Contemporary insights and strategies for risk stratification and prevention of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Circulation

Volumn 121, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 445-456

  Maron, Barry J ^a  

^a MINNEAPOLIS HEART INSTITUTE FOUNDATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DEFIBRILLATOR; HEART DEATH; HEART FAILURE; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE DYSPLASIA; HEART VENTRICLE FIBRILLATION; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HUMAN; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; PATIENT SELECTION; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SECONDARY PREVENTION; STROKE; SUDDEN DEATH;

CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; HUMANS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 76649106709     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: 15244539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.878579     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Braunwald E, Lambrew C, Rockoff D, Ross J Jr, Morrow AG. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, I: description of the disease based upon the analysis of 64 patients. Circulation. 1964;30(suppl 4):3-119.
2. Maron BJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. JAMA. 2002;287:1308-1320.
3. Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Danielson GK, Kappenberger LJ, Kuhn HJ, Seidman CE, Shah PM, Spencer WH III, Spirito P, Ten Cate FJ, Wigle ED, for the Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents, American College of Cardiology; Committee for Practice Guidelines, European Society of Cardiology. American College of Cardiology/ European Society of Cardiology clinical expert consensus document on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:1687-1713.
4. Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, Williams WG. Hypertrophic car-diomyopathy: clinical spectrum and treatment. Circulation. 1995;92: 1680-1692.
5. Spirito P, Seidman CE, McKenna WJ, Maron BJ. The management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:775-785.
6. Teare D. Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart in young adults. Br Heart J. 1958;20:1-8.
7. Maron BJ, Shen W-K, Link MS, Epstein AE, Almquist AK, Daubert JP, Bardy GH, Favale S, Rea RF, Boriani G, Estes NA III, Spirito P. Efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:365-373.
8. Maron BJ, Spirito P, Shen W-K, Haas TS, Formisano F, Link MS, Epstein AE, Almquist AK, Daubert JP, Lawrenz T, Boriani G, Estes NA III, Favale S, Piccininno M, Winters SL, Santini M, Betocchi S, Arribas F, Sherrid MV, Buja G, Semsarian C, Bruzzi P. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JAMA. 2007;298:405-412. (Pubitemid 47124061)
9. Maron BJ, Spirito P. Implantable defibrillators and prevention of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19:1118-1126.
10. Elliott PM, Gimeno Blanes JR, Mahon NG, Poloniecki JD, McKenna WJ. Relation between severity of left-ventricular hypertrophy and prognosis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 2001;357: 420-424.
11. Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Spirito P, Casey SA, Bellone P, Gohman TG, Graham KJ, Burton DA, Cecchi F. Epidemiology of hypertrophic cardio-myopathy-related death: revisited in a large non-referral-based patient population. Circulation. 2000;102:858-864.
12. Elliott PM, Poloniecki J, Dickie S, Sharma S, Monserrat L, Varnava A, Mahon NG, McKenna WJ. Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopa-thy: identification of high risk patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36: 2212-2218.
13. Maron BJ, Estes NA III, Maron MS, Almquist AK, Link MS, Udelson JE. Primary prevention of sudden death as a novel treatment strategy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2003;107:2872-2875.
14. Nishimura RA, Ommen SR. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, sudden death, and implantable cardiac defibrillators: how low the bar? JAMA. 2007; 298:452-454.
15. Maron BJ. Sudden death in young athletes. N Engl J Med. 2003;349: 1064-1075.
16. Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Casey SA, Dolara A, Traverse JH, Maron BJ. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopa-thy. Circulation. 2001;104:2517-2524.
17. Maron BJ, Gardin JM, Flack JM, Gidding SS, Bild D. Assessment of the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a general population of young adults: echocardiographic analysis of 4111 subjects in the CARDIA Study. Circulation. 1995;92:785-789.
18. Maron BJ, Spirito P. Impact of patient selection biases on the perception of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its natural history. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72:970-972.
19. Maron BJ, Casey SA, Poliac LC, Gohman TE, Almquist AK, Aeppli DM. Clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a regional United States cohort. JAMA. 1999;281:650-655.
20. Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Montereggi A, Santoro G, Dolara A, Maron BJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Tuscany: clinical course and outcome in an unselected regional population. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 26:1529-1536.
21. Olivotto I, Maron MS, Adabag AS, Casey SA, Vargiu D, Link MS, Udelson JE, Cecchi F, Maron BJ. Gender-related differences in the clinical presentation and outcome of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:480-487.
22. Elliott PM, Sharma S, Varnava A, Poloniecki J, Rowland E, McKenna WJ. Survival after cardiac arrest or sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33: 1596-1601.
23. Cha Y-M, Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Boriani G, Spirito P, Hodge DO, Weivoda PL, Trusty JM, Friedman PA, Hammill SC, Rea RF, Shen W-K. Electrophysiologic manifestations of ventricular tachyarrhythmias provoking appropriate defibrillator interventions in high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18:1-5.
24. Maron BJ, Roberts WC. Quantitative analysis of cardiac muscle cell disorganization in the ventricular septum of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1979;59:689-706.
25. Maron BJ, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE, Roberts WC. Intramural ("small vessel") coronary artery disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;8:545-557.
26. Shirani J, Pick R, Roberts WC, Maron BJ. Morphology and significance of the left ventricular collagen network in young patients with hyper-trophic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:36-44.
27. McKenna WJ, Oakley CM, Krikler DM, Goodwin JF. Improved survival with amiodarone in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachycardia. Br Heart J. 1984;53:412-416.
28. Melacini P, Maron BJ, Bobbo F, Basso C, Tokajuk B, Zucchetto M, Thiene G, Iliceto S. Evidence that pharmacological strategies lack efficacy for the prevention of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyop-athy. Heart. 2007;93:708-710.
29. Mirowski M, Reid PR, Mower MM, Watkins L, Gott VL, Schauble JF, Langer A, Heilman MS, Kolenik SA, Fischell RE, Weisfeldt ML. Termination of malignant ventricular arrhythmias with an implanted automatic defibrillator in human beings. N Engl J Med. 1980;303: 322-324.
30. Passman R, Kadish A. Sudden death prevention with implantable devices. Circulation. 2007;116:561-571.
31. Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NA III, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Buller CE, Creager MA, Ettinger SM, Faxon DP, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lytle BW, Nishimura RA, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, Tarkington LG, Yancy CW, for the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/ AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices), American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Society of Thoracic Surgeons. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:e1-e62.
32. Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M, Gregoratos G, Klein G, Moss AJ, Myerburg RJ, Priori SG, Quinones MA, Roden DM, Silka MJ, Tracy C, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Antman EM, Anderson JL, Hunt SA, Halperin JL, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Dean V, Deckers JW, Despres C, Dickstein K, Lekakis J, McGregor K, Metra M, Morais J, Osterspey A, Tamargo JL, Zamorano JL, for the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force, European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines, European Heart Rhythm Association, Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 2006;114:e385-e484.
33. Moss AJ, Greenberg H, Case RB, et al. Multicenter Automatic Defi-brillator Implantation Trial-II (MADIT-II): long-term clinical course of patients after termination of ventricular tachyarrhythmia by an implanted defibrillator. Circulation. 2004;110:3760-3765.
34. Epstein AE. Benefits of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1122-1127.
35. Jayatilleke I, Doolan A, Ingles J, McGuire M, Booth V, Richmond DR, Semsarian C. Long-term follow-up of implantable cardioverter defi-brillator therapy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2004; 93:1192-1194.
36. Woo A, Monakier D, Harris L, Hill A, Shah P, Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Rozenblyum E, Cameron DA. Determinants of implantable defibrillator discharges in high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2007;93:1044-1045.
37. Maron BJ, Roberts WC, Arad M, Haas TS, Spirito P, Wright GB, Almquist AK, Baffa JM, Saul JP, Ho CY, Seidman J, Seidman CE. Clinical outcome and phenotypic expression in LAMP2 cardiomyopathy. JAMA. 2009;301:1253-1259.
38. Maron BJ, Semsarian C, Shen W-K, Link MS, Epstein AE, Estes NAM III, Almquist A, Giudici MC, Haas TS, Hodges JS, Spirito P. Circadian patterns in the occurrence of malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias triggering defibrillator interventions in patients with hypertrophic cardio-myopathy. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6:599-602.
39. Kiernan TJ, Weivoda PL, Somers VK, Ommen SR, Gersh BJ. Circadian rhythm of appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator discharges in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31:1253-1258.
40. Almquist AK, Hanna CA, Haas TS, Maron BJ. Significance of appropriate defibrillator shock 3 hours and 20 minutes following implantation in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19: 319-322.
41. Maron BJ, Haas TS, Shannon KM. Long-term survival after cardiac arrest in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6:993-997.
42. Tung R, Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME. A critical appraisal of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy for the prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1111-1121.
43. Spirito P, Bellone P, Harris KM, Bernabo P, Bruzzi P, Maron BJ. Magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy predicts the risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000;342: 1778-1785.
44. Sorajja P, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Ackerman MJ, Tajik AJ, Gersh BJ. Use of echocardiography in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical implications of massive hypertrophy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006; 19:788-795.
45. Olivotto I, Gistri R, Petrone P, Pedemonte E, Vargiu D, Cecchi F. Maximum left ventricular thickness and risk of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:315-321.
46. Spirito P, Autore C, Rapezzi C, Bernabo P, Badagliacca R, Maron MS, Bongioanni S, Coccolo F, Estes NAM, Barilla CS, Biagini E, Quarta G, Conte MR, Bruzzi P, Maron BJ. Syncope and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2009;119:1703-1710.
47. Maron MS, Finley JJ, Bos JM, Hauser RH, Manning WJ, Haas TS, Lesser JR, Udelson JE, Ackerman MJ, Maron BJ. Prevalence, clinical significance and natural history of left ventricular apical aneurysms in hyper-trophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2008;118:1541-1549.
48. Harris KM, Spirito P, Maron MS, Zenovich AG, Formisano F, Lesser JR, Mackey-Bojack S, Manning WJ, Udelson JE, Maron BJ. Prevalence, clinical profile, and significance of left ventricular remodeling in the end-stage phase of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2006;114: 216-225.
49. Maron MS, Olivotto I, Betocchi S, Casey SA, Lesser JR, Losi MA, Cecchi F, Maron BJ. Effect of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction on clinical outcome in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348:295-303. (Pubitemid 36119984)
50. Elliott PM, Gimeno JR, Tomé MT, Shah J, Ward D, Thaman R, Mogensen J, McKenna WJ. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and sudden risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1933-1941.
51. Efthimiadis GK, Parcharidou DG, Giannakoulas G, Pagourelias ED, Charalampidis P, Savvopoulos G, Ziakas A, Karvounis H, Styliadis IH, Parcharidis GE. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction as a risk factor for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:695-699.
52. Maron MS, Olivotto I, Zenovich AG, Link MS, Pandian NG, Kuvin JT, Nistri S, Cecchi F, Udelson JE, Maron BJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is predominantly a disease of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Circulation. 2006;114:2232-2239. (Pubitemid 44789498)
53. Alam M, Dokainish H, Lakkis N. Alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a systematic review of published studies. J Interv Cardiol. 2006;19:319-327.
54. Boltwood CM Jr, Chien W, Ports T. Ventricular tachycardia complicating alcohol septal ablation. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1914-1915.
55. Simon RDB, Crawford FA III, Spencer WH III, Gold MR. Sustained ventricular tachycardia following alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2005;28: 1354-1356.
56. Noseworthy PA, Rosenberg MA, Fifer MA, Palacios IF, Lowry PA, Ruskin JN, Sanborn DM, Picard MH, Vlahakes GJ, Mela T, Das S. Ventricular arrhythmia following alcohol ablation for obstructive hyper-trophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:128-132.
57. Sorajja P, Valeti U, Nishimura R, Ommen SR, Rihal CS, Gersh BJ, Hodge DO, Schaff HV, Holmes DR. Outcome of alcohol septal ablation for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2008;118: 131-139.
58. van der Lee C, ten Cate FJ, Geleijnse ML, Kofflard MJ, Pedone C, van Herwerden LA, Biagini E, Vletter WB, Serruys PW. Percutaneous versus surgical treatment for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and enlarged anterior mitral valve leaflets. Circulation. 2005;112:482-488.
59. Cuoco FA, Spencer WH III, Fernandes VL, Nielsen CD, Nagueh S, Sturdivant JL, Leman RB, Wharton JM, Gold MR. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy for primary prevention of sudden death after alcohol septal ablation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1718-1723.
60. Raute-Kreinsen U. Morphology of necrosis and repair after transcoronary ethanol ablation of septal hypertrophy. Pathol Res Pract. 2003;199: 121-127.
61. Valeti US, Nishimura RA, Holmes DR, Araoz PA, Glockner JF, Breen JF, Ommen SR, Gersh BJ, Tajik AJ, Rihal CS, Schaff HV, Maron BJ. Comparison of surgical septal myectomy and alcohol septal ablation with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:350-357.
62. van Dockum WG, ten Cate FJ, ten Berg JM, Beek AM, Twisk JW, Vos J, Hofman MB, Visser CA, van Rossum AC. Myocardial infarction after percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: evaluation by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:27-34.
63. Lawrenz T, Obergassel L, Lieder F, Leuner C, Strunk-Mueller C, Meyer Zu Vilsendorf D, Beer G, Kuhn H. Transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy does not alter ICD intervention rates in high risk patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2005;28:295-300.
64. Moon JC, McKenna WJ, McCrohon JA, Elliott PM, Smith GC, Pennell DJ. Toward clinical risk assessment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 41:1561-1567.
65. Maron MS, Appelbaum E, Harrigan C, Buros J, Gibson M, Hanna CA, Lesser JR, Udelson JE, Manning WJ, Maron BJ. Clinical profile and significance of delayed enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2008;1:184-191.
66. Adabag AS, Maron BJ, Appelbaum E, Harrigan CJ, Buros JL, Gibson CM, Lesser JR, Hanna CA, Udelson JE, Manning WJ, Maron MS. Occurrence and frequency of arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopa-thy in relation to delayed enhancement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1369-1374.
67. Maron BJ, Maron MS, Lesser JR, Hauser RG, Haas TS, Harrigan CJ, Appelbaum E, Main ML, Roberts WC. Sudden cardiac arrest in hyper-trophic cardiomyopathy in the absence of conventional criteria for high risk status. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:544-547.
68. Alcalai R, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. Genetic basis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: from bench to the clinics. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19:104-110.
69. Watkins H, Rosenzweig A, Hwang DS, Levi T, McKenna W, Seidman CE, Seidman JG. Characteristics and prognostic implications of myosin missense mutations in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1108-1114.
70. Ackerman MJ, VanDriest SL, Ommen SR, Will ML, Nishimura RA, Tajik AJ, Gersh BJ. Prevalence and age-dependence of malignant mutations in the beta-myosin heavy chain and troponin T genes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a comprehensive outpatient perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:2042-2048.
71. Kelly M, Semsarian C. Multiple mutations in genetic cardiovascular disease: a marker of disease severity? Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2009;2: 182-190.
72. Saumarez RC, Pytkowski M, Sterlinski M, Bourke JP, Clague JR, Cobbe SM, Connelly DT, Griffith MJ, McKeown PP, McLeod K, Morgan JM, Sadoul N, Chojnowska L, Huang CL, Grace AA. Paced ventricular electrogram fractionation predicts sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:1653-1661.
73. Basso C, Thiene G, Mackey-Bojack S, Frigo AC, Corrado D, Maron BJ. Myocardial bridging: a frequent component of the hypertrophic cardio-myopathy phenotype lacks systematic association with sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:1627-1634.
74. Montgomery JV, Harris KM, Casey SA, Zenovich AG, Maron BJ. Relation of electrocardiographic patterns to phenotypic expression and clinical outcome in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2005; 96:270-275.
75. Maron MS, Olivotto I, Maron BJ, Cecchi F, Udelson JE, Camici PG. The case for myocardial ischemia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an emerging but under-recognized pathophysiologic mechanism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:866-875.
76. Maron BJ, Zipes DP. 36th Bethesda Conference: eligibility recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1312-1375.
77. Sorajja P, Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ, Berger PB, Tajik AJ. Adverse prognosis of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who have epicardial coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2003;108: 2342-2348.
78. McKenna WJ, Behr ER. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: management, risk stratification, and prevention of sudden death. Heart. 2002;87: 169-176.
79. Monserrat L, Elliott PM, Gimeno JR, Sharma S, Penas-Lado M, McKenna WJ. Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic car-diomyopathy: an independent marker of sudden death risk in young patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:873-879.
80. Decker JA, Rossano JW, O'Brian Smith E, Cannon B, Clunie SK, Gates C, Jefferies JL, Kim JJ, Price JF, Dreyer WJ, Towbin JA, Denfield SW. Risk factors and mode of death in isolated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in children. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:250-254.
81. Berul CI, Van Hare GF, Kertesz NJ, Dubin AM, Cecchin F, Collins KK, Cannon BC, Alexander ME, Triedman JK, Walsh EP, Friedman RA. Results of a multicenter retrospective implantable cardioverter-defibrillator registry of pediatric and congenital heart disease patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1685-1691.
82. Stephenson EA, Berul CI. Electrophysiologic interventions for inherited arrhythmia syndromes. Circulation. 2004;109:2685-2691.
83. Lin G, Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ, Ommen S, Ackerman M, Brady PA. Device complications and inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2009;95:709-714.
84. Maisel WH. Transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads: the weakest link. Circulation. 2007;115:2461-2463.
85. DeMaso DR, Lauretti A, Spieth L, van der Feen JR, Jay KS, Gauvreau K, Walsh EP, Berul CI. Psychosocial factors and quality of life in children and adolescents with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93:582-587.
86. Almquist AK, Montgomery JV, Haas TS, Maron BJ. Cardioverter-defibrillator implantation in high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardio-myopathy. Heart Rhythm. 2005;2:814-819.
87. Hauser RG, Maron BJ. Lessons from the failure and recall of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Circulation. 2005;112:2040-2042.
88. Hauser RG, Kallinen L. Deaths associated with implantable cardioverter defibrillator failure and deactivation reported in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience Database. Heart Rhythm. 2004;1:399-405.
89. Hauser RG, Kallinen LM, Almquist AK, Gornick CC, Katsiyiannis WT. Early failure of a small-diameter high-voltage implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead. Heart Rhythm. 2007;4:892-896.
90. Camm AJ, Nisam S. Utilization of the implantable defibrillator: a European enigma. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:1998-2004.