Thompson, P.M., Green, A.E., Hwang, K.S., Ramirez, A., et al. (in press). Subregional hippocampal atrophy predicts Alzheimer's dementia in the cognitively normal. Neurobiology of Aging.
4. Bollen, K.A. (1989). Structural Equations with Latent Variables. New York : John Wiley.
5. Brooks, B.L., Iverson, G.L., & White, T. (2007). Substantial risk of "Accidental MCI" in healthy older adults: Base rates of low memory scores in neuropsychological assessment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 490-500.
6. Brooks, B.L., Grant, G.L., Holdnack, J.A., & Feldman, H.H. (2008). Potential for misclassification of mild cognitive impairment: A study of memory scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale-III in healthy older adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14, 463-478.
7. Busse, A., Hensel, A., Gühne, U., Angermeyer, M.C., & Riedel-Heller, S.G. (2006). Mild cognitive impairment: Long-term course of four clinical subtypes. Neurology, 67, 2176-2185.
8. Carew, T.G., Cloud, B.S., Lamar, M., Grossman, M., & Libon, D.J. (1997). Patterns of impairment in category fl uency in Alzheimer's disease and ischemic vascular dementia. Neuropsychology, 11, 400-412.
9. DeCarli, C. (2003). Mild cognitive impairment: Prevalence, prognosis, aetiology, and treatment. Lancet Neurology, 2, 15-21.
10. DeCarli, C., Frisoni, G.B., Clark, C.M., Harvey, D., Grundman, M., Petersen, R.C., et al. (2007). Qualitative estimates of medial temporal atrophy as a predictor of progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia. Archives of Neurology, 64, 108-115.
11. Delano-Wood, L., Bondi, M.W., Sacco, J., Abeles, N., Jak, A.J., Libon, D.J., et al. (2009). Heterogeneity in mild cognitive impairment: Differences in neuropsychological profile and associated white matter lesion pathology. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 906-914.
12. Delis, D.C., Kramer, J.H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B.A. (1987). The California Verbal Learning Test. New York : Psychological Corporation.
13. Dudas, R.B., Clague, F., Thompson, S.A., Graham, K.S., & Hodges, J.R. (2005). Episodic and semantic memory in mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia, 43, 1266-1276.
14. Dufouil, C., Alperovitch, A., Ducros, V., & Tzourio, C. (2003). Homocysteine, white matter hyperintensities, and cognition in healthy elderly people. Annals of Neurology, 53, 214-221.
15. Edwards, E.R., Lindquist, K., & Yaffe, K. (2004). Clinical profile and course of cognitively normal patients evaluated in memory disorders clinics. Neurology, 62, 1639-1642.
16. Fagan, A.M., Roe, C.M., Xiong, C., Mintun, M.A., Morris, J.C., & Holtzman, D.M. (2007). Cerebrospinal fl uid tau/amyloid42 ratio as a prediction of cognitive decline in nondemented older adults. Archives of Neurology, 64, 343-349.
17. Fernando, M.S., & Ince, P.G. (2004). Vascular pathologies and cognition in a population-based cohort of elderly people. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 226, 13-17.
18. Fischer, P., Jungwirth, S., Zehetmayer, S., Weissgram, S., Hoenigschnabl, S., Gelpi, E., et al. (2007). Conversion from subtypes of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer dementia. Neurology, 68, 288-291.
19. Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E., & McHugh, P.R. (1975). Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198.
20. Gainotti, G., Ferraccioli, M., Vita, M.G., & Marra, C. (2008). Patterns of neuropsychological impairment in MCI patients with small subcortical infarcts or hippocampal atrophy. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14, 611-619.
21. Giovannetti, T., Lamar, M., Cloud, B.S., Swenson, R., Fein, D., Kaplan, E., et al. (2001). Different underlying mechanisms for deficits in concept formation in dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16, 547-560.
22. Graff-Radford, N.R., Crook, J.E., Lucas, J., Boeve, B.F., Knopman, D.S., Ivnik, R.J., et al. (2007). Association of low plasma a-42/a-40 ratios with increased imminent risk for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology, 64, 354-362.
23. Griffith, H.R., Netson, K.L., Harrell, L.E., Zamrini, E.Y., Brockington, J.C., & Marson, D.C. (2006). Amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Diagnostic outcomes and clinical prediction over a two-year time period. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 166-175.
24. Grossman, M., Libon, D.J., Forman, M.S., Wood, E.M., Moore, P., Farmer, J., et al. (2007). Distinct neuropsychological profiles in pathologically- defined patients with Frontotemporal lobe dementia. Archives of Neurology, 64, 1601-1609.
25. Gourovitch, M.L., Kirkby, B.S., Goldberg, T.E., Weinberger, D.R., Gold, J.M., Esposito, G., et al. (2000). A comparison of rCBF patterns during letter and semantic fluency. Neuropsychology. 14, 353-360.
26. Hebert, L.E., Scherr, P.A., Bienias, J.L., Bennett, D.A., & Evans, D.A., (2003). Alzheimer Disease in the US population prevalence estimates using the 2000 census. Archives of Neurology, 60, 1119-1122.
27. Hodges, J.R., Patterson, K., Ward, R., Garrard, P., Bak, T., Perry, R., et al. (1999). The differentiation of semantic dementia and frontal lobe dementia (temporal and frontal variants of frontotemporal dementia) from early Alzheimer's disease: A comparative neuropsychological study. Neuropsychology, 13, 31-40.
28. Howieson, D.B., Carlson, N.E., Moore, M., Wasserman, D., Abendroth, C.D., Payne-Murphy, J., et al. (2008). Trajectory of mild cognitive impairment onset. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14, 192-198.
29. Jack, C.R., Petersen, R.C., Xu, Y.C., O'Brien, P.C., Smith, G.E., Ivnik, R.J., et al. (1999). Prediction of AD with MRI-based hippocampal volume in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, 52, 1397-1403.
30. Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., & Weintraub, S. (1983). The Boston Naming Test. Philadelphia : Lea and Febiger.
31. Kramer, J.H., Jurik, J., Sha, S.J., Rankin, K.P., Rosen, H.J., Johnson, J.K., et al. (2003). Distinctive neuropsychological patterns in frontotemporal dementia, semantic dementia, and Alzheimer disease. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 16, 211-218.
32. Lamar, M., Swenson, R., Kaplan, E., & Libon, D.J. (2004). Characterizing alterations in executive functioning across distinct subtypes of cortical and subcortical dementia. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 18, 22-31.
33. Lamar, M., Price, C., Davis, K.L., Kaplan, E., & Libon, D.J. (2002). Capacity to maintain mental set in dementia. Neuropsychologia, 40, 435-445.
34. Lawton, M.P., & Brody, E. (1969). Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist, 9, 179-186.
35. Leach, L., Kaplan, E., Rewilak, D., Richards, B., & Proulx, B. (2000). The Kaplan Baycrest Neurocognitive Assessment. San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corp.
36. Libon, D.J., Bogdanoff, B., Cloud, B.S., Skalina, S., Giovannetti, T., Gitlin, H.L., et al. (1998). Declarative and procedural learning, qualitative measures of the hippocampus, and subcortical white alterations in Alzheimer's disease and ischaemic vascular dementia, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, 20, 30-41.
37. Libon, D.J., Bogdanoff, B., Leopold, N., Hurka, R., Bonavita, J., Skalina, S., et al. (2001). Neuropsychological profile associated with subcortical white matter alterations and Parkinson's disease: Implications for the diagnosis of dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16, 19-32.
38. Libon, D.J., Mattson, R.E., Glosser, G., Kaplan, E., Malamut, B.L., Sands, L.P., et al. (1996). A nine word dementia version of the California Verbal Learning Test. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 10, 237-244.
39. Libon, D.J., McMilan, C., Powers, C., Massimo, L., Khan, A., Morgan, B., et al. (2009). Neurocognitive contributions to verbal fluency deficits in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neurology, 73, 535-542.
40. Libon, D.J., Price, C.C., Giovannetti, T., Swenson, R., Bettcher, B.M., Heilman, K.M., et al. (2008). Linking MRI subcortical vascular disease with patterns of neuropsychological impairment: Evidence for a threshold effect. Stroke, 39, 806-813.
41. Libon, D.J., Xie, S., Moore, P., Farmer, J., Antani, S., McCawley, G., et al. (2007). Patterns of neuropsychological impairment associated with frontotemporal dementia: A factor analytic study. Neurology, 68, 368-375.
42. Lopez, O.L., Kuller, K.H., Becker, J.T., Dulberg, C., Sweet, R.A., Gach, M., et al. (2007). Incidence of dementia in mild cognitive impairment in the cardiovascular health study cognition study. Archives of Neurology, 64, 416-420.
43. Lopez, O.L., Jagust, W.J., DeKosky, S.T., Becker, J.T., Fitzpatrick, A., Dulberg, C., et al. (2003). Prevalence and classification of mild cognitive impairment in the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study. Archives of Neurology, 60, 1385-1399.
44. Morris, J.C., Storandt, M., Miller, J.P., McKeel, D.W., Price, J.L., Rubin, E.H., et al. (2001). Mild cognitive impairment represents early stage Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology, 58, 397-405.
45. Monsch, A., Bondi, M., Butters, N., Salmon, D.P., Katzman, R., & Thal, L.J. (1992). Comparison of verbal fluency tasks in the detection of dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Archives of Neurology, 49, 1253-1258.
46. Mummery, C.J., Patterson, K., Hodges, J.R., & Wise, R.J. (1996). Generating 'tiger' as an animal name or a word beginning with t: Differences in brain activation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Science B Biological Science, 263, 989-995.
47. Murphy, K.J., Rich, J.B., & Troyer, A.K. (2006). Verbal fluency patterns in amnestic mild cognitive impairment are characteristic of Alzheimer's type dementia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 570-574.
48. Nordlund, A., Rolstad, S., Klang, O., Lind, K., Pedersen, M., Blennow, K., et al. (2008). Episodic memory and speed-attention deficits are associated with Alzheimer-typical CSF abnormalities in MCI. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14, 582-590.
49. Petersen, R.C., Smith, G.E., Waring, S.C., Ivnik, R.J., Tangalos, E.G., & Kokmen, E. (1999). Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome. Archives of Neurology, 56, 303-308.
50. Petersen, R.C., Doody, R., Kurz, A., Mohs, R.C., Morris, J.C., Rabins, P.V., et al. (2001). Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology, 58, 1985-1992.
51. Petersen, R.C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 183-194.
52. Petersen, R.C., & Morris, J.D. (2005). Mild cognitive impairment as a clinical entity and treatment target. Archives of Neurology, 62, 1160-1163.
53. Phelps, E.A., Hyder, F., Blamire, A.M., & Shulman, R.G. (1997). fMRI of the prefrontal cortex during overt verbal fluency. Neuroreport, 8, 561-565.
54. Price, C.C., Garrett, K.D., Jefferson, A.L., Cosentino, S., Tanner, J., Penney, D.L., et al. (2009). The role of Leukoaraiosis severity on learning and memory in dementia: Performance differences on a 9-word list learning test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 1-18.
55. Price, C., Jefferson, A.L., Merino, J., Heilman, K., & Libon, D.J. (2005). Towards an operational definition of the 'Research Criteria for Subcortical Vascular Dementia': Integrating neuroradilogical and neuropsychological data. Neurology, 65, 376-382.
56. Rascovsky, K., Salmon, D.P., Hansen, L.A., Thal, L.J., & Galasko, D. (2007). Disparate letter and semantic category fluency deficits in autopsy-confirmed frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 21, 20-30.
57. Riekse, R.G., Leverenz, J.B., McCormick, W., Bowen, J.D., Teri, L., Nochlin, D., et al. (2004). Effect of vascular lesions on cognition in Alzheimer's disease: A community-based study. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 52, 1442-1448.
58. Ritchie, K., & Touchon, J. (2000). Mild cognitive impairment: Conceptual basis and current nosological status. Lancet, 335, 225-228.
59. Rogers, T.T., Ivanoiu, A., Patterson, K., & Hodges, J.R. (2006). Semantic memory in Alzheimer's disease and the frontotemporal dementias: A longitudinal study of 236 patients. Neuropsychology, 20, 319-335.
60. Sammel, M.D., Ratcliffe, S.J., & Leiby, B.E. (2006). Factor analysis. In S.C. Chow (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Biopharmaceutical Statistics (2nd ed.). New York : Marcel Dekker, Inc.
61. Simonsen, A., McGuire, J., Hansson, O., Zetterberg, H., Podust, V.N., Davies, H.A., et al. (2007). Novel panel of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for the prediction of progression to Alzheimer dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology, 64, 366-370.
62. Spreen, O., & Strauss, E.A. (1990). Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests. New York : Oxford University Press.
63. Szolnoki, Z., Somogyvari, F., Kondacs, A., Szabo, M., Fodor, L., Bene, J., et al. (2004). Specific apoe genotypes in combination with the ace d/d or mthfr 677tt mutation yield an independent genetic risk of leukoaraiosis. Acta Neurologicia Scandinavia, 109, 222-227.
64. Tapiola, T., Pennanen, C., Tapiola, M., Tervo, S., Kivipelto, M., Hänninen, T., et al. (2008). MRI of hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in mild cognitive impairment: A follow-up study. Neurobiology of Aging, 29, 31-38.
65. Twamley, E.W., Ropacki, S.A., & Bondi, M.W. (2006). Neuropsychological and neuroimaging changes in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 707-735.
66. Wechsler, D. (1945). A standardized memory test for clinical use. Journal of Psychology, 19, 87-95.
67. Wildgruber, D., Kischka, U., Ackermann, H., Klose, U., & Grodd, W. (1999). Dynamic pattern of brain activation during sequencing of word strings evaluated by fMRI. Brain Research: Cognitive Brain Research, 7, 285-294.
68. Yesavage, J. (1986). The use of self-rating depression scales in the elderly. In Poon (ed.), Handbook for Clinical Memory Assessment. Washington, D.C. : APA.
69. Zanetti, M., Ballabio, C., Abbate, C., Cutaia, C., Vergani, C., & Bergamaschini, L. 2006). Mild cognitive impairment subtypes and vascular dementia in community-dwelling elderly people: A 3-year follow-up study. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 54, 580-586.