Silent speech interfaces

Speech Communication

Volumn 52, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 270-287

  Denby, B ^a,d   Schultz, T ^b   Honda, K ^c   Hueber, T ^d   Gilbert, J M ^e   Brumberg, J S ^f  

^a SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KARLSRUHE   (Germany)

^c ADVANCED TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERNATIONAL   (Japan)

^d PSL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY   (France)

^e UNIVERSITY OF HULL   (United Kingdom)

^f BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cellular telephones; Silent speech; Speech pathologies; Speech recognition; Speech synthesis

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTIC SIGNALS; AUTOMATIC SPEECH PROCESSING; CELLULAR TELEPHONES; COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS; DEMONSTRATOR SYSTEMS; NOISE ENVIRONMENTS; POSSIBLE FUTURES; PRIVACY ISSUE; SPEECH INTERFACE; SPEECH PATHOLOGIES; SPEECH PATHOLOGY; SPEECH PRODUCTION;

CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEMS; INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH; PATHOLOGY; SPEECH PROCESSING; SPEECH SYNTHESIS; TELEPHONE; TELEPHONE SETS;

SPEECH RECOGNITION;

EID: 76849116340     PISSN: 01676393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.specom.2009.08.002     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Arnal, A., Badin, P., Brock, G., Connan, P.-Y., Florig, E., Perez, N., Perrier, P. Simon, P., Sock, R., Varin, L., Vaxelaire, B., Zerling, J.-P., 2000. Une base de données cinéradiographiques du français, XXIIIèmes Journées d'Etude sur la Parole, Aussois, France, pp. 425-428.
2. Baken R.J., Robbins J., Fisher H., Blom E., and Singer M. A comparative acoustic study of normal, esophageal and tracheoesophageal speech production. J. Speech Hearing Disorders 49 (1984) 202-210
3. Bartels J.L., Andreasen D., Ehirim P., Mao H., Seibert S., Wright E.J., and Kennedy P.R. Neurotrophic electrode: method of assembly and implantation into human motor speech cortex. J. Neurosci. Methods 174 2 (2008) 168-176
4. Betts B.J., Binsted K., and Jorgensen C. Small-vocabulary speech recognition using surface electromyography. Interact. Comput.: Interdisciplinary J. Human-Comput. Interact. 18 (2006) 1242-1259
5. Birbaumer N. The thought translation device (TTD) for completely paralyzed patients. IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng. 8 2 (2000) 190-193
6. Blankertz B., Dornhege G., Krauledat M., Müller K.-R., Kunzmann V., Losch F., and Curio G. The Berlin brain-computer interface: EEG-based communication without subject training. IEEE Trans. Neural Systems Rehabil. Eng. 14 2 (2006) 147-152
7. Blom E.D., and Singer M.I. Surgical prosthetic approaches for postlaryngectomy voice restoration. In: Keith R.L., and Darley F.C. (Eds). Laryngectomy Rehabilitation (1979), Texas College Hill Press, Houston 251-276
8. Bos, J.C., Tack, D.W., 2005. Speech Input Hardware Investigation for Future Dismounted Soldier Computer Systems, DRCD Toronto CR 2005-064.
9. Brown D.R., Ludwig R., Pelteku A., Bogdanov G., and Keenaghan K. A novel non-acoustic voiced speech sensor. Meas. Sci. Technol. 15 (2004) 1291-1302
10. Brown D.R., Keenaghan K., and Desimini S. Measuring glottal activity during voiced speech using a tuned electromagnetic resonating collar sensor. Meas. Sci. Technol. 16 (2005) 2381-2390
11. Brumberg, J.S., Andreasen, D.S., Bartels, J.L., Guenther, F.H., Kennedy, P.R., Siebert, S.A., Schwartz, A.B., Velliste, M., Wright, E.J., 2007. Human speech cortex long-term recordings: formant frequency analyses. In: Neuroscience Meeting Planner 2007, Program No. 517.17, San Diego, USA.
12. Brumberg, J.S., Nieto-Castanon, A., Guenther, F.H., Bartels, J.L., Wright, E.J., Siebert, S.A., Andreasen, D.S., Kennedy, P.R., 2008. Methods for construction of a long-term human brain machine interface with the Neurotrophic Electrode. In: Neuroscience Meeting Planner 2007, Program No. 779.5, Washington, DC.
13. Brumberg J.S., Nieto-Castanon A., Kennedy P.R., and Guenther F.H. Brain-computer interfaces for speech communication. Speech Comm. 52 4 (2010) 367-379
14. Burnett G.C., Gable T.G., Holzrichter J.F., and Ng L.C. Voiced excitation functions calculated from micro-power impulse radar information. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 102 (1997) 3168A
15. Carstens Medizinelektronik, 2008. %3chttp://www.articulograph.de/%3e.
16. Chan A.D.C., Englehart K., Hudgins B., and Lovely D.F. Myo-electric signals to augment speech recognition. Med. Biological Eng. Comput. 39 (2001) 500-504
17. Chan, A.D.C., 2003. Multi-expert automatic speech recognition system using myoelectric signals. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Canada.
18. Crevier-Buchman L. Laryngectomy patients and the psychological aspects of their tracheostomy. Rev. Laryngol. Otolaryngol. Rhinol. 123 (2002) 137-139
19. Davidson L. Comparing tongue shapes from ultrasound imaging using smoothing spline analysis of variance. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 120 1 (2005) 407-415
20. DaSalla, C.S., Kambara, H., Sato, M., Koike, Y., 2009. Spatial filtering and single-trial classification of EEG during vowel speech imagery. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Convention on Rehabilitation Engineering & Assistive Technology, Singapore. Article No. 27. ACM, New York, NY, USA. ISBN:978-1-60558-792-9.
21. Dekens, T., Patsis, Y., Verhelst, W., Beaugendre, F., Capman, F., 2008. A multi-sensor speech database with applications towards robust speech processing in hostile environments. In: Proc. 6th Internat. Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'08), European Language Resources Association (ELRA), Marrakech, Morocco, 28-30 May 2008.
22. Denby, B., Stone, M., 2004. Speech synthesis from real time ultrasound images of the tongue. In: Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, (ICASSP'04), Montréal, Canada, 17-21 May 2004, Vol. 1, pp. I685-I688.
23. Denby B., Oussar Y., Dreyfus G., and Stone M. Prospects for a Silent Speech Interface Using Ultrasound Imaging (2006), IEEE ICASSP, Toulouse, France pp. I365-I368
24. In: Dornhege G., del R. Millan J., Hinterberger T., McFarland D., and Müller K.-R. (Eds). Towards Brain-Computer Interfacing (2007), MIT Press
25. Drummond S., Dancer J., Krueger K., and Spring G. Perceptual and acoustical analysis of alaryngeal speech: determinants of intelligibility. Percept. Motor Skills 83 (1996) 801-802
26. Dupont, S., Ris, C., 2004. Combined use of close-talk and throat microphones for improved speech recognition under non-stationary background noise. In: Proc. Robust 2004, Workshop (ITRW) on Robustness Issues in Conversational Interaction, Norwich, UK, August 2004.
27. Epstein C.M. Introduction to EEG and evoked potentials (1983), J.B. Lippincot Co.
28. Epstein M.A. Ultrasound and the IRB. Clin. Linguist. Phonet. 16 6 (2005) 567-572
29. Fagan M.J., Ell S.R., Gilbert J.M., Sarrazin E., and Chapman P.M. Development of a (silent) speech recognition system for patients following laryngectomy. Med. Eng. Phys. 30 4 (2008) 419-425
30. Fitzpatrick, M., 2002. Lip-reading cellphone silences loudmouths, New Scientist, edition of 03 April 2002.
31. Furui S. Digital Speech Processing Synthesis and Recognition. second ed. (2001), Marcel Dekker
32. Georgopoulos A.P., Kalaska J.F., Caminiti R., and Massey J.T. On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex. J. Neurosci. 2 11 (1982) 1527-1537
33. Gibbon, F., 2005. Bibliography of Electropalatographic (EPG) Studies in English (1957-2005), Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK, September 2005. %3chttp://www.qmu.ac.uk/ssrc/cleftnet/EPG_biblio_2005_september.pdf%3e.
34. Gracco V.L., Tremblay P., and Pike B. Imaging speech production using fMRI. NeuroImage 26 1 (2005) 294-301 15 May
35. Guenther, F.H., Brumberg, J.S., Nieto-Castanon, A., Bartels, J.L., Siebert, S.A., Wright, E.J., Tourville, J.A., Andreasen, D.S., Kennedy, P.R., 2008. A brain-computer interface for real-time speech synthesis by a locked-in individual implanted with a Neurotrophic Electrode. In: Neuroscience Meeting Planner 2008, Program No. 712.1, Washington, DC.
36. Hasegawa, T., Ohtani, K., 1992. Oral image to voice converter, image input microphone. In: Proc. IEEE ICCS/ISITA 1992 Singapore, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 617-620.
37. Hasegawa-Johnson, M., 2008. Private communication.
38. Heracleous P., Kaino T., Saruwatari H., and Shikano K. Unvoiced speech recognition using tissue-conductive acoustic sensor. EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process. 2007 1 (2007) 1-11
39. Hirahara T., Otani M., Shimizu S., Toda M., Nakamura K., Nakajima Y., and Shikano K. Silent-speech enhancement system utilizing body-conducted vocal-tract resonance signals. Speech Comm. 52 4 (2010) 301-313
40. Hochberg L.R., Serruya M.D., Friehs G.M., Mukand J.A., Saleh M., Caplan A.H., Branner A., Chen D., Penn R.D., and Donoghue J.P. Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia. Nature 442 7099 (2006) 164-171
41. Hochberg, L.R., Simeral, J.D., Kim, S., Stein, J., Friehs, G.M., Black, M.J., Donoghue, J.P., 2008. More than two years of intracortically-based cursor control via a neural interface system. In: Neurosicence Meeting Planner 2008, Program No. 673.15, Washington, DC.
42. Holmes J., and Holmes W. Speech Synthesis and Recognition (2001), Taylor and Francis
43. Hoole P., and Nguyen N. Electromagnetic articulography in coarticulation research. In: Hardcastle W.H., and Hewlitt N. (Eds). Coarticulation: Theory, Data and Techniques (1999), Cambridge University Press 260-269
44. House, D., Granström, B., 2002. Multimodal speech synthesis: improving information flow in dialogue systems using 3D talking heads. In: Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, Systems, and Applications. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 2443/2002. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 65-84.
45. Hueber, T., Aversano, G., Chollet, G., Denby, B., Dreyfus, G., Oussar, Y., Roussel, P., Stone, M., 2007a. Eigentongue feature extraction for an ultrasound-based silent speech interface. In: IEEE Internat. Conf. on Acoustic, Speech, and Signal Processing, ICASSP07, Honolulu, Vol. 1, pp. 1245-1248.
46. Hueber, T., Chollet, G., Denby, B., Stone, M., Zouari, L, 2007b. Ouisper: corpus based synthesis driven by articulatory data. In: Internat. Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Saarbrücken, Germany, pp. 2193-2196.
47. Hueber, T., Chollet, G., Denby, B., Dreyfus, G., Stone, M., 2007c. Continuous-speech Phone Recognition from Ultrasound and Optical Images of the Tongue and Lips. Interspeech, Antwerp, Belgium, pp. 658-661.
48. Hueber, T., Chollet, G., Denby, B., Dreyfus, G., Stone, M., 2008a. Phone Recognition from Ultrasound and Optical Video Sequences for a Silent Speech Interface. Interspeech, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 2032-2035.
49. Hueber, T., Chollet, G., Denby, B., Stone, M., 2008b. Acquisition of ultrasound, video and acoustic speech data for a silent-speech interface application. In: Internat. Seminar on Speech Production, Strasbourg, France, pp. 365-369.
50. Hueber T., Benaroya E.-L., Chollet G., Denby B., Dreyfus G., and Stone M. Development of a silent speech interface driven by ultrasound and optical images of the tongue and lips. Speech Comm. 52 4 (2010) 288-300
51. Hummel J., Figl M., Birkfellner W., Bax M.R., Shahidi R., Maurer C.R., and Bergmann H. Evaluation of a new electromagnetic tracking system using a standardized assessment protocol. Phys. Med. Biol. 51 (2006) N205-N210
52. IEEE, 2008. Brain Computer Interfaces, IEEE Computer, Vol. 41, No. 10, October 2008.
53. Jorgensen, C., Lee, D.D., Agabon, S., 2003. Sub auditory speech recognition based on EMG signals. In: Proc. Internat. Joint Conf. on Neural Networks (IJCNN), pp. 3128-3133.
54. Jorgensen, C., Binsted, K., 2005. Web browser control using EMG based sub vocal speech recognition. In: Proc. 38th Annual Hawaii Internat. Conf. on System Sciences. IEEE, pp. 294c.1-294c.8.
55. Jorgensen C., and Dusan S. Speech interfaces based upon surface electromyography. Speech Comm. 52 4 (2010) 354-366
56. Jou, S., Schultz, T., Walliczek, M., Kraft, F., 2006. Towards continuous speech recognition using surface electromyography. In: INTERSPEECH 2006 and 9th Internat. Conf. on Spoken Language Processing, Vol. 2, pp. 573-576.
57. Jou, S., Schultz, T., Waibel, A., 2007. Multi-stream articulatory feature classifiers for surface electromyographic continuous speech recognition. In: Internat. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. IEEE, Honolulu, Hawaii.
58. Kennedy P.R. The cone electrode: a long-term electrode that records from neurites grown onto its recording surface. J. Neurosci. Methods 29 (1989) 181-193
59. Kennedy, P.R., 2006. Comparing electrodes for use as cortical control signals: tiny tines, tiny wires or tiny cones on wires: which is best? In: The Biomedical Engineering Handbook. The Electrical Engineering Handbook Series, third ed., Vol. 1. CRS/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton.
60. Kennedy P.R., Bakay R.A.E., Moore M.M., Adams K., and Goldwaithe J. Direct control of a computer from the human central nervous system. IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng. 8 2 (2000) 198-202
61. Kennedy P.R., and Bakay R.A.E. Restoration of neural output from a paralyzed patient by direct brain connection. NeuroReport 9 (1998) 1707-1711
62. Kim, S., Simeral, J.D., Hochberg, L.R., Donoghue, J.P., Friehs, G.M., Black, M.J., 2007. Multi-state decoding of point-and-click control signals from motor cortical activity in a human with tetraplegia. In: Neural Engineering, 2007, CNE'07 3rd Internat. IEEE/EMBS Conf., pp. 486-489.
63. Levinson S.E. Mathematical Models for Speech Technology (2005), John Wiley
64. Lotte F., Congedo M., Lecuyer A., Lamarche F., and Arnaldi B. A review of classification algorithms for EEG-based brain computer interfaces. J. Neural Eng. 4 (2007) R1-R13
65. Maeda S. Compensatory articulation during speech: Evidence from the analysis and synthesis of vocal-tract shapes using an articulatory model. In: Hardcastle W., and Marchal A. (Eds). Speech Production and Speech Modelling (1990), Kluwer Academic Publisher, Amsterdam 131-149
66. Maier-Hein, L., Metze, F., Schultz, T., Waibel, A., 2005. Session independent non-audible speech recognition using surface electromyography. In: IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding, San Juan, Puerto Rico, pp. 331-336.
67. Manabe, H., Hiraiwa, A., Sugimura, T., 2003. Unvoiced speech recognition using EMG-mime speech recognition. In: Proc. CHI, Human Factors in Computing Systems, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, pp. 794-795.
68. Manabe, H., Zhang, Z., 2004. Multi-stream HMM for EMG-based speech recognition. In: Proc. 26th Annual International Conf. of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 1-5 September 2004, San Francisco, California, Vol. 2, pp. 4389-4392.
69. Marchal A., and Hardcastle W.J. Instrumentation and database for the cross-language study of coarticulation. Lang. Speech 36 1 (1993) 3-20
70. Maynard E.M., Nordhausen C.T., and Normann R.A. The Utah intracortical electrode array: a recording structure for potential brain-computer interfaces. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 102 3 (1997) 228-239
71. Miller, L.E., Andreasen, D.S., Bartels, J.L., Kennedy, P.R., Robesco, J., Siebert, S.A., Wright, E.J., 2007. Human speech cortex long-term recordings: Bayesian analyses. In: Neuroscience Meeting Planner 2007, Program No. 517.20, San Diego, USA.
72. Moeller, 2008. %3chttp://innovationdays.alcatel-lucent.com/2008/documents/Talking.Beyond.Hearing.pdf%3e.
73. Morse M.S., and O'Brien E.M. Research summary of a scheme to ascertain the availability of speech information in the myoelectric signals of neck and head muscles using surface electrodes. Comput. Biol. Med. 16 6 (1986) 399-410
74. Morse, M.S., Day, S.H., Trull, B., Morse, H., 1989. Use of myoelectric signals to recognize speech. In: Images of the Twenty-First Century - Proc. 11th Annual Internat. Conf. of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Part 2, Vol. 11. Alliance for Engineering in Medicine and Biology, pp. 1793-1794.
75. Morse, M.S., Gopalan, Y.N., Wright, M., 1991. Speech recognition using myoelectric signals with neural networks. In: Proc. 13th Annual Internat. Conf. of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vol. 13, No 4, Piscataway, NJ, United States. IEEE, pp. 1877-1878.
76. Munhall K.G., Vatikiotis-Bateson E., and Tohkura Y. X-ray film database for speech research. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 98 (1995) 1222-1224
77. Nakajima, Y., 2005. Development and evaluation of soft silicone NAM microphone. Technical Report IEICE, SP2005-7, pp. 7-12 (in Japanese).
78. Nakajima, Y., Kashioka, H., Shikano, K., Campbell, N., 2003a. Non-audible murmur recognition. In: Proc. Eurospeech 2003, pp. 2601-2604.
79. Nakajima, Y., Kashioka, H., Shikano, K., Campbell, N., 2003b. Non-audible murmur recognition input interface using stethoscopic microphone attached to the skin. In: Proc. IEEE ICASSP, pp. 708-711.
80. Nakajima Y., Kashioka H., Campbell N., and Shikano K. Non-audible murmur (NAM) recognition. IEICE Trans. Inform. Systems E89-D 1 (2006) 1-8
81. Nakamura, H., 1988. Method of recognizing speech using a lip image. United States Patent 4769845, September 06.
82. NessAiver M.S., Stone M., Parthasarathy V., Kahana Y., and Paritsky A. Recording high quality speech during tagged cine-MRI studies using a fiber optic microphone. J. Magnet. Reson. Imag. 23 (2006) 92-97
83. Neuper C., Müller G.R., Kübler A., Birbaumer N., and Pfurtscheller G. Clinical application of an EEG-based brain computer interface: a case study in a patient with severe motor impairment. Clin. Neurophysiol. 114 (2003) 399-409
84. Ng, L., Burnett, G., Holzrichter, J., Gable, T., 2000. Denoising of human speech using combined acoustic and EM sensor signal processing. In: Internat. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Istanbul, Turkey, 5-9 June 2000, Vol. 1, pp. 229-232.
85. Nguyen N., Marchal A., and Content A. Modeling tongue-palate contact patterns in the production of speech. J. Phonetics 1996 (1996) 77-98
86. Nijholt A., Tan D., Pfurtscheller G., Brunner C., Millán J.d.R., Allison B., Graimann B., Popescu F., Blankertz B., and Müller K.R. Brain-Computer Interfacing for Intelligent Systems. Intell. Systems 23 3 (2008) 72-79
87. Otani M., Shimizu S., and Hirahara T. Vocal tract shapes of non-audible murmur production. Acoust. Sci. Technol. 29 (2008) 195-198
88. Ouisper, 2006. Oral Ultrasound synthetIc SpEech SouRce, "Projet Blanc", National Research Agency (ANR), France, Contract No. ANR-06-BLAN-0166, 2006-2009.
89. Patil S.A., and Hansen J.H.L. A competitive alternative for speaker assessment: physiological Microphone (PMIC). Speech Comm. 52 4 (2010) 327-340
90. Perkell J., Cohen M., Svirsky M., Matthies M., Garabieta I., and Jackson M. Electro-magnetic midsagittal articulometer (EMMA) systems for transducing speech articulatory movements. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 92 (1992) 3078-3096
91. Petajan, E.D., 1984. Automatic lipreading to enhance speech recognition. In: IEEE Communications Society Global Telecommunications Conf., Atlanta, USA.
92. Porbadnigk, A., Wester, M., Calliess, J., Schultz, T., 2009. EEG-based speech recognition - impact of temporal effects. In: Biosignals 2009, Porto, Portugal, January 2009, pp. 376-381.
93. Preuss, R.D., Fabbri, D.R., Cruthirds, D.R., 2006. Noise robust vocoding at 2400 bps. In: 8th Internat. Conf. on Signal Processing, ICSP 2006, Guilin, China, November 16-20, 2006, Vol. 1, pp. 16-20.
94. Quatieri T.F., Messing D., Brady K., Campbell W.B., Campbell J.P., Brandstein M., Weinstein C.J., Tardelli J.D., and Gatewood P.D. Exploiting nonacoustic sensors for speech enhancement. IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process. 14 2 (2006) 533-544
95. Rothenberg M. A multichannel electroglottograph. J. Voice 6 1 (1992) 36-43
96. Rubin P., and Vatikiotis-Bateson E. Talking heads. Proc. Audio Visual Speech Process. 1998 (1998) 233-238
97. Sajda, P., Mueller, K.-R., Shenoy, K.V. (Eds.), 2008. Brain Computer Interfaces. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. (special issue).
98. Schönle P.W., Gräbe K., Wenig P., Höhne J., Schrader J., and Conrad B. Electromagnetic articulography: Use of alternating magnetic fields for tracking movements of multiple points inside and outside the vocal tract. Brain Lang. 31 (1987) 26-35
99. Schroeter, J., Ostermann, J., Graf, H.P., Beutnagel, M., Cosatto, E., Syrdal, A., Conkie, A., Stylianou, Y., 2000. Multimodal speech synthesis. In: IEEE Internat. Conf. on Multimedia and Expo 2000, pp. 571-574.
100. Schultz T., and Wand M. Modeling coarticulation in large vocabulary EMG-based speech recognition. Speech Comm. 52 4 (2010) 341-353
101. Stone M., Sonies B., Shawker T., Weiss G., and Nadel L. Analysis of real-time ultrasound images of tongue configuration using a grid-digitizing system. J. Phonetics 11 (1983) 207-218
102. Stone M., and Shawker T. An ultrasound examination of tongue movement during swallowing. Dysphagia 1 (1986) 78-83
103. Stone M., and Davis E. A head and transducer support (HATS) system for use in ultrasound imaging of the tongue during speech. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 98 (1995) 3107-3112
104. Stone M. A guide to analyzing tongue motion from ultrasound images. Clin. Linguist. Phonet. 19 6-7 (2005) 455-502
105. Sugie N., and Tsunoda K. A speech prosthesis employing a speech synthesizer-vowel discrimination from perioral muscle activities and vowel production. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-32 7 (1985) 485-490
106. Suppes P., Lu Z.-L., and Han B. Brain wave recognition of words. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) 14965-14969
107. Tardelli, J.D. (Ed.), 2003. MIT Lincoln Labs Report ESC-TR-2004-084. Pilot Corpus for Multisensor Speech Processing.
108. Tatham M. The place of electromyography in speech research. Behav. Technol. 6 (1971)
109. TERC, 2009. %3chttp://spinlab.wpi.edu/projects/terc/terc.html%3e.
110. Titze I.R., Story B.H., Burnett G.C., Holzrichter J.F.N.G.L.C., and Lea W.A. Comparison between electroglottography and electromagnetic glottography. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 107 1 (2000) 581-588 January
111. Tran, V.-A., Bailly, G., Loevenbruck, H., Jutten C., 2008a. Improvement to a NAM captured whisper-to-speech system. In: Interspeech 2008, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 1465-1498.
112. Tran, V.-A., Bailly, G., Loevenbruck, H., Toda, T., 2008b. Predicting F0 and voicing from NAM-captured whispered speech. In: Proc. Speech Prosody, Campinas, Brazil.
113. Tran V.-A., Bailly G., Loevenbruck H., and Toda T. Improvement to a NAM-captured whisper-to-speech system. Speech Comm. 52 4 (2010) 314-326
114. Truccolo W., Friehs G.M., Donoghue J.P., and Hochberg L.R. Primary motor cortex tuning to intended movement kinematics in humans with tetraplegia. J. Neurosci. 28 5 (2008) 1163-1178
115. Walliczek, M., Kraft, F., Jou, S.-C., Schultz, T., Waibel, A., 2006. Sub-word unit based non-audible speech recognition using surface electromyography. In: Proc. Interspeech, Pittsburgh, USA, pp. 1487-1490.
116. Wand, M., Schultz, T., 2009. Speaker-adaptive speech recognition based on surface electromyography. In: BIOSTEC - BIOSIGNALS 2009 best papers. Communications in Computer and Information Science (CCIS) series. Springer, Heidelberg, in press.
117. Wester, M., Schultz, T., 2006. Unspoken speech - speech recognition based on electroencephalography. Master's Thesis, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Karlsruhe, Germany.
118. Wolpaw J.R., Birbaumer N., McFarland D., Pfurtscheller G., and Vaughan T. Brain-computer interfaces for communication and control. Clin. Neurophysiol. 113 6 (2002) 767-791
119. Wrench, A.A., Scobbie, J.M., 2003. Categorising vocalisation of English / l / using EPG, EMA and ultrasound. In: 6th Internat. Seminar on Speech Production, Manly, Sydney, Australia, 7-10 December 2003, pp. 314-319.
120. Wrench, A., Scobbie, J., Linden, M., 2007. Evaluation of a helmet to hold an ultrasound probe. In: Ultrafest IV, New York, USA.
121. Wright, E.J., Andreasen, D.S., Bartels, J.L., Brumberg, J.S., Guenther, F.H., Kennedy, P.R., Miller, L.E., Robesco, J., Schwartz, A.B., Siebert, S.A., Velliste, M., 2007. Human speech cortex long-term recordings: neural net analyses. In: Neuroscience Meeting Planner 2007, Program No. 517.18, San Diego, USA.