Monitoring Anabolic Treatment

Dynamics of Bone and Cartilage Metabolism

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 629-647

  Bilezikian, John P ^a   Rubin, Mishaela R ^a  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 76449086953     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012088562-6/50039-X     Document Type: Chapter

References (150)

1. Lindsay R., Cosman F. The pharmacology of estrogens in osteoporosis. Principles of Bone Biology 1996, 1063-1068. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. J.P. Bilezikian, L.G. Raisz, G.A. Rodan (Eds.).
2. Fleisch H. Bisphosphonates: mechanisms of action and clinical use. Principles of Bone Biology 1996, 1037-1052. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. J.P. Bilezikian, L.G. Raisz, G.A. Rodan (Eds.).
3. Azria M., Avioli L. Calcitonin. Principles of Bone Biology 1996, 1083-1098. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. J.P. Bilezikian, L.G. Raisz, G.A. Rodan (Eds.).
4. Fogelman I., Ribot C., Smith R., Ethgen D., Sod E., Reginster J.Y. Risedronate reverses bone loss in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: results from a multinational, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMD-MN Study Group. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000, 85:1895-1900.
5. Kurland E.S., Rosen C.J., Cosman F., McMahon D., Chan F., Shane E., Lindsay R., Dempster D., Bilezikian J.P. Insulin-like growth factor-I in men with idiopathic osteoporosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997, 82:2799-2805.
6. Greenspan S.L., Parker R.A., Ferguson L., Rosen H.N., Maitland-Ramsey L., Karpf D.B. Early changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover predict the long-term response to alendronate therapy in representative elderly women: a randomized clinical trial. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1998, 13:1431-1438.
7. Chesnut C.H., Skag A., Christiansen C., Recker R., Stakkestad J.A., Hoiseth A., Felsenberg D., Huss H., Gilbride J., Schimmer R.C., Delmas P.D. Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J. Bone Min. Res. 2004, 19:1241-1249.
8. Delmas P.D., Recker R.R., Chesnut D.H., Skag A., Stakkestad J.A., Emkey R., Gilbride J., Schimmer R.C., Christiansen C. Daily and intermittent oral ibandronate normalize bone turnover and provide significant reduction in vertebral fracture risk: results from the BONE study. Osteoporosis Int. 2004, 15:792-798.
9. Manolagas S.C. Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocr. Rev. 2000, 21:115-137.
10. Plotkin L.I., Weinstein R.S., Parfitt A.M., Roberson P.K., Manolagas S.C., Bellido T. Prevention of osteocyte and osteoblast apoptosis by bisphosphonates and calcitonin. J. Clin. Invest. 1999, 104:1363-1374.
11. Seeman E. Bone quality. Osteoporos. Int. 2003, 14(Suppl 5):3-7.
12. Rubin M.R., Bilezikian J.P. Anabolic therapy of osteoporosis in women and in men. Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine 2004, 995-1009. Elsevier, Academic Press, San Diego, CA. M.L. Legato (Ed.).
13. Albright F., Aub J.C., Bauer W. Hyperparathyroidism: a common and polymorphic condition as illustrated by seventeen proven cases from one clinic. JAMA 1934, 102:1276-1287.
14. Bilezikian J.P., Silverberg S.J. Management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. N. Eng. J. Med. 2004, 350:1746-1751.
15. Silverberg S.J., Shane E., De La Cruz L., Dempster D.W., Feldman F., Seldin D., Jacobs T.P., Siris E.S., Cafferty M., Parisien M.V., Lindsay R., Clemens T.L., Bilezikian J.P. Skeletal disease in primary hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Min. Res. 1989, 4:283-291.
16. Tam C.S., Heersche J.N., Murray T.M., Parsons J.A. Parathyroid hormone stimulates the bone apposition rate independently of its resorptive action: differential effects of intermittent and continuous administration. Endocrinology 1982, 110:506-512.
17. Lane N.E., Kimmel D.B., Nilsson M.H., Cohen F.E., Newton S., Nissenson R.A., Strewler G.J. Bone-selective analogs of human PTH(1-34) increase bone formation in an ovariectomized rat model. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1996, 11:614-625.
18. Shen V., Dempster D.W., Birchman R., Xu R., Lindsay R. Loss of cancellous bone mass and connectivity in ovariectomized rats can be restored by combined treatment with parathyroid hormone and estradiol. J. Clin. Invest. 1993, 91:2479-2487.
19. Hodsman A.B., Kisiel M., Adachi J.D., Fraher L.J., Watson P.H. Histomorphometric evidence for increased bone turnover without change in cortical thickness or porosity after 2 years of cyclical hPTH(1-34) therapy in women with severe osteoporosis. Bone 2000, 27:311-318.
20. Finkelstein J.S., Klibanski A., Arnold A.L., Toth T.L., Hornstein M.D., Neer R.M. Prevention of estrogen deficiency-related bone loss with human parathyroid hormone-(1-34): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998, 280:1067-1073.
21. Dempster D.W., Cosman F., Kurland E.S., Zhou H., Nieves J., Woelfert L., Shane E., Plavetic K., Muller R., Bilezikian J., Lindsay R. Effects of daily treatment with parathyroid hormone on bone microarchitecture and turnover in patients with osteoporosis: a paired biopsy study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2001, 16:1846-1853.
22. Alexander J.M., Bab I., Fish S., Muller R., Uchiyama T., Gronowicz G., Nahounou M., Zhao Q., White D.W., Chorev M., Gazit D., Rosenblatt M. Human parathyroid hormone 1-34 reverses bone loss in ovariectomized mice. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2001, 16:1665-1673.
23. Brommage R., Hotchkiss C.E., Lees C.J., Stancill M.W., Hock J.M., Jerone C.P. Daily treatment with human recombinant parathyroid hormone-(1-34), LY333334, for 1 year increases bone mass in ovariectomized monkeys. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999, 84:3757-3763.
24. Sato M., Westmore M., Clendenon J., Smith S., Hannum B., Zeng G.Q., Brommage R., Turner C.H. Three-dimensional modeling of the effects of parathyroid hormone on bone distribution in lumbar vertebrae of ovariectomized cynomolgus macaques. Osteoporos. Int. 2000, 11:871-880.
25. Burr D.B., Hirano T., Turner C.H., Hotchkiss C., Brommage R., Hock J.M. Intermittently administered human parathyroid hormone(1-34) treatment increases intracortical bone turnover and porosity without reducing bone strength in the humerus of ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2001, 16:157-165.
26. Jerome C.P., Burr D.B., Van Bibber T., Hock J.M., Brommage R. Treatment with human parathyroid hormone(1-34) for 18 months increases cancellous bone volume and improves trabecular architecture in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Bone 2001, 28:150-159.
27. Ilda-Klein A., Zhou H., Lu S.S., Levine L.R., Ducayen-Knowles M., Dempster D., Nieves J., Lindsay R. Anabolic action of parathyroid hormone is skeletal site specific at the tissue and cellular levels in mice. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2002, 17:808-816.
28. Hock J.M. Stemming bone loss by suppressing apoptosis. J. Clin. Invest. 1999, 104:371-373.
29. Nishida S., Yamaguchi A., Tanizawa T., Endo N., Mashiba T., Uchiyama Y., Suda T., Yoshiki S., Takahashi H.E. Increased bone formation by intermittent parathyroid hormone administration is due to the stimulation of proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells in bone marrow. Bone 1994, 15:717-723.
30. Jilka R.L., Weinstein R.S., Bellido T., Roberson P., Parfitt A.M., Manolagas S.C. Increased bone formation by prevention of osteoblast apoptosis with parathyroid hormone. J. Clin. Invest. 1999, 104:439-446.
31. Bradbeer J.N., Arlot M.E., Meunier P.J., Reeve J. Treatment of osteoporosis with parathyroid peptide (hPTH 1-34) and oestrogen: increase in volumetric density of iliac cancellous bone may depend on reduced trabecular spacing as well as increased thickness of packets of newly formed bone. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 1992, 37:282-289.
32. Dempster D., Zhou H., Cosman F., Nieves J., Adachi J.D., Fraher L.J., Watson P.H., Lindsay R., Hodsman A.B. PTH treatment directly stimulates bone formation in cancellous and cortical bone in humans (abstract). 23rd Annual Meeting of the ASBMR 2001, 1171.
33. Hodsman A.B., Hanley D.A., Ettinger M.P., Bolognese M.A., Fox J., Metcalfe A.J., Lindsay R. Efficacy and safety of human parathyroid hormone-(1-84) in increasing bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003, 88:5212-5220.
34. Lindsay R., Zhou H., Cosman F., Bostrom M., Cruz J., Nieves J., Dempster D. Short term response to parathyroid hormone (1-34hPTH) in human iliac crest bone using a unique quadruple (double double) tetracycline labeling regimen and single biopsy. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2003, Supp 2:S54.
35. Balena R., Shih M.S., Parfitt A.M. Bone resorption and formation on the periosteal envelope of the ilium: a histomorphometric study in healthy women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1992, 7:1475-1482.
36. Leaffer D., Sweeney M., Kellerman L.A., Avnur Z., Krstenansky J.L., Vickery B.H., Caulfield P.J. Modulation of osteogenic cell ultrastructure by RS-23581, an analog of human parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related peptide-(1-34), and bovine PTH-(1-34). Endocrinology 1995, 136:3624-3631.
37. Augat P., Fuerst T., Genant H.K. Quantitative bone mineral assessment at the forearm: a review. Osteoporos. Int. 1998, 8:299-310.
38. Parfitt A.M. Parathyroid hormone and periosteal bone expansion. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2002, 17:1741-1743.
39. Parfitt A.M. Recent contributions of iliac bone histomorphometry to understanding the anabolic effect of parathyroid hormone 2002, Available online at. http://www.bonekey-ibms.org/cgi/content/full/ibmske:2002017vl.
40. Dobnig H., Turner R.T. Evidence that intermittent treatment with parathyroid hormone increases bone formation in adult rats by activation of bone lining cells. Endocrinology 1995, 136:3632-3638.
41. Jilka R.L., Gubrij I., Ali A., Wynne R., Weinstein R.S., O'Brien C., Manolagas S.C. Ablation of osteoblasts, but not lining cells, in 3.6Collal-tk transgenic mice prevents the anabolic effect of PTH: evidence against the lining cell activation hypothesis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2004, 19(Supp 1):SA527.
42. Noble B.S., Reeve J. Osteocyte function, osteocyte death and bone fracture resistance. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 2000, 159(1-2):7-13.
43. Fermor B., Skerry T.M. PTH/PTHrP receptor expression on osteoblasts and osteocytes but not resorbing bone surfaces in growing rats. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1995, 10:1935-1943.
44. van der Plas A., Aarden E.M., Feijen J.H., de Boer A.H., Wiltink A., Alblas M.J., de Leij L., Nijweide P.J. Characteristics and properties of osteocytes in culture. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1994, 9:1697-1704.
45. Tanaka S., Sakai A., Tanaka M., Otomo H., Okimoto N., Sakata T., Nakamura T. Skeletal unloading alleviates the anabolic action of intermittent PTH(1-34) in mouse tibia in association with inhibition of PTH-induced increase in c-fos mRNA in bone marrow cells. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2004, 19:1813-1820.
46. Hefferan T., Evans G., Zhang M., Morey-Holton E., Turner C.H. The anabolic bone response to low dose PTH is attenuated by reduced physical activity. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2004, 19(supp 1):SA534.
47. Juppner H., Kronenberg H.M. Parathyroid Hormone. Primer on Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism 2003, 117-124. ASBMR. C. Rosen (Ed.).
48. Rosen C.J. Insulin-like growth factor I and bone mineral density: experience from animal models and human observational studies. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004, 18:423-435.
49. Rosen C.J. Insulin-like growth factor I and calcium balance: evolving concepts of an evolutionary process. Endocrinology 2003, 144:4679-4681.
50. Canalis E., Centrella M., Burch W., McCarthy T.L. Insulin-like growth factor I mediates selective anabolic effects of parathyroid hormone in bone cultures. J. Clin Invest. 1989, 83:60-65.
51. Bikle D.D., Sakata T., Leary C., Elalieh H., Ginzinger D., Rosen C.J., Beamer W., Majumdar S., Halloran B.P. Insulin-like growth factor I is required for the anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on mouse bone. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2002, 17:1570-1578.
52. Sellmeyer D.E., Palermo L., Bouxsein M.L., Bilezikian J.P., Greenspan S., Ensrud K., Black D., Rosen C.J. Heterogeneity in skeletal response to full-length parathyroid hormone (PTH). J. Bone Min. Res. 2004, 19(Suppl I):S96. also submitted for publication, JCEM, 2005.
53. Zeng G.E.A. Bone effects in mice of ovariectomy and rhPTH(1-34) are highly strain dependent. Bone 1998, 23:448.
54. Eriksen E.F., Zeng Q., Donley D., Ma Y.L. Local IGF II expression in human bone is greater in women treated with teriparatide than with placebo: a quantitative immunohistochemical study of bone biopsies from the fracture prevention trial. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2004, 19(supp 1):SA159.
55. Wang Y., Nishida S., Burghardt A., Elalieh H., Majumdar S., Halloran B.P., Clemens T., Bikle D.D. The IGF-I receptor is required for the anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on bone. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2004, 19(supp 1):SA531.
56. Hofbauer L.C., Heufelder A.E. The role of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand and osteoprotegerin in the pathogenesis and treatment of metabolic bone diseases. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000, 85:2355-2363.
57. Buxton E.C., Yao W., Lane N.E. Changes in serum receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand, osteoprotegerin, and interleukin-6 levels in patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis treated with human parathyroid hormone (1-34). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004, 89:3332-3336.
58. Demiralp B., Chen H.L., Koh A.J., Keller E.T., McCauley L.K. Anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone during bone growth are dependent on c-fos. Endocrinology 2002, 143:4038-4047.
59. Hurley M.M., Okada Y., Sobue T., Zhang X.Z., Xiao L., Tanaka Y., Ito M., Okimoto N., Nakamura T., Coffin J., Rosen C.J., Doetschman T. The anabolic effect of parathyroid hormone is impaired in bones of FGF2 null mice. J. Bone Miner. Metab. 2002, 17(Suppl 1):1061.
60. Neer R.M., Arnaud C.D., Zanchetta J.R., Prince R., Gaich G.A., Reginster J.Y., Hodsman A.B., Eriksen E.F., Ish-Shalom S., Genant H.K., Wang O., Mitlak B.H. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001, 344(19):1434-1441.
61. Schwietert H.R., Groen E.W., Sollie F.A., Jonkman J.H. Single-dose subcutaneous administration of recombinant human parathyroid hormone [rhPTH(1-84)] in healthy postmenopausal volunteers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1997, 61:360-376.
62. Lindsay R., Nieves J., Henneman E., Shen V., Cosman F. Subcutaneous administration of the amino-terminal fragment of human parathyroid hormone-(1-34): kinetics and biochemical response in estrogenized osteoporotic patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1993, 77(6):1535-1539.
63. Fraher L.E.A. A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of PTH in healthy young and osteoporotic subjects. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1993, 8S:253.
64. Henry J.G., Mitnick M., Dann P.R., Stewart A.F. Parathyroid hormone-related protein-(1-36) is biologically active when administered subcutaneously to humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997, 82:900-906.
65. Product Monograph: Forteo 2004, Eli Lilly, Canada.
66. Body J.J., Gaich G.A., Scheele W.H., Kulkami P.M., Miller P.D., Peretz A., Dore R.K., Correa-Rotter R., Papaioannou A., Cumming D.C., Hodsman A.B. A randomized double-blind trial to compare the efficacy of teriparatide [recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34)] with alendronate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 87:4528-4535.
67. Kurland E.S., Cosman F., McMahon D.J., Rosen C.J., Lindsay R., Bilezikian J.P. Parathyroid hormone as a therapy for idiopathic osteoporosis in men: effects on bone mineral density and bone markers. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000, 85:3069-3076.
68. Orwoll E.S., Scheele W.H., Paul S., Adami S., Syversen U., Diez-Perez A., Kaufman J.M., Clancy A.D., Gaich G.A. The effect of teriparatide [human parathyroid hormone (1-34)] therapy on bone density in men with osteoporosis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2003, 18:9-17.
69. Hodsman A.B., Hanley D.A., Ettinger M.P., Bolognese M.A., Fox J., Metcalfe A.J., Lindsay R. Efficacy and safety of human parathyroid hormone (1-84) in increasing bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003, 88:5212-5220.
70. Guyatt G.H., Cranney A., Griffith L., Walter S., Krolicki N., Favus M., Rosen C. Summary of meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis and the relationship between bone density and fractures. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North. Am. 2002, 31:659-679.
71. Guyatt G.H., Cranney A., Griffith L., Walter S., Krolicki N., Favus M., Rosen C. Summary of meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis and the relationship between bone density and fractures. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 2002, 31:xii.
72. Kaufman J.M., Orwoll E., Goemaere S., San Martin J., Hossain A., Dalsky G.P., Lindsay R., Mitlak B.H. Teriparatide effects on vertebral fractures and bone mineral density in men with osteoporosis: treatment and discontinuation of therapy. Osteoporos. Int. 2004.
73. Ettinger M., Greenspan S., Marriott T., Hanley D., Zanchetta J., Bone H., Lindsay R. PTH(1-84) prevents first vertebral fracture in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the Top Study. American College of Rheumatology Annual Meeting 2004, L17.
74. Cummings S.R., Karpf D.B., Harris F., Genant H.K., Ensrud K., LaCroix A.Z., Black D.M. Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment with antiresorptive drugs. Am. J. Med. 2002, 112:281-289.
75. Watts N.B., Cooper C., Lindsay R., Eastell R., Manhart M.D., Barton I.P., van Staa T., Adachi J. Relationship between changes in bone mineral density and vertebral fracture risk associated with risedronate. J. Clin. Dens. 2004, 7:255-261.
76. Rosen C.J., Hochberg M.C., Bonnick S.L., McClung M., Miller P., Broy S., Kagan R., Chen E., Petruschke R.A., Thompson D.E., de Papp A.E. Treatment with once-weekly alendronate 70 mg compared with once-weekly risedronate 35 mg in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized double-blind study. J. Bone Min. Res. 2005, 20:141-151.
77. Melton L.J., Atkinson E.J., O'Fallon W.M., Wahner H.W., Riggs B.L. Long-term fracture prediction by bone mineral assessed at different skeletal sites. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1993, 8(10):1227-1233.
78. Riggs B.L., Melton L.J. Bone turnover matters: the raloxifene treatment paradox of dramatic decreases in vertebral fractures without commensurate increases in bone density. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2002, 17:11-14.
79. Hochberg M.C., Greenspan S., Wasnich R.D., Miller P., Thompson D.E., Ross P.D. Changes in bone density and turnover explain the reductions in incidence of nonvertebral fractures that occur during treatment with antiresorptive agents. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 87:1586-1592.
80. Cosman F., Nieves J., Woelfert L., Formica C., Gordon S., Shen V., Lindsay R. Parathyroid hormone added to established hormone therapy effects on vertebral fracture and maintenance of bone mass after parathyroid hormone withdrawal. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2001, 16:925-931.
81. Reeve J., Meunier P.J., Parsons J.A., Bernat M., Bijvoet O.L., Courpron P., Edouard C., Klenerman L., Neer R.M., Renier J.C., Slovik D., Vismans F.J., Potts J.T. Anabolic effect of human parathyroid hormone fragment on trabecular bone in involutional osteoporosis: a multicentretrial. BMJ 1980, 280(6228):1340-1344.
82. Delmas P., Licata A., Crans G., Chen P., Misurski D., Wagman R., Mitlak B.H. Fracture risk reduction during treatment with teriparatide is independent of pretreatment bone turnover. J. Bone Miner: Res. 2004, 19(supp 1):1170.
83. Dobnig H., Sipos A., Jiang Y., Fahrleitner-Pammer A., Ste-Marie L., Gallahger J.C., Pavo I., Wang J., Eriksen E.F. Early changes in biochemical markers of bone formation predict improvements in bone structure during teriparatide therapy. J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab. 2005, 90(7):3970-3977.
84. Eastell R., Chen P., Krege J. Identification of responders to teriparatide therapy by procollagen type 1 N-propeptide (PINP) using the least significant change approach. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2004, 19(supp 1):SA434.
85. Kurland E.S., Cosman F., Rosen C.J., Lindsay R., Bilezikian J. Parathyroid hormone (PTH 1-34) as a treatment for idiopathic osteoporosis in men: changes in bone mineral density, bone markers and optimal duration of therapy (abstract). ASBMR 22nd Annual Meeting 2000, F435.
86. Wehrli F.W., Saha P.K., Gomberg B.R., Song H.K., Snyder P.J., Benito M., Wright A., Weening R. Role of magnetic resonance for assessing structure and function of trabecular bone. Top Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002, 13:335-355.
87. Genant H.K., Gordon C., Jiang Y., Link T.M., Hans D., Majumdar S., Lang T.F. Advanced imaging of the macrostructure and microstructure of bone. Horm. Res. 2000, 54(Suppl 1):24-30.
88. Parfitt A.M., Mathews C.H., Villanueva A.R., Kleerekoper M., Frame B., Rao D.S. Relationships between surface, volume, and thickness of iliac trabecular bone in aging and in osteoporosis. Implic ations for the microan atomic and cellular mechanisms of bone loss. J. Clin. Invest. 1983, 72:1396-1409.
89. Silva M.J., Gibson L.J. Modeling the mechanical behavior of vertebral trabecular bone: effects of age-related changes in microstructure. Bone 1997, 21:191-199.
90. Borah B., Dufresne T.E., Chmielewski P.A., Gross G.J., Prenger M.C., Phipps R.J. Risedronate preserves trabecular architecture and increases bone strength in vertebra of ovariectomized minipigs as measured by three-dimensional microcomputed tomography. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2002, 17:1139-1147.
91. Eriksen E.F., Melsen F., Sod E., Barton I., Chines A. Effects of long-term risedronate on bone quality and bone turnover in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone 2002, 31:620-625.
92. Borah B., Dufresne T.E., Chmielewski P.A., Johnson T.D., Chines A., Manhart M.D. Risedronate preserves bone architecture in postmen opausal women with osteoporosis as measured by three-dimensional microcomputed tomography. Bone 2004, 34:736-746.
93. Recker R., Masarachia P., Santora A., Howard T., Chavassieux P., Arlot M., Rodan G., Wehren L., Kimmel D. Trabecular bone microarchitecture after alendronate treatment of osteoporotic women. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 2005, 21:185-194.
94. Jiang Y., Zhao J.J., Mitlak B.H., Wang O., Genant H.K., Eriksen E.F. Recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34) [teriparatide] improves both cortical and cancellous bone structure. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2003, 18:1932-1941.
95. Eriksen E.F. Primary hyperparathyroidism: lessons from bone histomorphometry. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2002, 17(Suppl 2):N95-N97.
96. Lindsay R., Nieves J., Formica C., Henneman E., Woelfert L., Shen V., Dempster D., Cosman F. Randomised controlled study of effect of parathyroid hormone on vertebral-bone mass and fracture incidence among postmenopausal women on oestrogen with osteoporosis. Lancet 1997, 350(9077):550-555.
97. Mashiba T., Burr D.B., Turner C.H., Sato M., Cain R.L., Hock J.M. Effects of human parathyroid hormone (1-34), LY333334, on bone mass, remodeling, and mechanical properties of cortical bone during the first remodeling cycle in rabbits. Bone 2001, 28:538-547.
98. Sato M., Westmore M., Ma Y.L., Schmidt A., Zeng Q.Q., Glass E.V., Vahle J., Brommage R., Jerome C.P., Turner C.H. Teriparatide [PTH(1-34)] strengthens the proximal femur of ovariectomized nonhuman primates despite increasing porosity. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2004, 19:623-629.
99. Zanchetta J.R., Bogado C.E., Ferretti J.L., Wang O., Wilson M.G., Sato M., Gaich G.A., Dalsky G.P., Myers S.L. Effects of teriparatide [recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34)] on cortical bone in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2003, 18:539-543.
100. Hirano T., Burr D.B., Turner C.H., Sato M., Cain R.L., Hock J.M. Anabolic effects of human biosynthetic parathyroid hormone fragment (1-34), LY333334, on remodeling and mechanical properties of cortical bone in rabbits. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1999, 14:536-545.
101. Ejersted C., Andreassen T.T., Oxlund H., Jorgensen P.H., Bak B., Haggblad J., Torring O., Nilsson M.H. Human parathyroid hormone (1-34) and (1-84) increase the mechanical strength and thickness of cortical bone in rats. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1993, 8:1097-1101.
102. Hyldstrup L., Jorgensen J.T., Gaich G.A. Assessment of effects of LY333334 [recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34)] on cortical bone using digital X-ray radiogrammetry. 1st Joint Meeting of the International Bone and Mineral Society and the European Calcified Tissue Society 2001, SC33 S.
103. Uusi-Rasi K., Beck T., Oreskovic T.L., Sato M., Borgado C., Zanchetta J.R. Teriparatide [rh PTH(1-34)] improves the structural geometry of the hip. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2002, 17(supp 1):S208.
104. Mosekilde L. Sex differences in age-related changes in vertebral body size, density and biomechanical competence in normal individuals. Bone 1990, 11:67-73.
105. Rehman Q., Lang T.F., Arnaud C.D., Modin G.W., Lane N.E. Daily treatment with parathyroid hormone is associated with an increase in vertebral cross-sectional area in postmenopausal women with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Osteoporos. Int. 2003, 14:77-81.
106. Semanick L., Uusi-Rasi K., Zanchetta J.R., et al. Teriparatide [rhPTH(1-34)] treatment improves the structure of the proximal femur in women with osteoporosis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2003, 18(suppl 1):S40.
107. Meunier P.J., Boivin G. Bone mineral density reflects bone mass but also the degree of mineralization of bone: therapeutic implications. Bone 1997, 21:373-377.
108. Boivin G.Y., Chavassieux P.M., Santora A.C., Yates J., Meunier P.J. Alendronate increases bone strength by increasing the mean degree of mineralization of bone tissue in osteoporotic women. Bone 2000, 27:687-694.
109. Boivin G., Meunier P.J. Changes in bone remodeling rate influence the degree of mineralization of bone. Connect. Tissue Res. 2002, 43(2-3):535-537.
110. Hernandez C.J., Beaupre G.S., Keller T.S., Carter D.R. The influence of bone volume fraction and ash fraction on bone strength and modulus. Bone 2001, 29(1):74-78.
111. Roschger P., Rinnerthaler S., Yates J., Rodan G.A., Fratzl P., Klaushofer K. Alendronate increases degree and uniformity of mineralization in cancellous bone and decreases the porosity in cortical bone of osteoporotic women. Bone 2001, 29:185-191.
112. Borah B., Ritman E.L., Dufresne R.E., Liu S., Chmielewski P.A., Jorgensen S.M., Reyes D.A., Turner R.T., Phipps R.J., Manhart M.D., Sibonga J.D. Five year risedronate therapy normalizes mineralization. J. Bone Min. Res. 2004, 19(Suppl 1):S308.
113. Roe E., Sanchez S., del Puerto G., Pierini E., Bacchettu P., Cann C., Arnaud C.D. Parathyroid hormone 1-34 (hPTH 1-34) and estrogen produce dramatic bone density increases in postmenopausal osteoporosis - results from a placebo-controlled randomized trial. J. Bone Min. Res. 1999, 14(suppl 1):S137.
114. Ettinger B., San Martin J., Crans G., Pavo I. Differential effects of teriparatide on BMD after treatment with raloxifene or alendronate. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2004, 19(5):745-751.
115. Cosman F., Nieves J., Luckey M., Zion M., Woelfert L., Lindsay R. Daily vs cyclic PTH combined with alendronate vs alendronate alone for treatment of osteoporosis. Bone Miner 2003, 18:S32.
116. Black D., Greenspan S., Ensrud K., Palmero L., McGowan J., Lang T., Garnero P., Bouxsein M., Bilezikian J., Rosen C. The effects of PTH and alendronate alone or in combination in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 349:1207-1215.
117. Finkelstein J.S., Hayes A., Hunzelman J.L., Wyland J.J., Lee H., Neer R.M. The effects of parathyroid hormone, alendronate, or both in men with osteoporosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 349:1216-1226.
118. Deal C., Omizo M., Schwartz E., Eriksen E.F., Cantor P., Wang J., Glass E.V., Myers S., Krege J. Raloxifene in combination with teriparatide reduced teriparatide-induced stimulation of bone resorption but not formation in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2004, 19(supp 1):1169.
119. Onyia J.E.A. Gene array analysis of the bone effects of raloxifene and alendronate show that alendronate strongly inhibits the expression of bone formation marker genes. J. Bone Miner. Res 2002, 17(supp 1):S157.
120. Katz R., Sun Q., Bilezikian J.P. Bisphosphonates differentially affect osteoblast survival in vitro. J. Bone Min. Res. 2004, 19(Suppl 1):S477.
121. Watts N., McClung M., Olsynski W. Effects of risedronate discontinuation on bone turnover and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J. Clin. Densitom. 2004, 7:37.
122. Rubin M.R., Bilezikian J.P. Clinical review 151: The role of parathyroid hormone in the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a re-examination of the evidence. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 87:4033-4041.
123. Lane N.E., Sanchez S., Modin G.W., Genant H.K., Ini E., Arnaud C.D. Parathyroid hormone treatment can reverse corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Results of a randomized controlled clinical trial. J. Clin. Invest. 1998, 102:1627-1633.
124. Buxton E., Yao W., Lane N. Changes in serum receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand, osteoprotegerin, and interleukin-6 levels in patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis treated with human parathyroid hormone (1-34). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004, 89:3332-3336.
125. Lindsay R., Scheele W.M., Neer R., Pohl G., Adami S., Mautalen C., Reginster J.-I., Stepan J.J., Myers S.L., Mitlak B.H. Sustained vertebral fracture risk reduction after withdraw al of teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Arch. Intern. Med. 2004, 164:2024-2030.
126. Rittmaster R.S., Bolognese M., Ettinger M.P., Hanley D.A., Hodsman A.B., Kendler D.L., Rosen C.J. Enhancement of bone mass in osteoporotic women with parathyroid hormone followed by alendronate. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000, 85:2129-2134.
127. Lindsay R., Scheele W.H., Clancy A.D., Hossain A., Mitlak B.H. Reduction in Nonvertebral Fragility Fractures and Increase in Spinal Bone Density Is Maintained 31 Months after Discontinuation of Recombinant Human Parathyroid Hormone (1-34) in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis. 84th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society 2002, OR35-OR36.
128. Lane N.E., Sanchez S., Modin G.W., Genant H.K., Pierini E., Arnaud C.D. Bone mass continues to increase at the hip after parathyroid hormone treatment is discontinued in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: results of a randomized controlled, clinical trial. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2000, 15:944-951.
129. Kurland E.S., Heller S.L., Diamond B., McMahon D.J., Cosman F., Bilezikian J.P. The importance of bisphosphonate therapy in maintaining bone mass in men after therapy with teriparatide [human parathyroid hormone (1-34)]. Osteoporos. Int. 2004, 15:992-997.
130. Black D.M., Bilezikian J.P., Palmero L., Hue T., Ensrud K., Greenspan S., Lang T., McGowan J., Rosen C. The effect of one year of alendronate following one year of PTH1-84: second year results from the PTH and alendronate (PaTH) trial. N. Eng. J. Med. 2005, 353(6):555-565.
131. Misof B.M., Roschger P., Cosman F., Kurland E.S., Tesch W., Messmer P., Dempster D.W., Nieves J., Shane E., Fratzl P., Klaushofer K., Bilezikian J., Lindsay R. Effects of intermittent parathyroid hormone administration on bone mineralization density in iliac crest biopsies from patients with osteoporosis: a paired study before and after treatment. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003, 88:1150-1156.
132. Dempster D.W., Parisien M., Silverberg S.J., Liang X.G., Schnitzer M., Shen V., Shane E., Kimmel D.B., Recker R., Lindsay R., Bilezikian J.P. On the mechanism of cancellous bone preservation in postmenopausal women with mild primary hyperparathyroidism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999, 84:1562-1566.
133. Vahle J.L., Long G.G., Sandusky G., Westmore M., Ma Y.L., Sato M. Bone neoplasms in F344 rats given teriparatide [rhPTH(1-34)] are dependent on duration of treatment and dose. Toxicol. Pathol. 2004, 32:426-438.
134. Vahle J.L., Sato M., Long G.G., Young J.K., Francis P.C., Engelhardt J.A., Westmore M.S., Linda Y., Nold J.B. Skeletal changes in rats given daily subcutaneous injections of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34) for 2 years and relevance to human safety. Toxicol. Pathol. 2002, 30:312-321.
135. Tashijian A.H., Chabner B.A. Commentary on clinical safety of recombinant human parathyroid hormone 1-34 in the treatment of osteoporosis in men and postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2002, 17:1151-1161.
136. Wilker C., Jolette J., Smith S., Doyle N., Hardisty J., Metcalfe A.J., Marriott T.B., Fox J., Wells D. A no observable carcinogenic effect dose level identified in Fischer 344 rats following daily treatment with PTH(1-84) for 2 years: role of the C-terminal PTH receptor?. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2004, 19(supp 1):SA435.
137. Betancourt M., Wirfel K.L., Raymond A.K., Yasko A.W., Lee J., Vassilopoulou-Sellin R. Osteosarcoma of bone in a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism: a case report. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2003, 18:163-166.
138. Palmer M., Adami H.O., Krusemo U.B., Ljunghall S. Increased risk of malignant diseases after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. A nationwide cohort study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1988, 127:1031-1040.
139. FORTEO (teriparatide [rDNA origin] injection) 2002, 1. package insert, Eli-Lilly.
140. Gopalakrishnan V., Hwang S., Loughre H., Alexandre B., Deai D., Haiying L., Abribat T., Vachon L., Daddona P. Administration of ThPTH to humans using Macroflux transdermal technology results in the rapid delivery of biologically active PTH. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2004, 19(supp 1):M484.
141. Leone-Bay A., Sato M., Paton D., Hunt A.H., Sarubbi D., Carozza M., Chou J., McDonough J., Baughman R.A. Oral delivery of biologically active parathyroid hormone. Pharm. Res. 2001, 18:964-970.
142. Mehta N.M. Oral delivery of PTH analogs by a solid dosage formulation. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2001, 16(supp 1):S540.
143. Mehta N.M. Biological activity of recombinant PTH analog 7841. J. Bone Miner. Metab. 2002, 17(Suppl 1):SA 362.
144. Chen Z., Xu P., Barbier J.R., Willick G., Ni F. Solution structure of the osteogenic 1-31 fragment of the human parathyroid hormone. Biochemistry 2000, 39(42):12766-12777.
145. Horwitz M.J., Tedesco M.B., Sereika S.M., Hollis B.W., Garcia-Ocana A., Stewart A.F. Direct comparison of sustained infusion of human parathyroid hormone-related protein-(1-36) [hPTHrP-(1-36)] versus hPTH-(1-34) on serum calcium, plasma 1,23-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and fractional calcium excretion in healthy human volunteers. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003, 88(4):1603-1609.
146. Black D.M., Rosen C.J. Parsimony with PTH: is a single weekly injection of PTH superior to a larger cumulative dose given daily?. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2002, 17(suppl 1):SA 367.
147. Okimoto N., Tsurukami H., Okazaki Y., Nishida S., Sakai A., Ohnishi H., Hori M., Yasukawa K., Nakamura T. Effects of a weekly injection of human parathyroid hormone (1-34) and withdrawal on bone mass, strength, and turmover in mature ovariectomized rats. Bone 1998, 22:523-531.
148. Fujita T., Inoue T., Morii H., Morita R., Norimatsu H., Orimo H., Takahashi H.E., Yamamoto K., Fukunaga M. Effect of an intermittent weekly dose of human parathyroid hormone (1-34) on osteoporosis: a randomized double-masked prospective study using three dose levels. Osteoporos. Int. 1999, 9:296-306.
149. Gowen M., Stroup G.B., Dodds R.A., James I.E., Votta B.J., Smith B.R., Bhatnagar P.K., Lago A.M., Callahan J.F., DelMar E.G., Miller M.A., Nemeth E.F., Fox J. Antagonizing the parathyroid calcium receptor stimulates parathyroid hormone secretion and bone formation in osteopenic rats. J. CLin. Invest. 2000, 105:1595-1604.
150. Alkhiary Y. PTH (1-34) enhances experimental fracture healing. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2003, 18:S24.