The causal relationship between subcortical local field potential oscillations and Parkinsonian resting tremor

Journal of Neural Engineering

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2010, Pages

  Tass, Peter ^a,b   Smirnov, Dmitry ^c,d   Karavaev, Anatoly ^d   Barnikol, Utako ^a,b   Barnikol, Thomas ^a,b   Adamchic, Ilya ^a   Hauptmann, Christian ^a   Pawelcyzk, Norbert ^a   Maarouf, Mohammad ^b   Sturm, Volker ^b   Freund, Hans Joachim ^a,b   Bezruchko, Boris ^c,d  

^a FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^c INSTITUTE OF RADIO ENGINEERING AND ELECTRONICS   (Russian Federation)

^d SARATOV STATE UNIVERSITY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCELEROMETER SIGNALS; BIDIRECTIONAL COUPLING; BROADBAND SIGNAL; CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS; DELAY TIME; DYNAMICAL MECHANISMS; GRANGER CAUSALITY; LOCAL FIELD POTENTIALS; NEURAL TRANSMISSION; NONLINEAR MECHANISMS; NONLINEAR TECHNIQUES; PHASE DYNAMICS; RELIABLE ESTIMATES;

INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS;

SIGNAL DETECTION;

ARTICLE; BASAL GANGLION; CASE REPORT; HUMAN; NERVE CONDUCTION; OSCILLATORY POTENTIAL; PARKINSONISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPRIOCEPTION; THALAMUS VENTRAL NUCLEUS; THETA RHYTHM; TREMOR; ALGORITHM; BETA RHYTHM; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; ELECTRODE; NONLINEAR SYSTEM; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIODICITY; STATISTICAL MODEL; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; TIME;

PARKINSONIA;

ALGORITHMS; BETA RHYTHM; DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION; ELECTRODES, IMPLANTED; HUMANS; LINEAR MODELS; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; NONLINEAR DYNAMICS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PERIODICITY; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; THETA RHYTHM; TIME FACTORS; TREMOR; VENTRAL THALAMIC NUCLEI;

EID: 76649129320     PISSN: 17412560     EISSN: 17412552     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/7/1/016009     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Jankovic J, McDermott M, Carter J, Gauthier S, Geotz C, Golbe L, Huber S, Koller W, Olanow C and Shoulson I 1990 Variable expression of Parkinson's disease: a base-line analysis of the datatop cohort. The Parkinson study group Neurology 40 1529-34
2. Marsden C D and Obeso J A 1994 The functions of the basal ganglia and the paradox of stereotaxic surgery in Parkinson's disease Brain 117 877-8
3. Obeso J A, Rodriguez M C and DeLong M R 1997 Basal ganglia pathophysiology: a critical review Adv. Neurol. 74 3-18
4. Brown P and Marsden C D 1998 What do the basal ganglia do? Lancet 351 1801-4
5. Deuschl G, Raethjen J, Baron R, Lindemann M, Wilms H and Krack P 2000 What do the basal ganglia do? The pathophysiology of parkinsonian tremor: a review J. Neurol. 247 ((Suppl 5)) 33-48
6. Brown P 2003 Oscillatory nature of human basal ganglia activity: relationship to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease Mov. Disord. 18 357-63
7. Brown P and Williams D 2005 Basal ganglia local field potential activity: character and functional significance in the human Clin. Neurophysiol. 116 2510-9
8. Rivlin-Etzion M, Marmor O, Heimer G, Raz A, Nini A and Bergman H 2006 Basal ganglia oscillations and pathophysiology of movement disorders Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 16 629-37 (Pubitemid 44810892)
9. Deuschl G, Krack P, Lauk M and Timmer J 1996 Clinical neurophysiology of tremor J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 13 110-21
10. Zimmermann R, Deuschl G, Hornig A, Schulte-Mönting J, Fuchs G and Lucking C H 1994 Tremors in Parkinson's disease: symptom analysis and rating Clin. Neuropharmacol. 17 303-14
11. Koller W C, Vetere C B and Barter R 1989 Tremors in early Parkinson's disease Clin. Neuropharmacol. 12 293-7
12. Pollock L J and Davis L 1930 Muscle tone in parkinsonian states Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 23 303-9
13. Putnam T J 1940 The operative treatment of diseases characterized by involuntary movements (tremor, athetosis) Assoc. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 21 666-96
14. Cooper I 1969 Neurosurgical alleviation of intention tremor of multiple sclerosis and cerebellar disease N. Engl. J. Med. 263 441-4
15. Hassler R, Riechert T, Mundinger F, Umbach W and Gangelberger A 1960 Physiological observations in stereotactic operations in extrapyramidal motor disturbances Brain 83 337-50
16. Hassler R, Mundinger F and Riechert T 1979 Stereotaxis in Parkinson Syndrome (Berlin: Springer)
17. Jung R 1941 Physiologische Untersuchungen über den Parkinsontremor und andere Zitterformen beim Menschen Zsch. ges. Neurol. und. Psychiat. 173 263-332
18. Lauk M, Koster B, Timmer J, Guschlbauer B, Deuschl G and Lucking C H 1999 Side to-side correlation of muscle activity in physiological and pathological human tremors Clin. Neurophysiol. 110 1774-83
19. Raethjen J, Lindemann M, Schmaljohann H, Wenzelburger R, Pfister G and Deuschl G 2000 Multiple oscillators are causing parkinsonian and essential tremor Mov. Disord. 15 84-94
20. Bergman H, Feingold A, Nini A, Raz A, Slovin H, Abeles M and Vaadia E 1998 Physiological aspects of information processing in the basal ganglia of normal and parkinsonian primates Trends. Neurosci. 21 32-8
21. Brown P, Oliviero A, Mazzone P, Insola A, Tonali P and Lazzaro V Di 2001 Dopamine dependency of oscillations between subthalamic nucleus and pallidum in Parkinson's disease J. Neurosci. 21 1033-8 (Pubitemid 32163143)
22. Levy R, Ashby P, Hutchinson W D, Lang A E, Lozano A M and Dostrovsky J O 2002 Dependence of subthalamic nucleus oscillations on movement and dopamine in Parkinson's disease Brain 125 1196-209
23. Silberstein P et al 2003 There is a difference in patterning of globus pallidus local field potentials between pd and dystonia Brain 126 2597-608
24. Silberstein P, Oliviero A, Lazzaro V Di, Insola A, Mazzone P and Brown P 2005 Oscillatory pallidal local field potential activity inversely correlates with limb dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease Exp. Neurol. 194 523-9
25. Kühn A A, Kupsch A, Schneider G-H and Brown P 2006 Reduction in subthalamic 8-35 Hz oscillatory activity correlates with clinical improvement in Parkinson's disease Eur. J. Neurosci. 23 1956-60
26. Albe-Fessard D, Arfel G and Guiot G 1963 Activits lectriques caractristiques de quelques structures crbrales chez l'homme Ann. Chir. 17 1185-214
27. Jasper H H and Bertrand G 1966 Thalamic units involved in somatic sensation and voluntary and involuntary movements in man The Thalamus ed D P Purpura and M D M Yahr (New York: Columbia University Press) pp 365-90
28. Lenz F A, Tasker R R, Kwan H C, Schnider S, Kwong R, Murayama Y, Dostrovsky J O and Murphy J T 1988 Single unit analysis of the human ventral thalamic nuclear group: correlation of thalamic 'tremor cells' with the 3-6 Hz component of parkinsonian tremor J. Neurosci. 8 754-64
29. Lenz F A, Kwan H C, Dostrovsky J O, Tasker R R, Murphy J T and Lenz Y E 1990 Single unit analysis of the human ventral thalamic nuclear group: activity correlated with movement Brain 113 1795-821
30. Hutchison W D, Lozano A M, Tasker R R, Lang A E and Dostrovsky J O 1997 Identification and characterization of neurons with tremor-frequency activity in human globus pallidus Exp. Brain. Res. 113 557-63
31. Lozano A M, Lang A E and Hutchison W D 1998 Pallidotomy for tremor Mov. Disord. 13 107-10
32. Rodriguez M C, Guridi O J, Alvarez L, Mewes K, Macias R, Vitek J, DeLong M R and Obeso J A 1998 The subthalamic nucleus and tremor in Parkinson's disease Mov. Disord. 13 111-8
33. Hutchison W D, Allan R J, Opitz H, Levy R, Dostrovsky J O, Lang A E and Lozano A M 1998 Neurophysiological identification of the subthalamic nucleus in surgery for Parkinson's disease Ann. Neurol. 44 622-8
34. Krack P, Benazzouz A, Pollak P, Limousin P, Piallat B, Hoffmann D, Xie J and Benabid A L 1998 Treatment of tremor in Parkinson's disease by subthalamic nucleus stimulation Mov. Disord. 13 907-14 (Pubitemid 28517667)
35. Amtage F, Henschel K, Schelter B, Vesperd J, Timmer J, Lücking C H and Hellwig B 2008 Tremor-correlated neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus of parkinsonian patients Neurosci. Lett. 442 195-9
36. Steigerwald F, Pötter M, Herzog J, Pinsker M, Kopper F, Mehdorn H, Deuschl G and Volkmann J 2008 Neuronal activity of the human subthalamic nucleus in the parkinsonian and nonparkinsonian state J. Neurophysiol. 100 2515-24
37. Moran A, Bergman H, Israel Z and Bar-Gad I 2008 Subthalamic nucleus functional organization revealed by parkinsonian neuronal oscillations and synchrony Brain 131 3395-409
38. Hurtado J M, Gray C M, Tamas L B and Sigvardt K A 1999 Dynamics of tremor-related oscillations in the human globus pallidus: a single case study Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96 1674-9
39. Levy R, Hutchison W D, Lozano A M and Dostrovsky J O 2000 High-frequency synchronization of neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus of parkinsonian patients with limb tremor J. Neurosci. 20 7766-75
40. Wang S Y, Aziz T Z, Stein J F and Liu X 2005 Time-frequency analysis of transient neuromuscular events: dynamic changes in activity of the subthalamic nucleus and forearm muscles related to the intermittent resting tremor J. Neurosci. Methods 145 151-8
41. Reck C, Florin E, Wojtecki L, Krause H, Groiss S, Voges J, Maarouf M, Sturm V, Schnitzler A and Timmermann L 2009 Characterisation of tremor-associated local field potentials in the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease Eur. J. Neurosci. 29 599-612
42. Schiff S J, So P, Chang T, Burke R E and Sauer T 1996 Detecting dynamical interdependence and generalized synchrony through mutual prediction in a neural ensemble Phys. Rev. E 54 6708-24
43. LeVanQuyen M, Martinerie J, Adam C and Varela F 1999 Nonlinear analyses of interictal EEG map the brain interdependences in human focal epilepsy Physica D 127 250-66
44. Arnhold J, Lehnertz K, Grassberger P and Elger C E 1999 A robust method for detecting interdependences: application to intracranially recorded EEG Physica D 134 419-30
45. Schreiber T 2000 Measuring information transfer Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 461-4
46. Hlavackova-Schindler K, Palus M, Vejmelka M and Bhattacharya J 2007 Causality detection based on information-theoretic approaches in time series analysis Phys. Rep. 441 1-46
47. Palus M and Vejmelka M 2007 Directionality of coupling from bivariate time series: How to avoid false causalities and missed connections Phys. Rev. E 75 056211
48. Romano M C, Thiel M, Kurths J and Grebogi C 2007 Estimation of the direction of the coupling by conditional probabilities of recurrence Phys. Rev. E 76 036211
49. Osterhage H, Mormann F, Wagner T and Lehnertz K 2007 Measuring the directionality of coupling: phase versus state space dynamics and application to EEG time series Int. J. Neural Syst. 17 139-48
50. Staniek M and Lehnertz K 2008 Symbolic transfer entropy Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 158101
51. Faes L, Porta A and Nollo G 2008 Mutual nonlinear prediction as a tool to evaluate coupling strength and directionality in bivariate time series: comparison among different strategies based on k nearest neighbors Phys. Rev. E 78 026201
52. Rosenblum M G and Pikovsky A S 2001 Detecting direction of coupling in interacting oscillator Phys. Rev. E 64 045202
53. Smirnov D A and Bezruchko B P 2003 Estimation of interaction strength and direction from short and noisy time series Phys. Rev. E 68 046209
54. Bahraminasab A, Ghasemi F, Stefanovska A, McClintock P V E and Kantz H 2008 Direction of coupling from phases of interacting oscillators: a permutation information approach Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 084101
55. Friston K J, Harrison L and Penny W 2003 Dynamic causal modelling NeuroImage 19 1273-302
56. Stephan K E, Kasper L, Harrison L M, Daunizeau J, den Ouden H E M, Breakspear M and Friston K J 2008 Nonlinear dynamic causal models for fMRI NeuroImage 42 649-62
57. Ancona N, Marinazzo D and Stramaglia S 2004 Radial basis function approach to nonlinear Granger causality of time series Phys. Rev. E 70 056221
58. Feldmann U and Bhattacharya J 2004 Predictability improvement as an asymmetrical measure of interdependence in bivariate time series Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos 14 505-14
59. Prusseit J and Lehnertz K 2008 Measuring interdependences in dissipative dynamical systems with estimated Fokker-Planck coefficients Phys. Rev. E 77 041914
60. Verdes P F 2005 Assessing causality from multivariate time series Phys. Rev. E 72 026222
61. Mokhov I I and Smirnov D A 2006 El nino southern oscillation drives North Atlantic oscillation as revealed with nonlinear techniques from climatic indices Geophys. Res. Lett. 33 L0378 doi:10.1029/2005GL024557
62. Mosedale T J, Stephenson D B, Collins M and Mills T C 2006 Granger causality of coupled climate processes: ocean feedback on the North Atlantic oscillation J. Climate. 19 1182-94
63. Rosenblum M G, Bezerianos L C L A, Patzak A and Mrowka R 2002 Identification of coupling direction: application to cardiorespiratory interaction Phys. Rev. E 65 041909
64. Palus M and Stefanovska A 2003 Direction of coupling from phases of interacting oscillators: an information-theoretic approach Phys. Rev. E 67 055201
65. Prokhorov M D, Ponomarenko V I, Gridnev V I, Bodrov M B and Bespyatov A B 2003 Synchronization between main rhythmic processes in the human cardiovascular system Phys. Rev. E 68 041913
66. Luchinsky D G, Millonas M M, Smelyanskiy V N, Pershakova A, Stefanovska A and McClintock P V 2005 Nonlinear statistical modeling and model discovery for cardiorespiratory data Phys. Rev. E 72 021905
67. Pereda E, Quian Quiroga R and Bhattacharya J 2005 Nonlinear multivariate analysis of neurophysiological signals Prog. Neurobiol. 77 1-37
68. Brea J, Russell D F and Neiman A B 2006 Measuring direction in the coupling of biological oscillators: a case study for electroreceptors of paddlefish Chaos 16 026111
69. Granger C W I 1969 Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods Econometrica 37 424-38
70. Smirnov D A and Andrzejak R G 2005 Detection of weak directional coupling: phase dynamics approach versus state space approach Phys. Rev. E 71 036207
71. Smirnov D A, Schelter B, Winterhalder M and Timmer J 2007 Revealing direction of coupling between neuronal oscillators from time series: phase dynamics modeling versus partial directed coherence Chaos 17 013111
72. Smirnov D A, Barnikol U B, Barnikol T T, Bezruchko B P, Hauptmann C, Buehrle C, Maarouf M, Sturm V, Freund H-J and Tass P A 2008 The generation of parkinsonian tremor as revealed by directional coupling analysis Europhys. Lett. 83 20003
73. Benabid A L, Pollak P, Louveau A, Henry S and de Rougemont J 1987 Combined (thalamotomy and stimulation) stereotactic surgery of the VIM thalamic nucleus for bilateral Parkinson's disease Appl. Neurophysiol. 50 344-6
74. Treuer H, Klein D, Maarouf M, Lehrke R, Voges J and Sturm V 2005 Accuracy and conformity of stereotactically guided interstitial brain tumour therapy using I-125 seeds Radiother. Oncol. 77 202-9
75. Eichler M 2006 Graphical modelling of dynamic relationships in multivariate time series Handbook of Time Series Analysis ed M Winterhalder, B Schelter and J Timmer (Berlin: Wiley-VCH) pp 335-67
76. Winterhalder M, Schelter B, Hesse W, Schwab K, Leistritz L, Klan D, Bauer R, J Timmer J and Witte H 2005 Comparison of linear signal processing techniques to infer directed interactions in multivariate neural systems Signal Process. 85 2137-60
77. Schreiber T and Schmitz A 2000 Surrogate time series Physica D 142 346-82
78. Priori A, Ardolino G, Marceglia S, Mrakic-Sposta S, Locatelli M, Tammab F, Rossi L and Foffani G 2006 Low-frequency subthalamic oscillations increase after deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease Brain. Res. Bull. 71 149-54 (Pubitemid 44750430)
79. Rybski D, Havlin S and Bunde A 2003 Phase synchronization in temperature and precipitation records Physica A 320 601-10
80. Gozolchiani A, Moshela S, Hausdorff J M, Simon E, Kurths J and Havlin S 2006 Decaying of phase synchronization in parkinsonian tremor Physica A 366 552-60
81. Gabor D 1946 Theory of communication J. Inst. Elect. Eng. (London) 93 429-59
82. Rosenblum M G, Pikovsky A S, Kurths J, Schaefer C and Tass P A 2001 Phase synchronization: from theory to data analysis Neuro Informatics. Handbook of Biological Physics ed F Moss and S Gielen (New York: Elsevier) pp 279-321
83. Cimponeriu L, Rosenblum M and Pikovsky A 2004 Estimation of delay in coupling from time series Phys. Rev. E 70 046213
84. Smirnov D A, Karpeev I A and Bezruchko B P 2007 Detection of coupling between oscillators from their short time series: condition of applicability of the method of phase dynamics modeling Tech. Phys. Lett. 33 147-50
85. Tass P, Rosenblum M G, Weule J, Kurths J, Pikovsky A, Volkmann J, Schnitzler A and Freund H-J 1998 Detection of n:m phase locking from noisy data: application to magnetoencephalography Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 3291-4
86. Tass P A, Fieseler T, Dammers J, Dolan K, Morosan P, Majtanik M, Boers F, Muren A, Zilles K and Fink G R 2003 Synchronization tomography: a method for three-dimensional localization of phase synchronized neuronal populations in the human brain using magnetoencephalography Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 088101
87. Dietz V 2003 Spinal cord pattern generators for locomotion Clin. Neurophysiol. 114 1379-89
88. Klostermann F, Vesper J and Curio G 2003 Identification of target areas for deep brain stimulation in human basal ganglia substructures based on median nerve sensory evoked potential criteria J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 74 1031-5
89. Stilles R and Pozos R 1976 A mechanical-reflex oscillator hypothesis for parkinsonian hand tremor J. Appl. Physiol. 40 990-8
90. Fogelson N, Williams D, Tijssen M, van Bruggen G, Speelman H and Brown P 2006 Different functional loops between cerebral cortex and the subthalamic area in Parkinson's disease Cereb. Cortex. 16 64-75
91. Lalo E, Thobois S, Sharott A, Polo G, Mertens P, Pogosyan A and Brown P 2008 Patterns of bidirectional communication between cortex and basal ganglia during movement in patients with Parkinson's disease J. Neurosci. 28 3008-16
92. von Holst E 1939 Die relative Koordination als Phänomen und als Methode zentralnervöser Funktionsanalysen Erg. Physiol. 42 228-306
93. Kelso J A S 1995 Dynamic Patterns: The Self-Organization of Brain and Behavior (Cambridge: MIT Press)
94. Haken H 1996 Principles of Brain Functioning. A Synergetic Approach to Brain Activity, Behavior and Cognition (Berlin: Springer)
95. Levy R, Hutchison W D, Lozano A M and Dostrovsky J O 2002 Synchronized neuronal discharge in the basal ganglia of parkinsonian patients is limited to oscillatory activity J. Neurosci. 22 2855-61
96. Weinberger M, Mahant N, Hutchison W D, Lozano A M, Moro E, Hodaie M, Lang A E and Dostrovsky J O 2006 Beta oscillatory activity in the subthalamic nucleus and its relation to dopaminergic response in Parkinson's disease J. Neurophysiol. 96 3248-56
97. Cassidy M, Mazzone P, Oliviero A, Insola A, Tonali P, Di Lazzaro V and Brown P 2002 Movement-related changes in synchronisation in the human basal ganglia Brain 125 1235-46
98. Wang S, Chen Y, Ding M, Feng J, Stein J F, Aziz T Z and Liu X J 2007 Revealing the dynamic causal interdependence between neural and muscular signals in parkinsonian tremor J. Franklin Inst. 344 180-95
99. Florina E, Reck C, Burghaus L, Lehrke R, Gross J, Sturm V, Fink G R and Timmermann L 2008 Ten hertz thalamus stimulation increases tremor activity in the subthalamic nucleus in a patient with Parkinson's disease Clin. Neurophysiol. 119 2098-103
100. Lenz F A, Tasker R R, Kwan H C, Schnider S, Kwong R and Murphy J T 1985 Cross-correlation analysis of thalamic neurons and EMG activity in parkinsonian tremor Appl. Neurophysiol. 48 305-8
101. Lenz F A, Schnider S, Tasker R R, Kwong R, Kwan H C, Dostrovsky J O and Murphy J T 1987 The role of feedback in the tremor frequency activity of tremor cells in the ventral nuclear group of human thalamus Acta Neurochir. Suppl. 39 54-6
102. Lenz F A, Vitek J L and DeLong M R 1993 Role of the thalamus in parkinsonian tremor: evidence from studies in patients and primate models Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 60 94-103
103. Lenz F A, Kwan H C, Martin R L, Tasker R R, Dostrovsky J O and Lenz Y E 1994 Single unit analysis of the human ventral thalamic nuclear group. Tremor-related activity in functionally identified cells Brain 117 531-43
104. Zirh T A, Lenz F A, Reich S G and Dougherty P M 1998 Patterns of bursting occurring in thalamic cells during parkinsonian tremor Neuroscience 83 107-21
105. Hassler R 1959 Anatomy of the thalamus Introduction to Stereotaxis with an Atlas of the Human Brain ed G Schaltenbrand and P Bailey (Stuttgart: Thieme) pp 230-90
106. Hirai T and Jones E G 1989 A new parcellation of the human thalamus on the basis of histochemical staining Brain Res. Rev. 14 1-34
107. Llinas R 1984 Rebound excitation as the physiological basis for tremor: a biophysical study of the oscillatory properties of mammalian central neurons in vitro Movement Disorders, Tremor ed L J Findley and R Capildeo (London: Macmillan) pp 339-51
108. Tatton W G and Lee R G 1975 Evidence for abnormal long-loop reflexes in rigid parkinsonian patients Brain Res. 100 671-6
109. Stein R B and Oguztoreli M N 1976 Tremor and other oscillations in neuromuscular systems Biol. Cybern. 22 147-57
110. Krack P, Benazzouz A, Pollak P, Limousin P, Piallat B, Hoffmann D, Xie J and Benabid A L 1998 Treatment of tremor in Parkinson's disease by subthalamic nucleus stimulation Mov. Disord. 13 907-14 (Pubitemid 28517667)
111. Rodriguez-Oroz M C, Rodriguez M, Guridi J, Mewes K, Chockkman V, Vitek J, DeLong M R and Obeso J A 2001 The subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease: somatotopic organization and physiological characteristics Brain 124 1777-90 (Pubitemid 32845439)
112. Plenz D and Kital S T 1999 A basal ganglia pacemaker formed by the subthalamic nucleus and external globus pallidus Nature 400 677-82
113. Mandir A S, Rowland L H, Dougherty P M and Lenz F A 1997 Microelectrode recording and stimulation techniques during stereotactic procedures in the thalamus and pallidum The Basal Ganglia and New Surgical Approaches for Parkinson's Disease ed J A Obeso, M R DeLong, C Ohye and C D Marsden (Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven) pp 159-65
114. Filion M, Tremblay L, Matsumura M and Richard H 1994 Dynamic focusing of informational convergence in basal ganglia Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 150 627-33
115. Nini A, Feingold A, Slovin H and Bergman H 1995 Neurons in the globus pallidus do not show correlated activity in the normal monkey, but phase-locked oscillations appear in the MPTP model of parkinsonism J. Neurophysiol. 74 1800-5
116. Vitek J L and Giroux M 2000 Physiology of hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders: model for dyskinesia Ann. Neurol. 47 S131-40
117. Tass P A 1999 Phase Resetting in Medicine and Biology. Stochastic Modelling and Data Analysis (Heidelberg: Springer)
118. Tass P A 2003 A model of desynchronizing deep brain stimulation with a demand-controlled coordinated reset of neural subpopulations Biol. Cybern. 89 81-8
119. Benabid A L, Pollak P, Gervason C, Hoffmann D, Gao D M, Hommel M, Perret J E and De Rougemont J 1991 Long-term suppression of tremor by chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus The Lancet. 337 403-6
120. Benabid A L, Benazzous A and Pollak P 2002 Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation Mov. Disord. 17 73-4
121. Benabid A L, Wallace B, Mitrofanis J, Xia R, Piallat B, Chabardes S and Berger F 2005 A putative generalized model of the effects and mechanism of action of high frequency electrical stimulation of the central nervous system Acta Neurol. Belg. 105 149-57