Density distributions in TATB prepared by various methods

Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 15-23

  Hoffman, D Mark ^a   Fontes, Aaron T ^a  

^a LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Crystal quality; Density distribution; TATB

Indexed keywords

A-DENSITY; CRYSTAL QUALITIES; CRYSTALLINE AGGREGATES; DENSITY DISTRIBUTIONS; DIFFERENT SOLVENTS; FINE PARTICLES; IMIDAZOLIUM; LOWER DENSITY; PERFECT CRYSTALS; PHLOROGLUCINOL; SULFOLANE; THEORETICAL MAXIMUM DENSITIES; TRINITROBENZENE;

IONIC LIQUIDS; RECRYSTALLIZATION (METALLURGY); SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS;

IONIZATION OF LIQUIDS;

EID: 76649141176     PISSN: 07213115     EISSN: 15214087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/prep.200800069     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. B. Sleadd, Synthesis and Scale-up of sym-triaminotrinitro-benzene at Holston Army Ammunition Plant, IM&EM Technology Symposium, NDIA, Bristol, UK, April 24-28, 2006.
2. S. Velarde, Pilot Plant Synthesis of Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB), IM/EM Technical Symposium, NDIA, Bristol, UK, April 24-28, 2006.
3. D. M. Hoffman, T. M. Wiley, A. R. Mitchell, S. C. Depiero, Comparison of New and Legacy TATBs, J. Energ. Mater. 2008, 26, 139.
4. R. W. Armstrong, H. L. Ammon, W. L. Elban, D. H. Tsai, Investigation of Hot Spot Characteristics in Energetic Crystals, Thermochim. Acta 2002, 384, 303.
5. C. M. Tarver, S. K. Chidester, A. L. Nichols, Critical Conditions for Impact- and Shock-Induced Hot Spots in Solid Explosives, J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 5794.
6. P. C. Souers, P. Vitello, Initiation Pressure Thresholds from Three Sources, Propellants, Explos., Pyrotech. 2007, 32, 288.
7. R. M. Doherty, D. S. Watt, Relationship Between RDX Properties and Sensitivity, Propellants, Explos. Pyrotech. 2008, 33, 4.
8. J. Oxley, J. Smith, R. Buco, J. Huang, A Study of Reduced- Sensitivity RDX, J. Energ. Mater. 2007, 25, 141.
9. C. Spyckerelle, G. Eck, P. Sjöberg, A.-M. Amnéus, Reduced Sensitivity RDX Obtained from Bachmann RDX, Propellants, Explos., Pyrotech. 2008, 33, 14.
10. T. M. Willey, T. van Buuren, J. R. I. Lee, G. E. Overturf, J. H. Kinney, J. Handly, B. L. Weeks, J. Ilavsky, Changes in Pore Size Distribution upon Thermal Cycling of TATB-Based Explosives Measured by Ultra-Small Angle X-Ray Scattering, Propellants, Explos., Pyrotech. 2006, 31, 466.
11. P. D. Peterson, D. J. Idar, Microstructural Differences Between Virgin and Recycled Lots of PBX 9502, Propellants, Explos., Pyrotech. 2005, 30, 88.
12. L. Borne, J.-C. Patedoyl, C. Spycherelle, Quantitative Characterization of Internal Defects in RDX Crystals, Propellants, Explos., Pyrotech. 1999, 24, 255.
13. A. E. D. M. van der Heijden, Y. L. M. Creyghton, E. Marino, R. H. B. Bouma, G. J. H. G. Scholtes, W. Duralois, M. C. P. M. Roelands, Energetic Materials: Crystallization, Characterization and Insensitive Plastic Bonded Explosives, Propellants, Explos., Pyrotech. 2008, 33, 25.
14. J. Sharma, J.W. Forbes, C. S. Coffey, T. P. Liddiard, The Physical and Chemical Nature of Sensitization enters Left from Hot Spots Caused in Triaminotrinitrobenzene by Shock or Impact, J. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 5139.
15. K. L. Sauer, B. H. Suits, A. N. Garroway, J. B. Miller, Secondary Echoes in Three-Frequency Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance of Spin-1 Nuclei, J. Chem. Phys. 2003, 118, 5071.
16. M. L. Buess, S. M. Caulder, Factors Affecting the NQR Line Width in Nitramine Explosives, Appl. Magn. Reson. 2004, 25, 383.
17. S. M. Caulder, M. L. Buess, A. N. Garrow, P. J. Miller, Determining the Crystal Quality of CL-20, JANNAF PDCS CL-20 Technical Exchange Workshop, Ogden, Utah, 6-8 May, 2003.
18. L. N. Erofeev, Yu. P. Tarasov, Yu. B. Kalmykov, Y. Shu, V. V. Dubikhin, G. M. Nazin, Crystal Defects and Stability of RDX, Russ. Chem. Bull., Int. Ed. 2001, 50, 1000.
19. D. M. Hoffman, Density Distributions in Cyclotrimetyhylenetrinitramines (RDX), 38th JANNAF Meeting, Destin, FL, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, March 19, 2002.
20. D. M. Hoffman, Voids and Density Distributions in 2,4,6,8,10,12- Hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) Prepared Under Various Conditions, Propellants, Explos., Pyrotech. 2003, 28, 194.
21. L. Borne, J. Mory, F. Schlesser, Reduced Sensitivity RDX (RS-RDX) in Pressed Formulations: Respective Effects of Intra-Granular Pores, Extra-Granular Pores and Pore Sizes, Propellants, Explos., Pyrotech. 2008, 33, 37.
22. W. E. Patterson, Hydrostatic Density Determination of High Explosive Parts, Mason and Hanger-Silas Mason Co., Inc, Pantex Plant, Amarillo, TX 1992, pp. 1-20.
23. P. A. Webb, Volume and Density Determinations for Particle Technologists, Micromeritics Instrument Corp., Norcross, Georgia, USA, 2001, pp. 1-16.
24. R. H. B. Bouma, A. C. Hordijk, A. C. van der Steen, Influence of RDX Crystal Quality and Size on the Sensitivity of RDX Based PBXs, Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium, Bordeaux, France, October, 2001.
25. T. Halvorsen, J. D. Kristiansen, O. H. Johansen, K.-T. Smith, A. Berg, R. Gjersoe, M. Christiansen, G. Nevstad, RS-RDX and RS-HMX: Aging and Shock Sensitivity, 36th Int. Annual Conference of ICT, Karlsruhe, Germany, June 28 - July 1, 2005, p. 36/41
26. L. Borne, M. Herrmann, C. B. Skidmore, Microstructure and Morphologh, in: U. Teipel (Ed.), Energetic Materials Particle Processing and Characterization, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2005, pp. 333-366.
27. B.W. Low, F. M. Richards, The Use of the Gradient Tube for the Determination of Crystal Densities, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 1660.
28. L. H. Tung, W. C. Taylor, An Improved Method of Preparing Density Gradient Tubes, J. Polym. Sci. 1956, 21, 144.
29. M. F. Foltz, J. L. Maienschein, L. G. Green, Particle Size Control of 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene by Recrystallization from DMSO, J. Mater. Sci. 1996, 31, 1741.
30. M. F. Foltz, D. L. Ornellas, P. F. Pagoria, A. R. Mitchell, Recrystallization and Solubility of 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene in Dimethyl Sulfoxide, J. Mater. Sci. 1996, 31, 1893.
31. A. Maiti, private communication.
32. J. I. Goldstein, D. E. Newbury, P. Echlin, D. C. Joy, A. D. Roming, Jr., C. E. Lyman, C. Fiori, E. Lifshin, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, 2nd Edn., Plenum Press, New York, NY 1992.
33. D. G. Ott, T. M. Benziger, Preparation of 1,3,5-Triamino- 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene from 3,5 Dichloroanisole, J. Energ. Mater. 1987, 5, 343.
34. A. R. Mitchell, P. F. Pagoria, R. D. Schmidt, M. D. Coburn, G. S. Lee, P. C. Hsu, A Versatile Synthesis of 1,3,5-Triamino- 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene (TATB), 37th International Institue of Chemical Technology (ICT) Conference, Karlsruhe, Germany, 2006, p. 137/141
35. M. B. Talawar, A. P. Agarwal,M. Anniyappan, G.M. Gore, S. N. Astana, S. Venugopalan, Method for Preparation of Fine TATB (2 -5 mu m) and Its Evaluation in Plastic Bonded Explosive (PBX) Formulations, J. Hazard. Mater. 2006, 137, 1848.
36. T. Y. Han, P. F. Pagoria, A. E. Gash, A. Maiti, C. A. Orne, A. R. Mitchell, L. E. Fried, Solubility and Recrystallization of 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6- Trinitrobenzene in 3-Ethyl-1-Methylimidazolium Acetate-DMSO co-Solvent System, New J. Chem. 2009, 33, 50.
37. A. Maiti, P. F. Pagoria, A. E. Gash, T. Y. Han, C. A. Orne, R. H. Gee, L. E. Fried, Solvent screening for a hard-todissolve molecular crystal, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2008, 10, 5050.
38. Stat::Fit. 2001, Geer Mountain Software: 104 Geer Mountain Road, South Kent, CT 06785.