Foot arch characterization: A review, a new metric, and a comparison

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association

Volumn 100, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 14-24

  Xiong, Shuping ^a   Goonetilleke, Ravindra S ^b   Witana, Channa P ^b   Weerasinghe, Thilina W ^b   Au, Emily Yim Lee ^b  

^a SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b HONG KONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 76949103011     PISSN: 87507315     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7547/1000014     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. AU EYL, GOONETILLEKE RS: A qualitative study on the comfort and fit of ladies' dress shoes. Appl Ergon 38: 687, 2007.
2. LUXIMON A, GOONETILLEKE RS: Foot shape modeling. Hum Factors 46: 304, 2004.
3. REILEY MA: Guidelines for Prescribing Foot Orthotics, Slack Inc, Thorofare, NJ, 1995.
4. CAVANAGH PR, RODGERS MM: The arch index: a useful measure from footprint. J Biomech 20: 547, 1987.
5. CHU WC, LEE SH, CHU W, ET AL: The use of arch index to characterize arch height: a digital image processing approach. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 42: 1088, 1995.
6. SHIANG TY, LEE SH, LEE SJ, ET AL: Evaluating different footprint parameters as a predictor of arch height. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 17: 62, 1998.
7. WILLIAMS DS, MCCLAY IS: Measurements used to characterize the foot and the medial longitudinal arch. Phys Ther 80: 864, 2000.
8. BOWKER JH: Neurological aspects of prosthetic/orthotic practice. J Prosthet Orthot 5: 52, 1993.
9. DONATELLI RA: "Abnormal Biomechanics", in The Biomechanics of the Foot and Ankle, 2nd Ed, ed by RA Donatelli, p 34, FA Davis Co, Philadelphia, 1996.
10. GULDEMOND NA, LEFFERS P, SCHAPER NC, ET AL: Comparison of foot orthoses made by podiatrists, pedorthists and orthotists regarding plantar pressure reduction in The Netherlands. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 6: 61, 2005.
11. HOWARD JS, BRIGGS D: The arch-height-index measurement system: a new method of foot classification. Athl Ther Today 11: 56, 2006.
12. LIN CH, CHEN JJ, WU CH, ET AL: Image analysis system for acquiring three-dimensional contour of foot arch. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 75: 147, 2004.
13. MCCRORY JL, YOUNG MJ, BOULTON AJM, ET AL: Arch index as a predictor of arch height. The Foot 7: 79, 1997.
14. NIGG BM, NURSE MA, STEFANYSHYN D: Shoe inserts and orthotics for sport and physical activities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31: S421, 1999.
15. SAMMARCO GJ: Rehabilitation of the Foot and Ankle, Mosby-Year Book Inc, St. Louis, 1995.
16. WU KK: Foot Orthoses: Principles and Clinical Applications, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1990.
17. GROSS ML, DAVUN LB, EVANSKI PM: Effectiveness of orthotic shoe inserts in the long-distance runner. Am J Sports Med 19: 409, 1991.
18. JAMES SL, JONES DC: "Biomechanical Aspects of Distance Running Injuries", in Biomechanics of Distance Running, ed by PR Cavanagh, p 249, Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, 1990.
19. SAXENA A, HADDAD J: The effect of foot orthoses on patellofemoral pain syndrome. The Lower Extremity 5: 95, 1998.
20. KOGLER GF, SOLOMONIDIS SE, PAUL JP: Biomechanics of longitudinal arch support mechanisms in foot orthoses and their effect on plantar aponeurosis strain. Clin Biomech 11: 243, 1996.
21. URRY SR, WEARING SC: A comparison of footprint indexes calculated from ink and electronic footprints. JAPMA 91: 203, 2001.
22. HAWES MR, NACHBAUER W, SOVAK D, ET AL: Footprint parameters as a measure of arch height. Foot Ankle 13: 22, 1992.
23. STAHELI LT, CHEW DE, CORBETT M: The longitudinal arch: a survey of eight hundred and eighty-two feet in normal children and adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am 69: 426, 1987.
24. FORRIOL F, PASCAUL J: Footprint analysis between three and seventeen years of age. Foot Ankle 11: 101, 1990.
25. SCHWARTZ L, BRITTEN RH, THOMPSON LR: Studies in Physical Development and Posture, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1928. US Public Health Bulletin No. 179.
26. IRWIN LW: A study of the tendency of school children to develop flat-footness. Res Q 8: 46, 1937.
27. JUNG K: Women in long distance running. Ann Sports Med 1: 17, 1982.
28. SONG J, HILLSTROM HJ, SECORD D, ET AL: Foot type biomechanics: comparison of planus and rectus foot types. JAPMA 86: 16, 1996.
29. REDMOND AC, CROSBIE J, OUVRIER RA: Development and validation of a novel rating system for scoring foot posture: the Foot Posture Index. Clin Biomech 21: 89, 2001.
30. NIGG BM, COLE GK, NACHBAUER W: Effects of arch height of the foot on angular motion of the lower extremities in running. J Biomech 26: 909, 1993.
31. BRODY DM: Techniques in the evaluation and treatment of the injured runner. Orthop Clin North Am 13: 541, 1982.
32. VINICOMBE A, RASPOVIC A, MENZ HB: Reliability of navicular displacement measurement as a clinical indicator of foot posture. JAPMA 91: 262, 2001.
33. MENZ HB: Alternative techniques for the clinical assessment of foot pronation. JAPMA 88: 119, 1998.
34. SIMKIN A, LEICHTER I, GILADI M, ET AL: Combined effect of foot arch structure and an orthotic device on stress fractures. Foot Ankle 10: 25, 1989.
35. NORKIN CC, LEVANGIE PK: Joint Structure and Function, FA Davis, Philadelphia, 1983.
36. JONSON SR, GROSS MT: Intraexaminer reliability, interexaminer reliability and mean values for nine lower extremity skeletal measures in healthy naval shipmen. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 25: 253, 1997.
37. SMITH LS, CLARKE TE, HAMILL CL, ET AL: The effects of soft and semi-rigid orthoses upon rearfoot movement in running. JAPMA 76: 227, 1986.
38. FREYCHAT P, BELLI A, GARRET JP, ET AL: Relationship between rearfoot and forefoot orientation and ground reaction forces during running. Med Sci Sports Exer 28: 225, 1996.
39. TWOMEY D: Performance differences between normal and low arched feet in 9-12 year old children [PhD thesis] School of Safety Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 2006.
40. BUTLER RJ, HILLSTROM H, SONG J, ET AL: Arch height index measurement system: establishment of reliability and normative values. JAPMA 98: 102, 2008.
41. WEINER-OGILVIE S, ROME K: The reliability of three techniques for measuring foot position. JAPMA 88: 381, 1998.
42. WILLIAM JF, MORRISON WR: A Textbook in Physical Education, WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia, 1931.
43. PHELPS WM, KIPHUTH RJH: The Diagnosis and Treatment of Postural Defects, CC Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1932.
44. COBEY JC, SELLA E: Standardizing methods of measurement of foot shape by including the effects of subtalar rotation. Foot Ankle 2: 30, 1981.
45. WEARING SC, HILLS AP, BYRNE NM, ET AL: The arch index: a measure of flat or fat feet? Foot Ankle Int 25: 575, 2004.
46. RAZEGHI M, BATT ME: Foot type classification: a critical review of current methods. Gait Posture 15: 282, 2002.
47. BILLIS E, KATSAKIORI E, KAPODISTRIAS C, ET AL: Assessment of foot posture: correlation between different clinical techniques. The Foot 17: 65, 2007.
48. BUTLER RJ, DAVIS IS, HAMILL J: Interaction of arch type and footwear on running mechanics. Am J Sports Med 34: 1998, 2006.
49. XIONG S, GOONETILLEKE RS, WITANA CP, ET AL: Modeling foot height and foot shape related dimensions. Ergonomics 51: 1272, 2008.
50. PERRY J: Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function, Slack Inc, New York, 1994.
51. TEKSCAN INC: F-Scan Pressure Assessment System: User's Manual, Version 5.0, Tekscan Inc, South Boston, 2001.
52. ™ Foot Scanner, Vorum Research Corp, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 2000.
53. WITANA CP, GOONETILLEKE RS, WEERASINGHE TW: Malleolar Valgus Index From 3D Scans, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 2008.
54. SHROUT PE, FLEISS JL: Intraclass correlations: use in assessing operator reliability. Psychol Bull 86: 420, 1979.
55. HAIR JF, ANDERSON RE, TATHAM RL, ET AL: Multivariate Data Analysis, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1998.
56. RAO UB, JOSEPH B: The influence of footwear on the prevalence of flat foot: a survey of 2300 children. J Bone Joint Surg Br 74: 525, 1992.
57. HE M, TAN KC, LI ET, ET AL: Body fat determination by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and its relation to body mass index and waist circumference in Hong Kong Chinese. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25: 748, 2001.
58. WITANA CP, GOONETILLEKE RS, AU EY, ET AL: Footbed shapes for enhanced footwear comfort. Ergonomics 52: 617, 2009.
59. MATHIESON I, UPTON D, BIRCHENOUGH A: Comparison of footprint parameters calculated from static and dynamic footprints. The Foot 9: 145, 1999.