The significance of C4d staining with minimal histologic abnormalities

Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 21-27

  Haas, Mark ^a  

^a Cedars Sinai Medical Center   (United States)

Author keywords

ABO incompatible; Accommodation; Antibody mediated rejection; Complement; Renal transplantation

Indexed keywords

CD59 ANTIGEN; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C4D; COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX; DECAY ACCELERATING FACTOR; ECULIZUMAB;

ANTIBODY MEDIATED REJECTION; BLOOD GROUP ABO INCOMPATIBILITY; CAPILLARY; CELL MEDIATED REJECTION; COMPLEMENT DEPOSITION; COMPLEMENT INHIBITION; GRAFT REJECTION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; KIDNEY ALLOGRAFT; KIDNEY BIOPSY; KIDNEY TUBULE CAPILLARY; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SCAR FORMATION; STAINING;

ABO BLOOD-GROUP SYSTEM; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BIOPSY; BLOOD GROUPING AND CROSSMATCHING; CAPILLARIES; COMPLEMENT C4B; GRAFT REJECTION; HUMANS; KIDNEY; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; RISK ASSESSMENT; TIME FACTORS; TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 75749144719     PISSN: 10872418     EISSN: 15317013     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOT.0b013e3283342ebd     Document Type: Review

References (40)

1. Halloran PF, Wadgymar A, Ritchie S, et al. The significance of the anti-class I antibody response. I. Clinical and pathologic features of anti-class I-mediated rejection. Transplantation 1990; 49:85-91.
2. Trpkov K, Campbell P, Pazderka K, et al. Pathologic features of acute renal allograft rejection associated with donor-specific antibody. Transplantation 1996; 61:1586-1592.
3. Lederer SR, Kluth-Pepper B, Schneeberger H, et al. Impact of humoral alloreactivity early after transplantation on the long-term survival of renal allografts. Kidney Int 2001; 59:334-341.
4. Colvin RB. Antibody-mediated renal allograft rejection: diagnosis and pathogenesis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:1046-1056.
5. Gloor J, Cosio F, Lager DJ, et al. The spectrum of antibody-mediated renal allograft rejection: implications for treatment. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:1367-1373.
6. Terasaki PI, Cai J. Human leukocyte antigen autobodies and chronic rejection: from association to causation. Transplantation 2008; 86:377-383.
7. Gibson IW, Gwinner W, Brocker V, et al. Peritubular capillaritis in renal allografts: prevalence, scoring system, reproducibility and clinicopathologic correlates. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:819-825.
8. Mauiyyedi S, Crespo M, Collins AB, et al. Acute humoral rejection in kidney transplantation: II. Morphology, immunopathology, and pathologic classification. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:779-787.
9. Baldwin WM III, Kasper EK, Zachary AA, et al. Beyond C4d: other complement-related diagnostic approaches to antibody-mediated rejection. Am J Transplant 2004; 4:311-318.
10. Feucht HE, Schneeberger H, Hillebrand G, et al. Capillary deposition of C4d complement fragment and early renal graft loss. Kidney Int 1993; 43:1333-1338.
11. Bohmig GA, Exner M, Habicht A, et al. Capillary C4d deposition in kidney allografts: a specific marker of alloantibody-dependent graft injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:1091-1099.
12. Herzenberg AM, Gill JS, Djurdjev O, et al. C4d deposition in acute rejection: an independent long-term prognostic factor. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:234-241.
13. Wavamunno MD, O'Connell PJ, Vitalone M, et al. Transplant glomerulopathy: ultrastructural abnormalities occur early in longitudinal analysis of protocol biopsies. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:1-12.
14. Mauiyyedi S, Della Pelle P, Saidman S, et al. Chronic humoral rejection: identification of antibody-mediated chronic allograft rejection by C4d deposits in peritubular capillaries. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12:574-582.
15. Regele H, Bohmig GA, Habicht A, et al. Capillary deposition of complement split product C4d in renal allografts is associated with basement membrane injury in peritubular and glomerular capillaries: a contribution of humoral immunity to chronic allograft rejection. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:2371-2380.
16. Sis B, Campbell PM, Mueller T, et al. Transplant glomerulopathy, late antibody-mediated rejection and the ABCD tetrad in kidney allograft biopsies for cause. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:1743-1752.
17. Gloor JM, Sethi S, Stegall MD, et al. Transplant glomerulopathy: subclinical incidence and association with alloantibody. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:2124-2132.
18. Cosio FG, Gloor JM, Sethi S, et al. Transplant glomerulopathy. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:492-496.
19. Racusen LC, Colvin RB, Solez K, et al. Antibody-mediated rejection criteria: an addition to the Banff '97 classification of renal allograft rejection. Am J Transplant 2003; 3:1-7.
20. Haas M, Rahman MH, Racusen LC, et al. C4d and C3d staining of biopsies of ABO-and HLA-incompatible renal allografts: correlation with histologic findings. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:1829-1840; 2006.
21. Setoguchi K, Ishida H, Shimmura H, et al. Analysis of renal transplant protocol biopsies in ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:86-94.
22. Haas M, Segev D, Racusen LC, et al. C4d deposition without rejection correlates with reduced early scarring in ABO-incompatible renal allografts. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:197-204.
23. Mengel M, Bogers J, Bosmans J-L, et al. Incidence of C4d stain in protocol biopsies from renal allografts: results from a multicenter trial. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:1050-1056.
24. Dickenmann M, Steiger J, Descoeudres B, et al. The fate of C4d positive kidney allografts lacking histological signs of acute rejection. Clin Nephrol 2006; 65:173-179.
25. Williams GM, Hume DM, Hudson RP Jr, et al. 'Hyperacute' renal-homograft rejection in man. N Engl J Med 1968; 279:611-618.
26. Ichimaru N, Takahara S. Japan's experience with living-donor kidney transplantation across ABO barriers. Nature Clin Pract Nephrol 2008; 4:682-691.
27. Gloor JM, Lager DJ, Moore SB, et al. ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation using both A2 and non-A2 living donors. Transplantation 2003; 75:971-977.
28. Tyden G, Donauer J, Wadstrom J, et al. Implementation of a protocol for ABOincompatible kidney transplantation: a three center experience with 60 consecutive transplantations. Transplantation 2007; 83:1153-1155.
29. Montgomery RA, Locke JE, King KE, et al. ABO incompatible renal transplantation: a paradigm ready for broad implementation. Transplantation 2009; 87:1246-1255.
30. Onitsuka S, Yamaguchi Y, Tanabe K, et al. Peritubular capillary deposition of C4d complement fragment in ABO-incompatible renal transplantation with humoral rejection. Clin Transplant 1999; 13 (Suppl 1):33-37.
31. Kato M, Morozumi K, Takeuchi O, et al. Complement fragment C4d deposition in peritubular capillaries in acute humoral rejection after ABO blood groupincompatible human kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2003; 75:663-665.
32. Kanetsuna Y, Yamaguchi Y, Horita S, et al. C4d and/or immunoglobulins deposition in peritubular capillaries in perioperative graft biopsies in ABOincompatible renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 2004; 18 (Suppl 11): 13-17.
33. Fidler ME, Gloor JM, Lager DJ, et al. Histologic findings of antibody-mediated rejection in ABO blood-group-incompatible living-donor kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2004; 4:101-107.
34. Oettl T, Halter J, Bachmann A, et al. ABO blood group-incompatible living donor kidney transplantation: a prospective, single-centre analysis including serial protocol biopsies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:298-303.
35. Toki D, Ishida H, Setoguchi K, et al. Acute antibody-mediated rejection in living ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation: long-term impact and risk factors. Am J Transplant 2009; 9:567-577.
36. Gloor JM, Cosio FG, Rea DJ, et al. Histologic findings one year after positive crossmatch or ABO blood group incompatible living donor kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:1841-1847.
37. Haas M, Montgomery RA, Segev DL, et al. Subclinical acute antibodymediated rejection in positive crossmatch renal allografts. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:576-585.
38. Seemayer CA, Gaspert A, Nickeleit V, et al. C4d staining of renal allograft biopsies: a comparative analysis of different staining techniques. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22:568-576.
39. Cornell LD, Burns JM, Stegall MD. Prevention of endothelial activation with C5 inhibition in positive-crossmatch kidney transplants. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (Suppl 2):304.
40. Ding JW, Zhou T, Ma L, et al. Expression of complement regulatory proteins in accommodated xenografts induced by anti-a-Gal IgG1 in a rat-to-mouse model. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:32-40.