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Dallas Burtraw and Karen Palmer, "So2 Cap-and-Trade Program in the United States: A "Living Legend" Of Market Effectiveness," in Choosing Environmental Policy: Comparing Instruments and Outcomes in the United States and Europe, ed. Winston Harrington, Richard Morgenstern, and Thomas Sterner (Washington, D.C.: RFF, 2004).
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James M. Lents, "The Reclaim Program (Los Angeles' Market-Based Emission Reduction Program) at Three Years," in Emissions Trading: Environmental Policy's New Approach, ed. Richard F. Kosobud, Douglas L. Schreder, and Holly M. Biggs (New York: New York, 2000).
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Establishing a Scheme for Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading within the Community and Amending Council Directive
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The Kyoto Protocol committed Annex B countries - mainly industrialized countries - to country-specific targets for emissions reductions, averaging a 5.4% reduction from 1990 emission levels by 2012. The EU, which ratified the Protocol, produced a burden-sharing agreement, which divided responsibility for a joint 8% reduction across the EU amongst its member states. The Protocol was adopted on 11 December 1997, and entered into force on 16 February 2005, 90 days after at least 55 Parties to the Convention, accounting for at least 55 percent of the total carbon dioxide emissions in 1990, had deposited their instruments of accession. To date, the Kyoto Protocol has been ratified by 184 Parties of the Convention. While President Clinton signed the Kyoto Protocol, the treaty was never submitted for ratification in the United States, after the Byrd-Hagel U.S. Senate resolution voted 95-0 to place restrictions on U.S. participation in the treaty without limitations on emissions by developing countries.
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Using Emissions Trading to Regulate U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: An Overview of Policy Design and Implementation Issues
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Due to institutional review board requirements and the need for confdentiality, interviewees, firms, and organizations cannot be identifed in this publication. Interviewees are referred to as a representative of a large or small firm from industry or from a utility. Research notes are available upon request
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Due to institutional review board requirements and the need for confdentiality, interviewees, firms, and organizations cannot be identifed in this publication. Interviewees are referred to as a representative of a large or small firm from industry or from a utility. Research notes are available upon request.
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49
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85167027853
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Trader at large utility, in interview with author, Germany, 17 Sept 2008
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Trader at large utility, in interview with author, Germany, 17 Sept 2008.
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50
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85167063943
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Manager at large utility, in interview with author, Germany, 22 Sept 2008
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Manager at large utility, in interview with author, Germany, 22 Sept 2008.
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51
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85167064777
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Manager at large utility, in interview with author, Germany, 8 September 2008
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Manager at large utility, in interview with author, Germany, 8 September 2008.
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52
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85167046061
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Manager at large utility, in interview with author, Germany, 8 September 2008
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Manager at large utility, in interview with author, Germany, 8 September 2008.
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53
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85167006423
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Industry association representative, in interview with author, Germany, 30 September 2008;
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Industry association representative, in interview with author, Germany, 30 September 2008;
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54
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85167019283
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Manager at large utility, in interview with author, Germany, 8 September 2008
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Manager at large utility, in interview with author, Germany, 8 September 2008.
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55
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85167018784
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Industry association representative, in interview with author, Germany, 30 September 2008
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Industry association representative, in interview with author, Germany, 30 September 2008.
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56
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85167022590
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Industry association representative, in interview with author, Germany, 29 September, 2008; Interview with industry association representative, 30 September 2008
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Industry association representative, in interview with author, Germany, 29 September, 2008; Interview with industry association representative, 30 September 2008.
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57
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85167010634
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Industry association representative, in interview with author, Germany, 29 September, 2008; Interview with industry association representative, 30 September 2008
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Industry association representative, in interview with author, Germany, 29 September, 2008; Interview with industry association representative, 30 September 2008.
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85166989647
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Industry association representative, in interview with author, Germany, 29 September, 2008
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Industry association representative, in interview with author, Germany, 29 September, 2008.
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59
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85167005859
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Manager at industrial firm, in interview with author, Germany, 20 October, 2008
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Manager at industrial firm, in interview with author, Germany, 20 October, 2008
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85167045553
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Manager at large industrial firm, in interview with author, Germany, 20 October, 2008
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Manager at large industrial firm, in interview with author, Germany, 20 October, 2008.
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61
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85167060524
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Manager at large industrial firm, in interview with author, Germany, 1 October, 2008
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Manager at large industrial firm, in interview with author, Germany, 1 October, 2008.
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62
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85167070792
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Manager at industrial firm, in interview with author, Germany, 20 October, 2008;
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Manager at industrial firm, in interview with author, Germany, 20 October, 2008;
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63
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Manager at large industrial firm, in interview with author, Germany, 1 October, 2008
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Manager at large industrial firm, in interview with author, Germany, 1 October, 2008.
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Manager at large industrial firm, in interview with author, Germany, 1 October, 2008
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Manager at large industrial firm, in interview with author, Germany, 1 October, 2008.
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65
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85167066332
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Manager at market intermediary, in interview with author, Germany, 16 October, 2008
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Manager at market intermediary, in interview with author, Germany, 16 October, 2008.
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66
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Manager at small industrial firm, in interview with author, Germany, 13 October 2008
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Manager at small industrial firm, in interview with author, Germany, 13 October 2008.
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Manager at small industrial firm, in interview with author, Germany, 8 October 2008
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Manager at small industrial firm, in interview with author, Germany, 8 October 2008.
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