Physical examination and imaging of the medial collateral ligament and posteromedial corner of the knee

Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 67-73

  Kurzweil, Peter R ^a   Kelley, Steven T ^a  

^a Southern California Center for Sports Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Knee ligament injuries; Medial collateral ligament; Pellegrini Stieda lesion; Posterior oblique ligament; Posteromedial corner

Indexed keywords

ANATOMY; ANGIOGRAPHY; ANTERIOR POSTERIOR AXIS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; ECHOGRAPHY; EDEMA; FUNCTION TEST; HEMARTHROSIS; HUMAN; JOINT EFFUSION; KNEE CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; KNEE FUNCTION; KNEE INJURY; KNEE LIGAMENT INJURY; KNEE MENISCUS RUPTURE; KNEE RADIOGRAPHY; MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM EXAMINATION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIODIAGNOSIS; REVIEW; SOFT TISSUE INJURY; VALGUS KNEE; X RAY ANALYSIS;

ANGIOGRAPHY; HUMANS; KNEE INJURIES; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT, KNEE; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; ULTRASONOGRAPHY;

EID: 33748157900     PISSN: 10628592     EISSN: 15381951     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.jsa.0000212303.57625.47     Document Type: Review

References (37)

1. Robinson JR, Sanchez-Ballester J, Bull AM, et al. The posteromedial corner revisited. An anatomical description of the passive restraining structures of the medial aspect of the human knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86:674-681.
2. Abbott LC, Bost FC, et al. Injuries to the ligaments of the knee joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1944;26A:503-521.
3. Warren LA, Marshall JL, Girgis F. The prime static stabilizer of the medial side of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1974;56:665-674.
4. Grood ES, et al. Ligamentous and capsular restraints preventing straight medial and lateral laxity in intact human cadaver knees. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63:1257-1269.
5. Miyasaka KC, Stone ML, Daniel DM, et al. The incidence of knee injuries in the general population. Am J Knee Surg. 1991;4:3-8.
6. Flik K, Lyman S, Marx RG. American collegiate men's ice hockey: an analysis of injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:183-187.
7. Pressman A, Johnson DH. A review of ski injuries resulting in combined injury to the anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligaments. Arthroscopy. 2003;19:194-202.
8. Barber FA. Snow skiing combined anterior cruciate ligament/medial collateral ligament disruptions. Arthroscopy. 1994;10:85-89.
9. Hunter RE. Skiing injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27:381-389.
10. Feagin JA Jr. Medial collateral ligament injury, complete. In: Feagin JA Jr, ed. The Crucial Ligaments. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1988:107-114.
11. Wilson TC, Talwalkar J, Johnson DL. Lateral patella dislocation associated with an irreducible posterolateral knee dislocation: literature review. Orthopedics. 2005;28:459-461.
12. Sports, A.M.A.C.o.t.M.A.o. Standard Nomenclature of Athletic Injuries. 1966:99-100.
13. Sims WF, Jacobson KE. The posteromedial corner of the knee: medial-sided injury patterns revisited. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:337-345.
14. Hunter SC, Marascalco R, Hughston JC. Disruption of the vastus medialis obliquus with medial knee ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1983;11:427-431.
15. Trikha SP, Acton D, Bell J. Avulsion of the common origin of the medial collateral and medial patello-femoral ligaments. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2004;86:442-444.
16. Hughston JC, Andrews JR, Cross MJ, et al. Classification of knee ligament instabilities. I. The medial compartment and cruciate ligaments. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58A:159-172.
17. Sawant M, Narasimha Murty A, Ireland J. Valgus knee injuries: evaluation and documentation using a simple technique of stress radiography. Knee. 2004;11:25-28.
18. Jaramillo D, Hoffer FA, Shapiro F, et al. MR imaging of fractures of the growth plate. Am J Roentgenol. 1990;155:1261-1265.
19. Smith BG, Rand F, Jaramillo D, et al. Early MR imaging of lower-extremity physeal fracture-separations: a preliminary report. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994;14:526-533.
20. Sanders TG, Miller MD. A systematic approach to magnetic resonance imaging interpretation of sports medicine injuries of the knee. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:131-148.
21. Munshi M, Davidson M, MacDonald PB, et al. The efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging in acute knee injuries. Clin J Sport Med. 2000;10:34-39.
22. Patel JJ. Intra-articular entrapment of the medial collateral ligament: radiographic and MRI findings. Skeletal Radiol. 1999;28:658-660.
23. Khanna AJ, Cosgarea AJ, Mont MA, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee. Current techniques and spectrum of disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83-A(Suppl. 2):128-141.
24. Rasenberg EI, Lemmens JA, van Kampen A, et al. Grading medial collateral ligament injury: comparison of MR imaging and instrumented valgus-varus laxity test-device. A prospective double-blind patient study. Eur J Radiol. 1995;21:18-24.
25. Nakamura N, Horibe S, Toritsuka Y, et al. Acute grade III medial collateral ligament injury of the knee associated with anterior cruciate ligament tear. The usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging in determining a treatment regimen. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:261-267.
26. Miller MD, Osborne JR, Gordon WT, et al. The natural history of bone bruises. A prospective study of magnetic resonance imaging-detected trabecular microfractures in patients with isolated medial collateral ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26:15-19.
27. Loredo R, Hodler J, Pedowitz R, et al. Posteromedial corner of the knee: MR imaging with gross anatomic correlation. Skeletal Radiol. 1999;28:305-311.
28. Hashimoto BE, Kramer DJ, Wiitala L. Applications of musculoskeletal sonography. J Clin Ultrasound. 1999;27:293-318.
29. Gray SD, Kaplan PA, Dussault RG. Imaging of the knee. Current status. Orthop Clin North Am. 1997;28:643-658.
30. De Flaviis L, Nessi R, Leonardi M, et al. Dynamic ultrasonography of capsulo-ligamentous knee joint traumas. J Clin Ultrasound. 1988;16:487-492.
31. Friedl W, Glaser F. Dynamic sonography in the diagnosis of ligament and meniscal injuries of the knee. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1991;110:132-138.
32. Lee JI, Song IS, Jung YB, et al. Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee: ultrasonographic findings. J Ultrasound Med. 1996;15:621-625.
33. De Maeseneer M, Vanderdood K, Marcelis S, et al. Sonography of the medial and lateral tendons and ligaments of the knee: the use of bony landmarks as an easy method for identification. Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178:1437-1444.
34. Green NE, Allen BL. Vascular injuries associated with dislocation of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977;59:236-239.
35. Getelman MH, Friedman MJ. Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1999;7:189-198.
36. Johnson DL, Swenson TM, Irrgang JJ, et al. Revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery: experience from Pittsburgh. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;325:100-109.
37. Muller W. Knee ligament injuries. Pathoanatomy, biomechanics, instabilities and possibilities of treatment in acute and chronic injuries. Int Orthop. 1996;20:266-270.