Correlation of valgus stress radiographs with medial knee ligament injuries: An in vitro biomechanical study

American Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 38, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 330-338

  LaPrade, Robert F ^a   Bernhardson, Andrew S ^a   Griffith, Chad J ^a   MacAlena, Jeffrey A ^a   Wijdicks, Coen A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Medial collateral ligament; Medial knee injuries; Posterior oblique ligament; Valgus stress radiographs

Indexed keywords

AGED; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; CADAVER; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; INJURY; KNEE; KNEE LIGAMENT; MECHANICAL STRESS; METHODOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; RADIOGRAPHY;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BIOMECHANICS; CADAVER; HUMANS; KNEE JOINT; MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT, KNEE; RADIOGRAPHY; STRESS, MECHANICAL;

EID: 76849097056     PISSN: 03635465     EISSN: 15523365     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0363546509349347     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. American Medical Association (Subcommittee on Classification of Sports Injuries). Committee on the Medical Aspects of Sports: Standard Nomenclature of Athletic Injuries. Chicago: American Medical Association ; 1966: 99-100.
2. American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine. IKDC 2000 form. Available at: http://www.sportsmed.org/tabs/research/ikdc/aspx. Accessed August 27, 2008.
3. Azar FM Evaluation and treatment of chronic medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2006 ; 14 (2). 84-90.
4. Bahk MS, Cosgarea AJ Physical examination and imaging of the lateral collateral ligament and posterolateral corner of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2006 ; 14: 12-19.
5. Ballmer PM, Jakob RP The non operative treatment of isolated complete tears of the medial collateral ligament of the knee. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1988 ; 107: 273-276.
6. Coobs BR, Wijdicks CA, Armitage BM, et al. An in vitro analysis of an anatomic medial knee reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. In press.
7. Feeley BT, Muller MS, Allen AA, Granchi CC, Pearle AD Biomechanical comparison of medial collateral ligament reconstructions using computer-assisted navigation. Am J Sports Med. 2009; 37 (6). 1123-1130.
8. Fetto JF, Marshall JL Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee: a rationale for treatment. Clin Orthop. 1978 ; 132: 206-218.
9. Griffith CJ, LaPrade RF, Johansen S., Armitage B., Wijdicks C., Engebretsen L. Medial knee injury: part 1, static function of the individual components of the main medial knee structures. Am J Sports Med. 2009 ; 37: 1762-1770.
10. Griffith CJ, Wijdicks CA, LaPrade RF, Armitage BM, Johansen S., Engebretsen L. Force measurements on the posterior oblique ligament and superficial medial collateral ligament proximal and distal divisions to applied loads. Am J Sports Med. 2009 ; 37 (1). 140-148.
11. Grood ES, Noyes FR, Butler DL, Suntay WJ Ligamentous and capsular restraints preventing straight medial and lateral laxity in intact human cadaver knees. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981 ; 63: 1257-1269.
12. Harilainen A., Myllynen P., Rauste J., Silvennoinen E. Diagnosis of acute knee ligament injuries: the value of stress radiography compared with clinical examination, stability under anesthesia, and arthroscopic or operative findings. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1986 ; 75: 37-43.
13. Hefti F., Müller W., Jakob RP, Stäubli H-U. Evaluation of knee ligament injuries with the IDKC form. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1993 ; 1: 226-234.
14. Hughston JC Acute knee injuries in athletes. Clin Orthop. 1962 ; 23: 114-133.
15. Hughston JC The importance of the posterior oblique ligament in repairs of acute tears of the medial ligaments in knees with and without an associated rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994 ; 76: 1328-1344.
16. Hughston JC Knee Ligaments: Injury and Repair. St Louis, MO: Mosby Year-Book ; 1993.
17. Hughston JC, Andrews JR, Cross MJ, Moschi A. Classification of knee ligament instabilities. Part I: the medial compartment and cruciate ligaments. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976 ; 58 (2). 159-172.
18. Hughston JC, Eilers AF The role of the posterior oblique ligament in repairs of acute medial (collateral) ligament tears of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1973 ; 55: 923-940.
19. Indelicato PA Non-operative treatment of complete tears of the medial collateral ligament of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1983 ; 65 (3). 323-329.
20. Indelicato PA, Hermansdorfer J., Huegel M. Nonoperative management of complete tears of the medial collateral ligament of the knee in intercollegiate football players. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990 ; 256: 174-177.
21. Jacobsen K. Radiologic technique for measuring instability in the knee joint. Acta Radiol Diagn. 1977 ; 18: 113-125.
22. Jacobsen K. Stress radiographical measurements of post-traumatic knee instability. Acta Orthop Scand. 1977 ; 48: 301-310.
23. Jacobsen K. Stress radiographical measurement of the anteroposterior, medial and lateral stability of the knee joint. Acta Orthop Scand. 1976 ; 47: 335-344.
24. Kannus P. Long term results of conservatively treated medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee joint. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988 ; 226: 103-112.
25. Klein KK An instrument for testing the medial and lateral collateral ligament stability of the knee. Am J Surg. 1962 ; 104: 768-772.
26. Kurzweil PR, Kelley ST Physical examination and imaging of the medial collateral ligament and posteromedial corner of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2006 ; 14 (2). 67-73.
27. LaPrade RF The medial collateral ligament complex and the posterolateral aspect of the knee. In: Arendt EA, ed. Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: Sports Medicine 2. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1999: 327-340.
28. LaPrade RF, Engebretsen AH, Ly TV, Johansen S., Wentorf FA, Engebretsen L. The anatomy of the medial part of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 ; 89 (9). 2000-2010.
29. LaPrade RF, Heikes C., Bakker AJ, Jakobsen RB The reproducibility and repeatability of varus stress radiographs in the assessment of isolated fibular collateral ligament and grade-III posterolateral knee injuries: an in vitro biomechanical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 ; 90 (10). 2069-2076.
30. LaPrade RF, Terry GC Injuries to the posterolateral aspect of the knee: association of anatomic injury patterns with clinical instability. Am J Sports Med. 1997 ; 25: 433-438.
31. Lee JI, Song IS, Jung YB, et al. Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee: ultrasonographic findings. J Ultrasound Med. 1996 ; 15 (9). 621-625.
32. Mains DB, Andrew JG, Stonecipher T. Medial and anterior-posterior ligament stability of the human knee, measured with a stress apparatus. Am J Sports Med. 1977 ; 5: 144-152.
33. Markolf KL, Graff-Radford A., Amstutz HC In vivo knee stability: a quantitative assessment using an instrumented clinical testing apparatus. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978 ; 60: 664-674.
34. Mazzocca AD, Nissen CW, Geary M., Adams DJ Valgus medial collateral ligament rupture causes concomitant loading and damage of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Knee Surg. 2003 ; 16 (3). 148-151.
35. Phisitkul P., James SL, Wolf BR, Amendola A. MCL injuries of the knee: current concepts review. Iowa Orthop J. 2006 ; 26: 77-90.
36. Quarles JD, Hosey RG Medial and lateral collateral injuries: prognosis and treatment. Prim Care. 2004 ; 31: 957-975.
37. Rasenberg EIJ, Lemmens JAM, van Kampen A., et al. Grading medial collateral ligament injury: comparison of MR imaging and instrumented valgus-varus laxity test-device. A prospective double-blind patient study. Eur J Radiol. 1995 ; 21: 18-24.
38. Reider B. Medial collateral ligament injuries in athletes. Sports Med. 1996 ; 21 (2). 147-156.
39. Robinson JR, Bull AM, Thomas RR, Amis AA The role of medial collateral ligament and posteromedial capsule in controlling knee laxity. Am J Sports Med. 2006 ; 34 (11). 1815-1823.
40. Sawant M., Narashimha Murty AN, Ireland J. Valgus knee injuries: evaluation and documentation using a simple technique of stress radiography. Knee. 2004 ; 11 (1). 25-28.
41. Sharma L., Lou C., Felson DT, et al. Laxity in healthy and osteoarthritic knees. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 ; 42: 861-870.
42. Shelbourne KD, Klootwyk TE Low velocity knee dislocation with sports injuries: treatment principles. Clin Sports Med. 2000 ; 19 (3). 443-456.
43. Shirakura K., Terauchi M., Katayama M., Watanabe H., Yamaji T., Takagishi K. The management of medial ligament tears in patients with combined anterior cruciate and medial ligament lesions. Int Orthop. 2000 ; 24: 108-111.
44. Shultz SJ, Shimokochi Y., Nguyen AD, Schmitz R., Beynnon BD, Perrin DH Measurement of varus-valgus and internal-external rotational knee laxities in vivo. Part I: assessment of measurement reliability and bilateral asymmetry. J Orthop Res. 2007 ; 25: 981-988. (Pubitemid 47233074)
45. Sims WF, Jacobson KE The posteromedial corner of the knee: medial-sided injury patterns revisited. Am J Sports Med. 2004 ; 32 (2). 337-345.
46. Van der Esch M., Steultjens M., Ostelo RW, Harlaar J., Dekker J. Reproducibility of instrumented knee joint laxity measurement in healthy subjects. Rheumatology. 2006 ; 45: 595-599.
47. Warren LF, Marshall JL, Girgis F. The prime static stabilizer of the medial side of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1974 ; 56: 665-674.
48. Wijdicks CA, Griffith CJ, LaPrade RF, et al. Medial knee injury Part 2: load sharing between the posterior oblique and superficial medial collateral ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2009 ; 37 (9). 1771-1776.
49. Wilson TC, Satterfield WH, Johnson DL Medial collateralligament "tibial" injuries: indication for acute repair. Orthopedics. 2004 ; 27: 389-393.
50. Yoo JC, Ahn JH, Sung KS, et al. Measurement and comparison of the difference in normal medial and lateral knee opening. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2006 ; 14: 1238-1244.