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Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 553-575

Hierarchical market economies and varieties of capitalism in Latin America

Author keywords

Business groups; Economic liberalisation; Labour; Latin America; Multinational corporations; Skills; Varieties of capitalism

Indexed keywords

CAPITALISM; DEVELOPING WORLD; EMPLOYMENT; HIERARCHICAL SYSTEM; LABOR RELATIONS; LIBERALIZATION; MARKET SYSTEM; MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISE; SKILLED LABOR;

EID: 76749148660     PISSN: 0022216X     EISSN: 1469767X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022216X09990186     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (281)

References (95)
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    • The original framework is from Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, 'An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism', in Peter A. Hall and David Soskice (eds.), Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage (New York, 2001), pp. 1-68.
    • The original framework is from Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, 'An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism', in Peter A. Hall and David Soskice (eds.), Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage (New York, 2001), pp. 1-68.
  • 2
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    • How and Why Capitalisms Differ
    • For more recent debates and extensions, see
    • For more recent debates and extensions, see Robert Boyer, 'How and Why Capitalisms Differ', Economy and Society, vol. 34, no. 4 (2005), pp. 509-57;
    • (2005) Economy and Society , vol.34 , Issue.4 , pp. 509-557
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    • Enlarging the Varieties of Capitalism: The Emergence of Dependent Market Economies in East Central Europe
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    • Andreas Nölke and Arjan Vliegenthart, 'Enlarging the Varieties of Capitalism: The Emergence of Dependent Market Economies in East Central Europe', World Politics (forthcoming, 2009).
    • (2009) World Politics
    • Nölke, A.1    Vliegenthart, A.2
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    • Government and Development: Managerial Attitudes in Latin America
    • See, for example
    • See, for example, Albert Lauterbach, 'Government and Development: Managerial Attitudes in Latin America', Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, vol. 7, no. 2 (1965), pp. 201-25.
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  • 12
    • 76749089718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Almost nothing like the extensive subdiscipline of business history in developed countries exists in Latin America. For an important exception, see Carlos Dávila and Rory Miller (eds, Business History in Latin America: The Experience of Seven Countries Liverpool, 1999
    • Almost nothing like the extensive subdiscipline of business history in developed countries exists in Latin America. For an important exception, see Carlos Dávila and Rory Miller (eds.), Business History in Latin America: The Experience of Seven Countries (Liverpool, 1999).
  • 14
    • 76749153017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hall and Soskice, 'An Introduction', p. 21.
    • Hall and Soskice, 'An Introduction', p. 21.
  • 15
    • 76749136356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elsewhere I elaborate on abstract conceptual and ideal typical distinctions among CMEs, LMEs and HMEs: Ben Ross Schneider, Comparing Capitalisms: Liberal, Coordinated, Network, and Hierarchical, MS, 2008, In this paper the goal is more to use the varieties of capitalism framework to identify comparable empirical regularities in Latin America in corporate governance, labour relations and skills
    • Elsewhere I elaborate on abstract conceptual and ideal typical distinctions among CMEs, LMEs and HMEs: Ben Ross Schneider, 'Comparing Capitalisms: Liberal, Coordinated, Network, and Hierarchical' (MS, 2008). In this paper the goal is more to use the varieties of capitalism framework to identify comparable empirical regularities in Latin America in corporate governance, labour relations and skills.
  • 17
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    • The State, Internationalization, and Capitalist Diversity in Eastern Europe
    • Dorothee Bohle and Béla Greskovits, 'The State, Internationalization, and Capitalist Diversity in Eastern Europe', Competition & Change, vol. 11, no. 2 (2007), pp. 89-115.
    • (2007) Competition & Change , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 89-115
    • Bohle, D.1    Greskovits, B.2
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    • Economic Liberalization and Corporate Governance: The Resilience of Business Groups in Latin America
    • Ben Ross Schneider, 'Economic Liberalization and Corporate Governance: The Resilience of Business Groups in Latin America', Comparative Politics, vol. 40, no. 4 (2008), pp. 379-98;
    • (2008) Comparative Politics , vol.40 , Issue.4 , pp. 379-398
    • Ross Schneider, B.1
  • 19
    • 76749100810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ben Ross Schneider and Sebastian Karcher, 'Labor Markets in Latin America: Inflexibility, Informality, and Other Complementarities' (MS, 2008); see also Boyer, 'How and Why Capitalisms Differ'. Most of the specific examples and illustrations in this paper are drawn from these countries, but much of the quantitative data and the secondary literature covers more or all countries of the region.
    • Ben Ross Schneider and Sebastian Karcher, 'Labor Markets in Latin America: Inflexibility, Informality, and Other Complementarities' (MS, 2008); see also Boyer, 'How and Why Capitalisms Differ'. Most of the specific examples and illustrations in this paper are drawn from these countries, but much of the quantitative data and the secondary literature covers more or all countries of the region.
  • 21
    • 69249216642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Comparative Political Economy of Diversified Business Groups, or How States Organize Capitalism
    • forthcoming
    • Ben Ross Schneider, 'A Comparative Political Economy of Diversified Business Groups, or How States Organize Capitalism', Review of International Political Economy, vol. 16, no. 2 (forthcoming, 2009).
    • (2009) Review of International Political Economy , vol.16 , Issue.2
    • Ross Schneider, B.1
  • 22
    • 34547944367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Although different from large firms in many LMEs and CMEs, such diversified business groups are common in most of the rest of the developing world: see Tarun Khanna and Yishay Yafeh, Business Groups in Emerging Markets: Paragons or Parasites, Journal of Economic Literature, 45, no. 2 2007, pp. 331-72;
    • Although different from large firms in many LMEs and CMEs, such diversified business groups are common in most of the rest of the developing world: see Tarun Khanna and Yishay Yafeh, 'Business Groups in Emerging Markets: Paragons or Parasites?', Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 45, no. 2 (2007), pp. 331-72;
  • 23
    • 84924254293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asli Colpan, Takashi Hikino and James Lincoln eds, Oxford, forthcoming
    • Asli Colpan, Takashi Hikino and James Lincoln (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Business Groups (Oxford, forthcoming).
    • The Oxford Handbook of Business Groups
  • 24
    • 17444407760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Las grandes empresas y grupos industriales latinoamer-icanos en los años noventa
    • Wilson Peres ed, México DF
    • Celso Garrido and Wilson Peres, 'Las grandes empresas y grupos industriales latinoamer-icanos en los años noventa', in Wilson Peres (ed.), Grandes empresas y grupos industriales latinoamericanos (México DF, 1998), p. 13.
    • (1998) Grandes empresas y grupos industriales latinoamericanos , pp. 13
    • Garrido, C.1    Peres, W.2
  • 27
    • 76749114003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Business groups fared less well in Argentina and Peru than their counterparts elsewhere, and many sold out to foreign investors. However, the foreign investors were sometimes business groups from other countries of the region, which added a regional dimension to business-group dominance of the private sector. Some reports also suggested that new business groups were emerging in Argentina in the late 2000s: Diego Cabot, 'El repliegue de grandes grupos empresarios', La Nación, 11 January 2009.
    • Business groups fared less well in Argentina and Peru than their counterparts elsewhere, and many sold out to foreign investors. However, the foreign investors were sometimes business groups from other countries of the region, which added a regional dimension to business-group dominance of the private sector. Some reports also suggested that new business groups were emerging in Argentina in the late 2000s: Diego Cabot, 'El repliegue de grandes grupos empresarios', La Nación, 11 January 2009.
  • 28
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    • Fernando Lefort, 'Ownership Structure and Market Valuation of Family Groups in Chile', Corporate Governance, vol. 5, no. 1 (2005), pp. 7-13.
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    • 5 November
    • Qué Pasa, 5 November 2005, p. 22.
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    • See Institute of Developing Economies/Japan External Trade Organization, Tokyo
    • See Institute of Developing Economies/Japan External Trade Organization, Family Business in Developing Countries (Tokyo, 2004).
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    • Corporate Ownership around the World
    • see also
    • see also Rafael La Porta, Florencio López-de-Silanes and Andrei Shleifer, 'Corporate Ownership around the World', Journal of Finance, vol. 54, no. 2 (1999), pp. 492, 494.
    • (1999) Journal of Finance , vol.54 , Issue.2
    • Rafael La Porta, F.L.-D.1    Shleifer, A.2
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    • Susan Cunningham, 'Multinationals and Restructuring in Latin America', in Chris J. Dixon, David William Drakakis-Smith and H. D. Watts (eds.), Multinational Corporations and the Third World (London, 1986), p. 46.
    • Susan Cunningham, 'Multinationals and Restructuring in Latin America', in Chris J. Dixon, David William Drakakis-Smith and H. D. Watts (eds.), Multinational Corporations and the Third World (London, 1986), p. 46.
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    • Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECLAC, Santiago
    • Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Foreign Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2005 (Santiago, 2006), p. 11.
    • (2006) Foreign Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2005 , pp. 11
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    • (1999) Monthly Review , vol.51 , Issue.3 , pp. 31-52
    • Petras, J.1    Veltmeyer, H.2
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    • This figure exaggerates the proportion of GDP controlled by these 63 firms, because it includes foreign sales. At the same time it underestimates the degree of concentration, because some of these 63 firms belong to an even smaller number of business groups: América Economía, 9 July 2007, p. 67
    • This figure exaggerates the proportion of GDP controlled by these 63 firms, because it includes foreign sales. At the same time it underestimates the degree of concentration, because some of these 63 firms belong to an even smaller number of business groups: América Economía, 9 July 2007, p. 67.
  • 41
    • 76749143068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This discussion of labour markets draws heavily on my joint work with Sebastian Karcher: Schneider and Karcher, Labor Markets in Latin America, This work analyses separately and in greater depth the several components that comprise atomistic labour relations. For a recent comprehensive overview, as well as more coverage on variations across the region, see Maria Cook, Politics of Labor Reform in Latin America: Between Flexibility and Rights College Park PA, 2007, Labour markets in Latin America are segmented, and only a minority of workers have stable jobs with full legal protections and union representation. The focus here is more on median trends that characterise better the experiences of the majority of workers
    • This discussion of labour markets draws heavily on my joint work with Sebastian Karcher: Schneider and Karcher, 'Labor Markets in Latin America'. This work analyses separately and in greater depth the several components that comprise atomistic labour relations. For a recent comprehensive overview, as well as more coverage on variations across the region, see Maria Cook, Politics of Labor Reform in Latin America: Between Flexibility and Rights (College Park PA, 2007). Labour markets in Latin America are segmented, and only a minority of workers have stable jobs with full legal protections and union representation. The focus here is more on median trends that characterise better the experiences of the majority of workers.
  • 42
    • 76749144754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conclusion: Actors, Institutions, and Policies
    • Evelyne Huber ed, University Park PA
    • Evelyne Huber, 'Conclusion: Actors, Institutions, and Policies', in Evelyne Huber (ed.), Models of Capitalism: Lessons for Latin America (University Park PA, 2002), pp. 458-9.
    • (2002) Models of Capitalism: Lessons for Latin America , pp. 458-459
    • Huber, E.1
  • 43
    • 34548331967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Argentina is an outlier, as collective bargaining experienced a surprising and broad-based revival in the 2000s, to the point where a large majority of formal sector workers were covered: Sebastián Etchemendy and Ruth Berins Collier, 'Down but Not Out: Union Resurgence and Segmented Neocorporatism in Argentina (2003-2007)', Politics and Society, 35, no. 3 (2007), pp. 363-401. Given recent volatility, it is hard to know if this trend will last.
    • Argentina is an outlier, as collective bargaining experienced a surprising and broad-based revival in the 2000s, to the point where a large majority of formal sector workers were covered: Sebastián Etchemendy and Ruth Berins Collier, 'Down but Not Out: Union Resurgence and Segmented Neocorporatism in Argentina (2003-2007)', Politics and Society, vol. 35, no. 3 (2007), pp. 363-401. Given recent volatility, it is hard to know if this trend will last.
  • 46
    • 76749156799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adriana Marshall, 'Labor Market Regulation, Wages and Workers' Behavior - Latin America in the 1990s', paper presented to XXII Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Miami, 2000, p. 12.
    • Adriana Marshall, 'Labor Market Regulation, Wages and Workers' Behavior - Latin America in the 1990s', paper presented to XXII Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Miami, 2000, p. 12.
  • 47
    • 76749115334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • By another calculation (as a percentage of the total workforce) union membership declined from an average of 25 per cent to 16 per cent in Latin America (and from 40 to 31 per cent in industrial countries) from the 1980s to the 1990s: Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), Competitiveness: The Business of Growth (Washington DC, 2001), p. 117.
    • By another calculation (as a percentage of the total workforce) union membership declined from an average of 25 per cent to 16 per cent in Latin America (and from 40 to 31 per cent in industrial countries) from the 1980s to the 1990s: Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), Competitiveness: The Business of Growth (Washington DC, 2001), p. 117.
  • 56
    • 76749166373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hall and Soskice, 'An Introduction', p. 17.
    • Hall and Soskice, 'An Introduction', p. 17.
  • 57
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    • the most striking result [was] the low level of R&D conducted by firms
    • In one recent survey of Latin America, David de Ferranti et al, Washington DC
    • In one recent survey of Latin America, 'the most striking result [was] the low level of R&D conducted by firms': David de Ferranti et al., Closing the Gap in Education and Technology (Washington DC, 2003), p. 5.
    • (2003) Closing the Gap in Education and Technology , pp. 5
  • 58
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    • For instance, the directors of Banamex, a very diversified bank and the largest in Mexico until its nationalisation in 1982, were on the boards of most of the important business associations, so any partner of Banamex would automatically gain crucial representation: see Schneider, Business Politics and the State.
    • For instance, the directors of Banamex, a very diversified bank and the largest in Mexico until its nationalisation in 1982, were on the boards of most of the important business associations, so any partner of Banamex would automatically gain crucial representation: see Schneider, Business Politics and the State.
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    • Investor Protection and Corporate Governance
    • Rafael La Porta et al., 'Investor Protection and Corporate Governance', Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 58, no. 1 (2000), pp. 3-27.
    • (2000) Journal of Financial Economics , vol.58 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-27
    • Porta, R.L.1
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    • Social Protection and the Formation of Skills: A Reinterpretation of the Welfare State
    • Hall and Soskice eds
    • Margarita Estevez-Abe, Torben Iversen and David Soskice, 'Social Protection and the Formation of Skills: A Reinterpretation of the Welfare State', in Hall and Soskice (eds.), Varieties of Capitalism, pp. 145-83.
    • Varieties of Capitalism , pp. 145-183
    • Estevez-Abe, M.1    Iversen, T.2    Soskice, D.3
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    • Hall and Soskice, 'An Introduction'.
    • Hall and Soskice, 'An Introduction'.
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    • In Brazil, for example, domestic commodity firms were split between capital-intensive sectors like steel and cellulose that had mostly skilled workers, although not many employees overall, and labour-intensive firms in sectors like meat processing with large numbers of unskilled workers: see Ben Ross Schneider, 'Big Business in Brazil: Leveraging Natural Endowments and State Support for International Expansion', in Leonardo Martinez-Diaz (ed.), Brazil as an Emerging Economic Superpower (Washington DC, 2009).
    • In Brazil, for example, domestic commodity firms were split between capital-intensive sectors like steel and cellulose that had mostly skilled workers, although not many employees overall, and labour-intensive firms in sectors like meat processing with large numbers of unskilled workers: see Ben Ross Schneider, 'Big Business in Brazil: Leveraging Natural Endowments and State Support for International Expansion', in Leonardo Martinez-Diaz (ed.), Brazil as an Emerging Economic Superpower (Washington DC, 2009).
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    • Structural Reforms and Technological Behaviour: The Sources and Nature of Technological Change in Latin America in the 1990s
    • Jorge Katz, 'Structural Reforms and Technological Behaviour: The Sources and Nature of Technological Change in Latin America in the 1990s', Research Policy, vol. 30, no. 4 (2001), p. 4.
    • (2001) Research Policy , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 4
    • Katz, J.1
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    • Schneider and Karcher, 'Labor Markets in Latin America'.
    • Schneider and Karcher, 'Labor Markets in Latin America'.
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    • Hall and Soskice, 'An Introduction', p. 18.
    • Hall and Soskice, 'An Introduction', p. 18.
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    • Ibid., p. 116.
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    • Guillermo E. Perry, J. Humberto Lopez, William F. Maloney, Omar Arias and Luis Serven, Virtuous Circles of Poverty Reduction and Growth (Washington DC, 2005). In terms of 'shared expectations', long-standing historical patterns (including slavery and forced labour) and cultural norms could be invoked to explain the lasting resilience of hierarchy. For the most part, however, the incentives are more immediate, although social acceptance of hierarchy may ease its imposition as new opportunities arise.
    • Guillermo E. Perry, J. Humberto Lopez, William F. Maloney, Omar Arias and Luis Serven, Virtuous Circles of Poverty Reduction and Growth (Washington DC, 2005). In terms of 'shared expectations', long-standing historical patterns (including slavery and forced labour) and cultural norms could be invoked to explain the lasting resilience of hierarchy. For the most part, however, the incentives are more immediate, although social acceptance of hierarchy may ease its imposition as new opportunities arise.
  • 85
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    • Chilean training programmes provide an apt illustration. The government offers firms tax write-offs for spending on training and an additional deduction if the firm negotiates a training plan with its workers. But even firms that have created labour-management training councils choose to forgo the additional subsidy and make unilateral decisions on training: Sehnbruch, The Chilean Labor Market, pp. 181, 185.
    • Chilean training programmes provide an apt illustration. The government offers firms tax write-offs for spending on training and an additional deduction if the firm negotiates a training plan with its workers. But even firms that have created labour-management training councils choose to forgo the additional subsidy and make unilateral decisions on training: Sehnbruch, The Chilean Labor Market, pp. 181, 185.
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    • The Failure of Training in Britain: Analysis and Prescription
    • David Finegold and David Soskice, 'The Failure of Training in Britain: Analysis and Prescription', Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol. 4, no. 3 (1988), pp. 21-53.
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    • 14 July
    • America Economia, 14 July 2006, p. 53.
    • (2006) America Economia , pp. 53


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