Post-traumatic stress disorder and suicide risk: A systematic review

Archives of Suicide Research

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 1-23

  Krysinska, Karolina ^a   Lester, David ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b RICHARD STOCKTON COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY   (United States)

Author keywords

Post traumatic stress disorder; Psychiatric comorbidity; Suicide risk; Trauma

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; EMOTION; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; LIFE EVENT; MENTAL STRESS; META ANALYSIS; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICS; SUICIDE ATTEMPT; VICTIM;

COMORBIDITY; CRIME VICTIMS; EMOTIONS; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; RISK FACTORS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; SUICIDE, ATTEMPTED;

EID: 75749140496     PISSN: 13811118     EISSN: 15436136     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13811110903478997     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed. rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed. rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. Amir, M., Kaplan, Z., Efroni, R., et al. (1999). Suicide risk and coping styles in posttraumatic stress disorder patients. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, 68,76-81.
5. Anderson, B. A., Howard, M. O., Walker, R. D., et al. (1995). Characteristics of substance-abusing veterans attempting suicide. Psychological Reports, 77,1231-1242.
6. Andreasen, N. C. (2004). Acute and delayed post-traumatic stress disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1321-1323.
7. Arsenault-Lapierre, G., Kim, C., & Turecki, G. (2004). Psychiatric diagnoses in 3275 suicides: A meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 4, 37.
8. Beal, A. L. (1995). Post-traumatic stress disorder in prisoners of war and combat veterans of the Dieppe raid. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 177-184.
9. Beck, A. T., & Kovacs, M. (1979). Assessment of suicidal ideation. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 47, 343-352.
10. Ben-Ya'acov, Y., & Amir, M. (2004). Posttraumatic symptoms and suicide risk. Personality & Individual Differences, 36, 1257-1264.
11. Bertolote, J. M., Fleischmann, A., De Leo, D., et al. (2004). Psychiatric diagnoses and suicide: Revisiting the evidence. Crisis, 25, 147-155.
12. Bisson, J., & Andrew, M. (2007). Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3.
13. Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., et al. (1990). A clinician rating scale for assessing current and lifetime PTSD. Behavior Therapist, 13, 187-188.
14. Blanchard, E. B., Jones-Alexander, J., Buckley, T. C., et al. (1996). The psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Behavior Research & Therapy, 34, 669-673.
15. Bullman, T. A., & Kang, H. K. (1994). Posttraumatic stress disorder and the risk of traumatic deaths among Vietnam veterans. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 182, 604-610.
16. Cavanagh, J. T. O., Carson, A. J., Sharpe, M., et al. (2003). Psychological autopsy studies of suicide: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 33, 395-405.
17. Clum, G. A., & Weaver, T. L. (1997). Diagnostic morbidity and its relationship to severity of ideation for a nonpsychiatric sample of chronic and severe suicide ideators. Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment, 19, 191-206.
18. Darke, S., Ross, J., Lynskey, M., et al. (2004). Attempted suicide among entrants to three treat- ment modalities for heroin dependence in the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS). Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 73, 1-10.
19. Davidson, J. R. T., Hughes, D., Blazer, D. G., et al. (1991). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the community. Psychological Medicine, 21, 713-721.
20. Davidson, J. R. T., Stein, D. J., Shalev, A. Y., et al. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Acquisition, recognition, course, and treatment. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 16, 135-147.
21. Derogatis, L. R. (1992). BSI - Administration, scoring, and procedures manual-II. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research.
22. Desai, R. A., Dausey, D. J., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2005). Mental health service delivery and suicide risk. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 311-318.
23. Dilsaver, S. C., Benazzi, F., Akiskal, H. S., et al. (2007). Post-traumatic stress disorder among adolescent with bipolar disorder and its relationship to suicidality. Bipolar Disorders, 9, 649-655.
24. Drescher, K. D., Rosen, C. S., Burling, T. A., et al. (2003). Causes of death among male veterans who received residential treatment for PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 535-543.
25. Endicott, J., & Spitzer, R. (1978). A diagnostic interview: The Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 937-944.
26. Ernst, C., Lalovic, A., Lesage, A., et al. (2004). Suicide and no Axis I diagnosis. BMC Psychiatry, 4, 7.
27. Ferrada-Noli, M., & Sundbom, E. (1996). Cultural bias in suicidal behaviour among refugees with post-traumatic stress disorder. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 50, 185-191.
28. Ferrada-Noli, M., Asberg, M., Ormstad, K., et al. (1998). Suicidal behavior after severe trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 103-112.
29. Fereira de Castro, E., Cunha, M. A., Pimenta, F., et al. (1998). Parasuicide and mental disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 97, 25-31.
30. Fleischman, A., Bertolote, J. M., Belfer, M., et al. (2005). Completed suicide and psychiatric diagnoses in young people: A critical evaluation of the evidence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75,676-683.
31. Floen, S. K., & Elklit, A. (2007). Psychiatric diagnoses, trauma, and suicidality. Annals of General Psychiatry, 6, 1-8.
32. Fontana, A., & Rosenheck, R. A. (1995). Attempted suicide among Vietnam veterans: A model of etiology in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 102-109.
33. Fordwood, S. R., Asarnow, J. R., Huizar, D. P., et al. (2007). Suicide attempts among depressed adolescents in primary care. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 36, 392-404.
34. Freeman, T. W., Keesee, N., Thornton, C., et al. (1995). Dissociative symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder subjects with a history of suicide attempts. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 183, 664-666.
35. Freeman, T., Roca, V., & Moore, W. M. (2000). A comparison of chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients with and without a history of suicide attempt. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 188, 460-463.
36. Fu, Q., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., et al. (2002). A twin study of genetic and environmental influences on suicidality in men. Psychological Medicine, 32,11-24.
37. Giaconia, R. M., Reinherz, H. Z., Hauf, A. C., et al. (2000). Comorbidity of substance use and post-traumatic stress disorders in a community sample of adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 253-262.
38. Goldberg, D., & Williams, P. (1988). A user's guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor: NFER-Nelson.
39. Gunderson, J. G., & Sabo, A. N. (1993). The phenomenological and conceptual interface between borderline personality disorder and PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 19-27.
40. Gupta, B., & Trzepacz, P. (1997). Serious overdosers admitted to a general hospital: Comparison with nonoverdose self-injuries and medically ill patients with suicidal ideation. General Hospital Psychiatry, 19,209-215.
41. Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 23, 56-62.
42. Harned, M. S., Najavits, L. M., & Weiss, R. D. (2006). Self-harm and suicidal behavior in women with comorbid PTSD and substance abuse. American Journal on Addictions, 15, 392-395.
43. Harris, E. C., & Barraclough, B. M. (1997). Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 205-228.
44. Haw, C., Hawton, K., Houston, K., et al. (2001). Psychiatric an personality disorders in deliberate self-harm patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 48-54.
45. Hendin, H., & Haas, A. P. (1991). Suicide and guilt as manifestations of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 586-591.
46. Horowitz, M., Wilner, M., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Events Scale: A measure of subjective distress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218.
47. Hyer, L., McCranie, E. W., Woods, M. G., et al. (1990). Suicidal behavior among chronic Vietnam threatre veterans with PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 713-721.
48. Keane, T., Caddell, J., & Taylor, K. (1988). Mississippi scale for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 56,85-90.
49. Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., et al. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593-602.
50. Kessler, R. C., Borges, G., & Walters, E. E. (1999). Prevalence of and risk factors for lifetime suicide attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 617-626.
51. Khan, A., Leventhal, R. M., Khan, S., et al. (2002). Suicide risk in patients with anxiety disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 68, 183-190.
52. Kotler, M., Iancu, I., Efroni, R., et al. (2001). Anger, impulsivity, social support, and suicide risk in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 189, 162-167.
53. Krakow, B., Artar, A., Warner, T. D., et al. (2000). Sleep disorder, depression, and suicidality in female sexual assault survivors. Crisis, 21, 163-170.
54. Kramer, T. L., Lindy, J. D., Green, B. L., et al. (1994). The comorbidity of post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidality in Vietnam veterans. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 24, 58-67.
55. Krysinska, K., Lester, D., & Martin, G. (2009). Trauma as a risk factor for suicidal ideation and behavior. Journal of Trauma Nursing, 16, 103-110.
56. Lehmann, R. A., McCormick, R. A., & McCracken, L. (1995). Suicidal behavior among patients in the VA health care system. Psychiatric Services, 46, 1069-1071.
57. Lewis, C. F. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder in HIV-positive incarcerated women. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law, 33, 455-464.
58. Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.
59. Loncar, M., Medved, V., Jovanovic, N., et al. (2006). Psychological consequences of rape on women in 1991-1995 war in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croatian Medical Journal, 47, 67-75.
60. Loughrey, G. C., Bell, P., Kee, M., et al. (1988). Post-traumatic stress disorder and civil violence in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153,554-560.
61. Maloney, E., Degenhardt, L., Darke, S., et al. (2007). Suicidal behaviour and associated risk factors among opioid-dependent individuals. Addiction, 102,1933-1941.
62. Maris, R. W., Berman, A. L., & Silverman, M. M. (2000). Comprehensive textbook of suicidology. New York: Guilford.
63. Marshall, R. D., Olfson, M., Hellman, F., et al. (2001). Comorbidity, impairment, and suicidality in subthreshold PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1467-1473.
64. Mazza, J. J. (2000). The relationship between post-traumatic stress symptomatology and suicidal behavior in school-based adolescents. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 30, 91-103.
65. Mazza, J. J., & Reynolds, W. M. (1999). Exposure to violence in young inner-city adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 203-213.
66. Mehlum. (2005). Traumatic stress and suicidal behaviour: An important target for treatment and prevention. In K. Hawton (Ed.), Prevention and treatment of suicidal behaviour: From science to practice (pp. 121-138). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
67. Meichenbaum, D. (2006). Trauma and suicide: A constructive narrative perspective. In T. E. Ellis (Ed.), Cognition and suicide: Theory, research and therapy (pp. 333-353). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
68. Moylan, P. L., Jones, H. E., Haug, N. A., et al. (2001). Clinical and psychosocial characteristics of substance-dependent pregnant women with and without PTSD. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 469-474.
69. Murphy, S. A., Tapper, V. J., Johnson, L. C., et al. (2003). Suicide ideation among parents bereaved by the violent deaths of their children. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 24, 5-25.
70. Najavits, L. M., Weiss, R. D., & Shaw, S. R. (1999). A clinical profile of women with PTSD and sub- stance dependence. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 13,98-104.
71. Neria, Y., Nandi, A., & Galea, S. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters. Psychological Medicine, 38, 467-480.
72. Norris, F. H., & Slone, L. B. (2007). The epidemiology of trauma and PTSD. In M. J. Friedman, T. M. Keane, & P. A. Resick (Eds.), Handbook of PTSD: Science and practice (pp. 78-96). New York: Guilford Press.
73. North, C. S., Suris, A. M., Davis, M., et al. (2009). Toward validation of the diagnosis of posttrau- matic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166,34-124.
74. O'Campo, P., Kub, J., Woods, A., et al. (2006). Depression, PTSD, and comorbidity related to intimate partner violence in civilian and military women. Brief Treatment & Crisis Intervention, 6, 99-110.
75. Oquendo, M. A., Friend, J. M., Halberstam, B., et al. (2003). Association of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression with greater risk for suicidal behavior. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 580-582.
76. Oquendo, M., Brent, D. A., Birmaher, B., et al. (2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder comorbid with major depression.AmericanJournalofPsychiatry,162,560-566.
77. Owens, D., Horrocks, J., & House, A. (2002). Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 193-199.
78. Phillips, K. A., Coles, M. E., Menard, W., et al. (2005). Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 717-725.
79. Plutchik, R., Van Praag, H. M., & Conte, H. R. (1989). Correlates of suicide and violence risk. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 30, 296-302.
80. Pompili, M., Lester, D., Innamorati, M., et al. (2008). Reasons for living and sleeping patterns among youths. International Journal of Medicine, 1, 6-11.
81. Price, R. K., Risk, N. K., Haden, A. H., et al. (2004). Post-traumatic stress disorder, drug dependence, and suicidality among male Vietnam veterans with a history of heavy drug use. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 76(supplement), S31-S43.
82. Prins, A., Ouimette, P., Kimerling, R., et al. (2004). The Primary Care PTSD Screen (PC-PTSD) Primary Care Psychiatry, 9, 9-14.
83. Reynolds, W. M. (1987). Suicidal ideation questionnaire- Junior. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
84. Reynolds, W. M. (1998). Adolescent psychopathology scale. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
85. Robins, L. N., Helzer, J. C., Croughland, J. L., et al. (1981). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Rockville, MD: NIMH. (ADM-T-42-3).
86. Sareen, J., Cox, B. J., Stein, M. B., et al. (2007). Physical and mental comorbidity, disability, and suicidal behavior associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in a large community sample. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 242-248.
87. Sareen, J., Houlahan, T., Cox, B. J., et al. (2005). Anxiety disorders associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in the national comorbidity survey. Journal of Nervous & Mental disease, 193, 450-454.
88. Saunders, D. G. (1994). Posttraumatic stress symptom profiles of battered women. Violence & Victims, 9, 31-44.
89. Schmidtke, A., Bille-Brahe, U., De Leo, D., et al. (2004). Sociodemographic characteristics of suicide attempters in Europe. In A. Schmidtke, U. Bille-Brahe, D. De Leo, et al. (Eds.), Suicidal Behaviour in Europe (pp. 29-43). Göttingen: Hogrefe & Huber.
90. Scurfield, R. M. (1993). Posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. In J. P. Wilson & B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 285-295). New York: Plenum Press.
91. Seedat, S., Stein, M. B., & Forde, D. R. (2005). Association between physical partner violence, posttraumatic stress, childhood trauma, and suicide attempts in a community sample of battered women. Violence & Victims, 20, 87-98.
92. Shalev, A. Y., Freedman, S., Peri, T., et al. (1998). Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 630-637.
93. Sharhabani-Arzy, R., Amir, M., & Ben-Ya'acov, Y. (2002). Suicide risk, PTSD and personality styles among battered women. Family Violence & Sexual Assault Bulletin, 18, 15-22.
94. Sharhabani-Arzy, R., Amir, M., Kotler, M., et al. (2003). The toll of domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 1335-1346.
95. Sher, L. (2009). Suicide in war veterans: The role of PTSD and depression. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 9, 921-923.
96. Spitzer, R., Williams, J., & Gibbons, M. (1986). Structured clinical interview for DMS-III-R - Nonpatient version. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute.
97. Strauss, J. L., Calhoun, P. S., Marx, C. E., et al. (2006). Cormorbid posttraumatic stress disorders is associated with suicidality in male veterans with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 84, 165-169.
98. Suominen, K., Henriksson, M., Suokas, J., et al. (1996). Mental disorders and comorbidity in attempted suicide. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 94,234-240.
99. Tarrier, N., & Gregg, L. (2004). Suicide risk in civ- ilian PTSD patients. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 655-661.
100. Terr, L. C. (1991). Childhood traumas. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 10-20.
101. Thompson, M. P., Kaslow, N. J., Kingree, J. B., et al. (1999). Partner abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder as a risk factor for suicide attempts in a sample of low-income, inner-city women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 59-72.
102. Thompson, M. P., Kaslow, N. J., Lane, D. B., et al. (2000). Childhood maltreatment, PTSD, and suicidal behavior among African American females. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 3-15.
103. Ullman, S. E., & Brecklin, L. R. (2002). Sexual assault history and suicidal behavior in a national sample of women. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 32, 117-130.
104. Villagomez, R. E., Meyer, T. J., Lin, M. M., et al. (1995). Post-traumatic stress disorder among inner city methadone maintenance patients. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 12, 253-257.
105. Violanti, J. M. (2004). Predictors of police suicide ideation. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 34, 277-283.
106. Warshaw, M. G., Fierman, E., Pratt, L., et al. (1993). Quality of life and dissociation in anxiety disorder patients with histories of trauma or PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1512-1516.
107. Warshaw, M. G., Massion, A. O., Peterson, L. G., et al. (1995). Suicidal behavior in patients with panic disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 34, 235-247.
108. Watson, C., Juba, M., Manifold, V., et al. (1991). The PTSD Interview. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 179-188.
109. Weathers, F. W., & Keane, T. M. (2007). The criterion A problem revisited: Controversies and challenges in defining and measuring psychological trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 107-121.
110. World Health Organization. (1990). Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Version 1.0. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
111. Wunderlich, U., Bronisch, T., & Wittchen, H. U. (1998). Comorbidity patterns in adolescents and young adults with suicide attempts. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience, 248, 87-95.
112. Yen, S., Shea, T., Pagano, M., et al. (2003). Axis I and Axis II disorders as predictors of prospective suicide attempts. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112,373-381.
113. Zivin, K., Kim, M., McCarthy, J. F., et al. (2007). Suicide mortality among individuals receiving treatment for depression in the Veteran Affairs health system. American Journal of Public Health, 97,2193-2198.
114. Zohar, J., Juven-Wetzler, A., Myers, V., et al. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder: Facts and fiction. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21, 74-77.