The lymph node revisited: Development, morphology, functioning, and role in triggering primary immune responses

Anatomical Record

Volumn 293, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 320-337

  Sainte Marie, Guy ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Lymph node development; Lymph node morphology; Lymphnode functioning; Lymphocyte quest; Rat; Triggering of primary immune responses

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN; CHEMOKINE;

CELL MIGRATION; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; ENDOTHELIUM; FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; LYMPH FOLLICLE; LYMPH NODE; LYMPH NODE CELL; LYMPH VESSEL; LYMPHANGIOGENESIS; LYMPHOCYTE; LYMPHOCYTIC INFILTRATION; MORPHOLOGICAL TRAIT; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VENULE;

ANIMALS; ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS; ANTIGENS; CELL MOVEMENT; GERMINAL CENTER; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, CELLULAR; IMMUNITY, HUMORAL; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHATIC VESSELS; LYMPHOCYTES; MODELS, IMMUNOLOGICAL; RETICULIN;

RATTUS;

EID: 76149133636     PISSN: 19328486     EISSN: 19328494     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ar.21051     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Adams DH, Shaw S. 1994. Leucocyte-endothelial interactions and regulation of leucocyte migration. Lancet 341:831-836.
2. Ager A. 1994. Lymphocyte recirculation and homing: roles of adhesion molecules and chemoattractants. Trends Cell Biol 4:326-333.
3. Aijima H, Horie K, Nagata H, Hoshi H. 1986. Cortical structure of bovine lymph nodes. Acta Anat Nippon 61:173-185.
4. Anderson AO, Anderson ND. 1975. Studies on the structure and permeability of the microvasculature in normal rat lymph nodes. Am J Pathol 80:387-418.
5. Bailey RP, Weiss L. 1975. Light and electronmicroscopic studies of postcapillary venules in developing human fetal lymph nodes. Am J Anat 143:43-57.
6. Bélisle C, Sainte-Marie G. 1981a. Topography of the deep cortex of the lymph nodes of various mammalian species. Anat Rec 201:553-561.
7. Bélisle C, Sainte-Marie G. 1981b. Tridimensional study of the deep cortex of the rat lymph node. II. Relation of deep cortex units to afferent lymphatic vessels. Anat Rec 199:61-72.
8. Bélisle C, Sainte-Marie G. 1981c. Tridimensional study of the deep cortex of the rat lymph node. I. Topography of the deep cortex. Anat Rec 199:45-59.
9. Bélisle C, Sainte-Marie G. 1981d. Tridimensional study of the deep cortex of the rat lymph node. III. Morphology of the deep cortex units. Anat Rec 199:213-226.
10. Bélisle C, Sainte-Marie G. 1981e. Tridimensional study of the deep cortex of the rat lymph node. V. Postnatal development of the deep cortex units. Anat Rec 200:207-220.
11. Bélisle C, Sainte-Marie G. 1990. The blood vascular network of the rat lymph node: tridimensional studies by light and electron microscopy. Am J Anat 189:111-26
12. Bélisle C, Sainte-Marie G, Peng FS. 1982. Tridimensional study of the deep cortex of the rat lymph node. VI. The deep cortex units of the germ-free rat. Am J Pathol 107:70-78.
13. 3H-thymidine in vivo. Anat Rec 175:737-746.
14. Burwell R. 1962. Studies of the primary and the secondary immune responses of lymph nodes draining homografts of fresh cancellous bone (with particular reference to mechanisms of lymph node reactivity). Ann NY Acad Sci 99:821-860.
15. Contran RS, Karnovsky MJ. 1967. Vascular leakage induced by horseradish peroxidase in the rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 126:557-561.
16. Crivaletto E, Vacca A, Ribatti D. 2004. Setting the stage: an anatomist's view of the immune response. Trends Immunol 25:210-217.
17. Cyster JG. 1999. Chemokines and cell migration in secondary lymphoid organs. Science 286:2098-2102.
18. Dabelow A. 1938. Das Gefässystem der lymphatischen organe. Anat Anz 86:424-426.
19. Drinker CK, Field ME, Ward HK. 1934. The filtering capacity of lymph nodes. J Exp Med 59:394-405.
20. Eikelenboom P, Levenbach MGE, van der Brink HR, Streefkerk JG. 1979. Development of T and B cell areas in peripheral lymphoid organs of the rat. Anat Rec 194:523-537.
21. Elves MW. 1977. Migration of small lymphocytes from the skin to regional lymph node. Nature (London) 227:725-727.
22. Ford WL, Smith E. 1982. Experimental approaches to lymphocyte traffic. Pitfalls of the tracer sample method. In: Nieuwenhuis P, van den Broek AA, Hanna MG, Jr, editors. In vivo immunology. Histophysiology of the lymphoid system. New York: Plenum Press. p 139-145.
23. Fossum S. 1990. Difference between lymph node structure and function in normal and athymic rats. In: Grundmann E, Wolmer E, editors. Reaction pattern of the lymph node. Curr Top Pathol 84/I:65-85.
24. Goldschneider I, McGregor DD. 1973. Anatomical distribution of T and B lymphocytes in the rat. J Exp Med 138:1443-1465.
25. Good RA, Finstad J. 1967. The phylogenetic development of immune responses and the germinal center system. In: Cottier H, Odartchenko N, Schindler R, Congdon CC, editors. Germinal centers in immune responses. New York: Springer-Verlag. p 4-28.
26. Goodman JW. 1994. The immune response. In: Stites DP, Terr AI, Parslow TG, editors. Basic and clinical immunology. 8th ed. Norwalk: Appleton and Lange. p 40-49.
27. Gowans JL. 1996. The lymphocyte-a disgraceful gap in medical knowledge. Immunol Today 17:288-291.
28. Gowans JL, Knight EJ. 1964. The route of re-circulation of lymphocytes in the rat. Proc R Soc Lond B 159:257-282.
29. Gretz JE, Anderson AO, Shaw S. 1997. Cords, channels, corridors and conduits: critical architectural elements facilitating cell interactions in the lymph node cortex. Immunol Rev 156:11-24.
30. Gretz JE, Kaldjian EP, Anderson AO, Shaw S. 1996. Sophisticated strategies for information encounter in the lymph node. The reticular network as a conduit of soluble information and a highway for cell traffic. J Immunol 157:495-499.
31. Gretz JE, Norbury CC, Anderson AO, Proudfoot AEI, Shaw S. 2000. Lymph-borne chemokines and other low molecular weight molecules reach high endothelial venules via specialized conduits while a functional barrier limits access to the lymphocyte microenvironments in lymph node cortex. J Exp Med 192:1425-1439.
32. Gutman GA, Weisman L. 1972. Lymphoid tissue architecture. Experimental analysis of the origin and distribution of T-cells and B-cells. Immunology 23:465-479.
33. Harris JE, Ford CE. 1963. The role of the thymus: migration of cells from thymic grafts to lymph nodes in mice. Lancet 1:389-390.
34. Hendricks HR, Eestermans H, Hoefsmit ECM. 1980. Depletion of macrophages and disappearance of postcapillary high endothelial venules in lymph nodes deprived of afferent lymphatic vessels. Cell Tissue Res 211:375-389.
35. Henry L, Beverly JKA. 1976. Age and sex differences in the response of lymph node postcapillary venules in mice injected with toxoplasma gondii. Br J Exp Pathol 57:274-280.
36. Hoshi H, Nataga H, Aijima H, Horie K. 1997. Functional compartmentalization of the lymph node architecture and afferent lymphatic vessels. In: Ohtani O, Kato S, Uchino S, editors. The lymphatics: morphology, function, development. Niigata: Nisshimura. p 45-52.
37. Kelly RH. 1975. Functional anatomy of lymph nodes. I. The paracortical cords. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 48:836-849.
38. 125I-labeled Salmonella Adelaide flagellin following injection into the rat in the presence of Freund's complete adjuvant. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 46:189-208.
39. Mikata A, Niki R. 1971. Permeability of postcapillary venules of the lymph node. An electron microscopic study. Exp Mol Pathol 14:289-305.
40. Miller JFAP. 1961. Imunological function of the thymus. Lancet 2:748-749.
41. Miller JFAP. 1962. Effect of neonatal thymectomy on the immunological responsiveness of the mouse. Proc Roy Soc Lond B 156:415-428.
42. Moe JJ. 1963. Fine structure of the reticulum and sinuses of lymph nodes. Am J Anat 112:311-335.
43. Mond JJ, Cossman J, Forst L, Hansen CT, Mongini PKA, Kessler S, Scher I, Paul WE. 1980. Profound immunologic abnormalities of mice expressing both the xid and nu genes. In: Seligman M, Hitzig WH, editors. Primary immunodeficiencies. New York: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press. p 165-171.
44. Murk JL, Stoorvogel W, Kleijmeer MJ, Geuze HJ. 2002. The plasticity of multivesicular bodies and the regulation of antigen penetration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 13:303-311.
45. Norberg B, Rydgren L. 1978. Lymphocyte migration through the walls of postcapillary venules. Lymphology 11:211-215.
46. Nossal GJV. 1984. The double cascade of lymphoid proliferation: current challenges and problem areas. Am J Anat 170:253-259.
47. Okada S, Albrecht RM, Aharinejad S, Schraufnagel DE. 2002. Structural aspects of the lymphocyte traffic in rat submandibular lymph node. Microsc Microanal 8:116-133.
48. Oort J, Turk JL. 1965. A histological and autoradiographic study of lymph nodes during the development of contact sensitivity in the guinea-pig. Br J Exp Pathol 46:147-154.
49. Parrott DMV, de Souza MAB, East JE. 1966. Thymus-dependent areas in the lymphoid organs of neonatally thymectonized mice. J Exp Med 123:191-204.
50. Pichler WJ, Wisscoray T. 1994. T cells as antigen-presenting cells. Immunol Today 15:312-315.
51. Pirro AF. 1954. Le vene postcapillari del parenchima nella tonsilla palatina umana. Quad Anat Prat 10:86-125.
52. Rouse RV, Reichert RA, Gallatin WM, Weissman LL, Butcher EC. 1984. Localization of lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral lymphoid organs: directed lymphocyte migration and segregation into specific microenvironments. Am J Anat 170:391-405.
53. Sainte-Marie G. 1964. Study on plasmocytopoiesis. I. Description of plasmocytes and their mitoses in the mediastinal lymph nodes of ten-week-old rats. Am J Anat 114:207-233.
54. Sainte-Marie G. 1966. The postcapillary venules in the mediastinal lymph node of ten-week-old rats. Rev Can Biol 25:263-284.
55. Sainte-Marie G. 1975. A critical analysis of the validity of the experimental basis of the current concept of the mode of lymphocyte recirculation. Bull Inst Pasteur 73:255-279.
56. Sainte-Marie G. 2001. Earliest lymphoid colonization of neonatal rat lymph nodes: an antigen-specific process? Histol Histopathol 16:771-783.
57. Sainte-Marie G, Bélisle C, Peng FS. 1990. The deep cortex of the lymph node: morphological variations and functional aspects. In: Grundmann E, Vollmer E, editors. Reaction patterns of the lymph node. Curr Top Pathol 84:33-63.
58. Sainte-Marie G, Guay G. 1995. Association of neutrophils with the high endothelial venules in the neonatal rat lymph nodes: a likely relation to immunoincompetency. Acta Anat 152:41-48.
59. Sainte-Marie G, Leblond CP. 1958. Tentative pattern for renewal of lymphocytes in the cortex of the rat thymus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 97:263-270.
60. Sainte-Marie G, Pelletier M, Peng FS. 1986. Morphological anomalies in the lymph nodes of 13-month-old-thymus-grafted nude mice. Thymus 8:77-90.
61. Sainte-Marie G, Peng FS. 1980. Thymic cell migration in the subnodular spaces of draining lymph nodes of rats. Cell Immunol 52:211-217.
62. Sainte-Marie G, Peng FS. 1983. Depopulation of lymphocyte migration sites in the lymph node by irradiation and colloidal carbon. Rev Can Biol Exp 42:285-293.
63. Sainte-Marie G, Peng FS. 1985a. Evidence for the existence of a subsinus layer of the peripheral cortex in the lymph node of the rat. Cell Tissue Res 239:37-42.
64. Sainte-Marie G, Peng FS. 1985b. The lymph nodes of the N:NIH-(S)II-nu/nu mice. Lab Invest 52:631-637.
65. Sainte-Marie G, Peng FS. 1985c. Distribution pattern of drained antigens and antibodies in the subcapsular sinus of the lymph node of the rat. Cell Tissue Res 239:31-35.
66. Sainte-Marie G, Peng FS. 1986. Diffusion of a lymph-carried antigen in the fiber network of the lymph node of the rat. Cell Tissue Res 245:481-486.
67. Sainte-Marie G, Peng FS. 1987. The formation of "compartment replicas" in the lymph nodes of athymic animals. Cell Tissue Res 248:323-333.
68. Sainte-Marie G, Peng FS. 1990a. Mast cells and fibrosis in compartments of lymph nodes of normal, gnotobiotic, and athymic rats. Cell Tissue Res 261:1-15.
69. Sainte-Marie G, Peng FS. 1990b. Retention of lymphocytes in the subcapsular sinus of the lymph node: a physiological event? Arch Histol Cytol 53:531-541.
70. Sainte-Marie G, Peng FS. 1990c. Atrophy of compartments of rat lymph nodes related to an entry of lethally altered lymphocytes. Cell Tissue Res 262:263-271.
71. Sainte-Marie G, Peng FS. 1990d. Atrophy of lymph node compartments lacking lymph-carried lymphocytes in athymic rats. Arch Histol Cytol 53:543-552.
72. Sainte-Marie G, Peng FS. 1995. A study on the binding of suspended nodal lymphocytes to high endothelial venules in sections of frozen rat lymph nodes. J Anat 187:47-58.
73. Sainte-Marie G, Peng FS. 1996. The high endothelial venules of the lymph node. A review and a question: is their activity antigen-specific? Anat Rec 245:593-620.
74. 3H-uridine. Anat Rec 164:275-309.
75. Sainte-Marie G, Peng FS, Bélisle C. 1982. Overall architecture and pattern of lymph flow in the rat lymph node. Am J Anat 164:275-309.
76. Sainte-Marie G, Peng FS, Denis G. 1975. A study of the mode of lymphocyte recirculation in the dog. Ann Immunol (Inst Pasteur) 126C:481-500.
77. Sainte-Marie G, Peng FS, Marcoux D. 1986a. The stroma of the thymus of the rat: morphology and antigen diffusion. A reconsideration. Am J Anat 177:333-352.
78. Sainte-Marie G, Peng FS, Pritchard D. 1984. Tridimensional study of the deep cortex of the rat lymph node. VIII. The deep cortex units of athymic nude rats. Anat Rec 209:95-104.
79. Sainte-Marie G, Sin YM. 1970. Structures of the lymph node and their possible function during the immune response. In: Gordon AS, editor. Regulation of haematopoiesis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Vol. II: p 1339-1383.
80. Schoefl GI. 1972. The migration of lymphocytes across the vascular endothelium in the lymphoid tissue. A reexamination with an appendix by R.E. Miles. Probability analysis. J Exp Med 136:568-584.
81. Sin YM. 1967. A tridimensional study of the normal lymph node of the young adult rat, Ph.D. thesis. Ontario: University of London.
82. Sixt M, Kanazawa N, Selg M, Samson T, Roos G, Reinhardt DP, Pabst R, Lutz MB, Sorokin L. 2005. The conduit system transports soluble antigens from the afferent lymph to resident dentritic cells in the T cell area of the lymph node. Immunity 22:19-29.
83. Soderström N. 1967. Postcapillary venules as basic structural units in the development of lymphoglandular tissues. Scand J Haematol 4:411-429.
84. Stites DP, Terr AI, Parslow TG. 1994. Basic and clinical immunology. Norwalk: Appleton and Lange.
85. + T cells by dendritic cell-derived exosomes. Nat Immunol 3:1156-1162.
86. Ulrich HA, Thorsten RM. 2003. Homing and cellular traffic in lymph nodes. Nat Rev Immunol 3:867-878.
87. van Roojen N. 1987. The in situ immune response in lymph nodes: a review. Anat Rec 218:359-364.
88. Willard-Mack CL. 2006. Normal structure, function, and histology of lymph nodes. Toxicol Pathol 34:409-424.
89. Yoffey JM, Courtice FC. 1970. Structure and function of nodes. In: Yoffey JM, Courtice FC, editors. Lymphatics, lymph and the lymphomyeloid complex. London: Academic Press. p 517-619.