Treatment strategies for infective endocarditis

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 345-360

  Chopra, Teena ^a   Kaatz, Glenn W ^b  

^a HARPER UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial therapy; Infective endocarditis; Prevention; Treatment

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; AMPHOTERICIN B DEOXYCHOLATE; AMPICILLIN; ANIDULAFUNGIN; CASPOFUNGIN; CEFAZOLIN; CEFTRIAXONE; CILASTATIN PLUS IMIPENEM; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLINDAMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DALFOPRISTIN PLUS QUINUPRISTIN; DAPTOMYCIN; DOXYCYCLINE; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE; GENTAMICIN; IMIPENEM; LINEZOLID; METRONIDAZOLE; MICAFUNGIN; NAFCILLIN; OXACILLIN; PENICILLIN G; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RIFAMPICIN; STREPTOMYCIN; SULTAMICILLIN; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

ALPHA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS; BARTONELLA; BLOOD CULTURE; BRUCELLA; CANDIDA; CARDIOBACTERIUM; CHLAMYDIA; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CLOSTRIDIUM; COAGULASE NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCUS; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; COXIELLA BURNETII; EIKENELLA; ENTEROCOCCACEAE; FUNGAL ENDOCARDITIS; GROUPS BY AGE; HAEMOPHILUS; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS; HEART VALVE REPLACEMENT; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INVASIVE PROCEDURE; KINGELLA; LOW DRUG DOSE; MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; MYCOSIS; PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS; PREGNANCY; PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES; PROSTHETIC VALVE ENDOCARDITIS; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE; RICKETTSIA; RISK FACTOR; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS BOVIS; TREATMENT PLANNING; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TROPHERYMA WHIPPELII; VIRUS;

AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; CARDIAC PACING, ARTIFICIAL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; ENDOCARDITIS; ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; PACEMAKER, ARTIFICIAL; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PROGNOSIS; PROSTHESIS-RELATED INFECTIONS; RISK ASSESSMENT; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES;

EID: 76449087014     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656560903496430     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Hoen B, Alla F, Selton-Suty C, et al. Changing profile of infective endocarditis: results of a 1-year survey in France. JAMA 2002;288:75-81
2. Cabell CH, Jollis JG, Peterson GE, et al. Changing patient characteristics and the effect on mortality in endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:90-94
3. Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B, et al. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:463-473
4. Fowler VG, Scheld WM, Bayer AS. Endocarditis and intravascular infections. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th edition. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, PA; 2005. p. 975-1022
5. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, et al. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Circulation 2005;111:e394-434
6. Tleyjeh IM, Abdel-Latif A, Rahbi H, et al. A systematic review of population-based studies of infective endocarditis. Chest 2007;132:1025-1035
7. Durante-Mangoni E, Bradley S, Selton-Suty C, et al. Current features of infective endocarditis in elderly patients: results of the International Collaboration on Endocarditis Prospective Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:2095-2103
8. Hill EE, Herijgers P, Claus P, et al. Infective endocarditis: changing epidemiology and predictors of 6-month mortality: a prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J 2007;28:196-203
9. Dhawan VK. Infective endocarditis in elderly patients. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:806-812
10. Benito N, Miro JM, de Lazzari E, et al. Health care-associated native valve endocarditis: importance of non-nosocomial acquisition. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:586-594
11. Bouza E, Menasalvas A, Munoz P, et al. Infective endocarditis-a prospective study at the end of the twentieth century: new predisposing conditions, new etiologic agents, and still a high mortality. Medicine (Baltimore) 2001;80:298-307
12. Mylonakis E, Calderwood SB. Infective endocarditis in adults. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1318-1330
13. Millar BC, Prendergast BD, Moore JE. Community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA): an emerging pathogen in infective endocarditis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;61:1-7
14. Fowler VG Jr, Miro JM, Hoen B, et al. Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: a consequence of medical progress. JAMA 2005 22;293:3012-3021
15. Sanabria TJ, Alpert JS, Goldberg R, et al. Increasing frequency of staphylococcal infective endocarditis. Experience at a university hospital, 1981 through 1988. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:1305-1309
16. Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, et al. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:633-638
17. Berlin JA, Abrutyn E, Strom BL, et al. Assessing diagnostic criteria for active infective endocarditis. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:887-891
18. Raoult D, Casalta JP, Richet H, et al. Contribution of systematic serological testing in diagnosis of infective endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:5238-5242
19. Hoen B, Selton-Suty C, Lacassin F, et al. Infective endocarditis in patients with negative blood cultures: analysis of 88 cases from a one-year nationwide survey in France. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:501-506
20. Werner M, Andersson R, Olaison L, Hogevik H. A clinical study of culture-negative endocarditis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003;82:263-273
21. Brouqui P, Raoult D. Endocarditis due to rare and fastidious bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001;14:177-207
22. Elliott TS, Foweraker J, Gould FK, et al. Guidelines for the antibiotic treatment of endocarditis in adults: report of the Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;54:971-981
23. Habib G,Hoen B, Tornos P, Thuny F, Prendergast B, Vilacosta I, et al. Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009): the Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2009;30:2369-2413
24. Hamburger M, Stein L. Streptococcus viridans subacute bacterial endocarditis; two week treatment schedule with penicillin. J Am Med Assoc 1952;149:542-545
25. Durack DT, Beeson PB. Experimental bacterial endocarditis. II. Survival of a bacterium in endocardial vegetations. Br J Exp Pathol 1972;53:50-53
26. Wilson WR, Karchmer AW, Dajani AS, et al. Antibiotic treatment of adults with infective endocarditis due to streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and HACEK microorganisms. American Heart Association. JAMA 1995;274:1706-1713
27. Korzeniowski OM, Kaye D. Endocarditis. In: Gorbach SL, Bartlett JG, Blacklow NR, editors. Infectious Diseases. 2nd edition. WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia, PA; 1998. p. 663-674
28. Delahaye F, Goulet V, Lacassin F, et al. Characteristics of infective endocarditis in France in 1991. A 1-year survey. Eur Heart J 1995;16:394-401
29. Aronin SI, Mukherjee SK, West JC, Cooney EL. Review of pneumococcal endocarditis in adults in the penicillin era. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:165-171
30. Lefort A, Lortholary O, Casassus P, et al. Comparison between adult endocarditis due to beta-hemolytic streptococci (serogroups A, B, C, and G) and Streptococcus milleri: a multicenter study in France. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:2450-2456
31. Knoll B, Tleyjeh IM, Steckelberg JM, et al. Infective endocarditis due to penicillin-resistant viridans group streptococci. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:1585-1592
32. Senn L, Entenza JM, Greub G, et al. Bloodstream and endovascular infections due to abiotrophia defectiva and granulicatella species. BMC Infect Dis 2006;6:9
33. Baddour LM. Infective endocarditis caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci. The Infectious Diseases Society of America's Emerging Infections Network. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:66-71
34. Murray BE. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections. N Engl J Med 2000;342:710-721
35. Megran DW. Diagnosis and treatment of enterococcal endocarditis. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1993;28:41-4, 7-50
36. Fernandez Guerrero ML, Goyenechea A, Verdejo C, et al. Enterococcal endocarditis on native and prosthetic valves: a review of clinical and prognostic factors with emphasis on hospital-acquired infections as a major determinant of outcome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2007;86:363-377
37. Stevens MP, Edmond MB. Endocarditis due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci: case report and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:1134-1142
38. McDonald JR, Olaison L, Anderson DJ, et al. Enterococcal endocarditis: 107 cases from the international collaboration on endocarditis merged database. Am J Med 2005;118:759-766
39. Murray BE. Beta-lactamase-producing enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36:2355-2359
40. Fontana R, Canepari P, Lleo MM, Satta G. Mechanisms of resistance of enterococci to beta-lactam antibiotics. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1990;9:103-105
41. Chou YY, Lin TY, Lin JC, et al. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia: comparison of clinical features and outcome between enterococcus faecium and enterococcus faecalis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2008;41:124-129
42. Gold HS. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: mechanisms and clinical observations. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:210-219
43. Gavalda J, Len O, Miro JM, et al. Brief communication: treatment of enterococcus faecalis endocarditis with ampicillin plus ceftriaxone. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:574-579
44. Gavalda J, Torres C, Tenorio C, et al. Efficacy of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone in treatment of experimental endocarditis due to enterococcus faecalis strains highly resistant to aminoglycosides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:639-646
45. Mave V, Garcia-Diaz J, Islam T, Hasbun R. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteraemia: is daptomycin as effective as linezolid? J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;64:175-180
46. Fowler VG Jr, Boucher HW, Corey GR, et al. Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 2006;355:653-665
47. Levine DP, Fromm BS, Reddy BR. Slow response to vancomycin or vancomycin plus rifampin in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:674-680
48. Shurland S, Zhan M, Bradham DD, Roghmann MC. Comparison of mortality risk associated with bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28:273-279
49. Cosgrove SE, Sakoulas G, Perencevich EN, et al. Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:53-59
50. Korzeniowski O, Sande MA. Combination antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in patients addicted to parenteral drugs and in nonaddicts: a prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1982;97:496-503
51. Wang G, Hindler JF, Ward KW, Bruckner DA. Increased vancomycin MICs for Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates from a university hospital during a 5-year period. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:3883-3886
52. Sakoulas G, Moise-Broder PA, Schentag J, et al. Relationship of MIC and bactericidal activity to efficacy of vancomycin for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:2398-2402
53. Hidayat LK, Hsu DI, Quist R, et al. High-dose vancomycin therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: efficacy and toxicity. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:2138-2144
54. Maclayton DO, Suda KJ, Coval KA, et al. Case-control study of the relationship between MRSA bacteremia with a vancomycin MIC of 2 microg/mL and risk factors, costs, and outcomes in inpatients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin Ther 2006;28:1208-1216
55. Jones RN. Microbiological features of vancomycin in the 21st century: minimum inhibitory concentration creep, bactericidal/static activity, and applied breakpoints to predict clinical outcomes or detect resistant strains. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42(Suppl 1):S13-24
56. Lodise TP, Graves J, Evans A, et al. Relationship between vancomycin MIC and failure among patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia treated with vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:3315-3320
57. Rehm SJ, Boucher H, Levine D, et al. Daptomycin versus vancomycin plus gentamicin for treatment of bacteraemia and endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus: subset analysis of patients infected with methicillin-resistant isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;62:1413-1421
58. Sakoulas G, Eliopoulos GM, Alder J, Eliopoulos CT. Efficacy of daptomycin in experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1714-1718
59. Hayden MK, Rezai K, Hayes RA, et al. Development of Daptomycin resistance in vivo in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:5285-5287
60. Batard E, Jacqueline C, Boutoille D, et al. Combination of quinupristin-dalfopristin and gentamicin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: experimental rabbit endocarditis study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:2174-2178
61. Dailey CF, Dileto-Fang CL, Buchanan LV, et al. Efficacy of linezolid in treatment of experimental endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:2304-2308
62. Ruiz ME, Guerrero IC, Tuazon CU. Endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: treatment failure with linezolid. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:1018-1020
63. Pistella E, Campanile F, Bongiorno D, et al. Successful treatment of disseminated cerebritis complicating methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus endocarditis unresponsive to vancomycin therapy with linezolid. Scand J Infect Dis 2004;36:222-225
64. Howden BP, Ward PB, Charles PG, et al. Treatment outcomes for serious infections caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:521-528
65. Hiramatsu K, Aritaka N, Hanaki H, et al. Dissemination in Japanese hospitals of strains of Staphylococcus aureus heterogeneously resistant to vancomycin. Lancet 1997;350:1670-1673
66. Cha R, Brown WJ, Rybak MJ. Bactericidal activities of daptomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and linezolid against vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:3960-3963 (Pubitemid 37485015)
67. Chu VH, Cabell CH, Abrutyn E, et al. Native valve endocarditis due to coagulase-negative staphylococci: report of 99 episodes from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis Merged Database. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:1527-1530
68. Chu VH, Woods CW, Miro JM, et al. Emergence of coagulase-negative staphylococci as a cause of native valve endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:232-242
69. Rupp ME. Coagulase-negative staphylococcal infections: an update regarding recognition and management. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 1997;17:51-87
70. Drinkovic D, Morris AJ, Pottumarthy S, et al. Bacteriological outcome of combination versus single-agent treatment for staphylococcal endocarditis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;52:820-825
71. Karchmer AW, Archer GL, Dismukes WE. Rifampin treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Staphylococcus epidermidis. Rev Infect Dis 1983;5(Suppl 3):S543-8
72. Archer GL, Johnston JL, Vazquez GJ, Haywood HB III. Efficacy of antibiotic combinations including rifampin against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus epidermidis: in vitro and in vivo studies. Rev Infect Dis 1983;5(Suppl 3):S538-42
73. Chuard C, Herrmann M, Vaudaux P, et al. Successful therapy of experimental chronic foreign-body infection due to methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus by antimicrobial combinations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991;35:2611-2616
74. Rouse MS, Wilcox RM, Henry NK, et al. Ciprofloxacin therapy of experimental endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:273-276
75. Mohan SS, McDermott BP, Cunha BA. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis with paravalvular abscess treated with daptomycin. Heart Lung 2005;34:69-71
76. Souli M, Pontikis K, Chryssouli Z, et al. Successful treatment of right-sided prosthetic valve endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant teicoplanin-heteroresistant staphylococcus aureus with linezolid. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005;24:760-762
77. Geraci JE WWSoie, III III. endocarditis, due to gram-negative bacteria. Mayo Clin Proc 1982;57:145-148
78. Baron EJ, Scott JD, Tompkins LS. Prolonged incubation and extensive subculturing do not increase recovery of clinically significant microorganisms from standard automated blood cultures. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:1677-1680
79. Petti CA, Bhally HS, Weinstein MP, et al. Utility of extended blood culture incubation for isolation of haemophilus, actinobacillus, cardiobacterium, eikenella, and kingella organisms: a retrospective multicenter evaluation. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:257-259
80. Rolain JM, Brouqui P, Koehler JE, et al. Recommendations for treatment of human infections caused by bartonella species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:1921-1933
81. Raoult D, Fournier PE, Vandenesch F, et al. Outcome and treatment of bartonella endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:226-230
82. Brouqui P, Dupont HT, Drancourt M, et al. Chronic Q fever. Ninety-two cases from France, including 27 cases without endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:642-648
83. Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Carrieri MP, et al. Risks factors and prevention of Q fever endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:312-316
84. Maurin M, Raoult D. Q fever. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999;12:518-553
85. Houpikian P, Raoult D. Blood culture-negative endocarditis in a reference center: etiologic diagnosis of 348 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005;84:162-173
86. Raoult D, Houpikian P, Tissot Dupont H, et al. Treatment of Q fever endocarditis: comparison of 2 regimens containing doxycycline and ofloxacin or hydroxychloroquine. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:167-173
87. Cohen PS MJ, Weinstein L. Infective endocarditis caused by, gram-negative bacteria: a review of the literature. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1980;22:205-242
88. Reyes M, Palutke, WA, et al. Pseudomonas endocarditis in the Detroit Medical Center, 1969-1972. Medicine (Baltimore) 1973;52:173
89. Wieland M, Lederman MM, Kline-King C, et al. Left-sided endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A report of 10 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1986;65:180-189
90. Fernandez-Guerrero ML. Zoonotic endocarditis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1993;7:135-152
91. Brook I. Infective endocarditis caused by anaerobic bacteria. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2008;101:665-676
92. Felner JM, Dowell VR Jr. Anaerobic bacterial endocarditis. N Engl J Med 1970;283:1188-1192
93. Ellis ME, Al-Abdely H, Sandridge A, et al. Fungal endocarditis: evidence in the world literature, 1965-1995. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:50-62
94. Baddley JW, Benjamin DK Jr, Patel M, et al. Candida infective endocarditis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;27:519-529
95. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes D, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:503-535
96. Bonow R, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, et al. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing committee to revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease). J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:e1
97. Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 2007;116:1736-1754
98. Gould FK, Elliott TS, Foweraker J, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of endocarditis: report of the Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;57:1035-1042 (Pubitemid 44644403)