A Historically Significant Study that at Once Disproves the Membrane (Pump) Theory and Confirms that Nano-protoplasm Is the Ultimate Physical Basis of Life Yet so Simple and Low-cost that it Could Easily Be Repeated in Many High School Biology Classrooms Worldwide

Physiological Chemistry and Physics and Medical NMR

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 89-113

  Ling, Gilbert N ^a   Ochsenfeld, Margaret M ^a  

^a Damadian Foundation for Basic and Cancer Research Tim   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; CHLORIDE; HEMOGLOBIN; POTASSIUM; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; PROTON; SODIUM; SODIUM CHLORIDE; WATER;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOLOGY; CATTLE; CYTOPLASM; EDUCATION; ELECTRON; ERYTHROCYTE; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; SCHOOL; TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL;

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; BIOLOGY; CATTLE; CHLORIDES; CYTOPLASM; ELECTRONS; ERYTHROCYTES; HEMOGLOBINS; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; POTASSIUM; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; PROTONS; SCHOOLS; SODIUM; SODIUM CHLORIDE; WATER;

EID: 75749133307     PISSN: 07486642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. nd Sér. 4, 343-377 (1835).
2. Schwann, T. Mikroscopische Untersuchungen ηber die Übereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachstum der Thiere und Pfanzens (Engelmann, Leipzig, 1839).
3. Schwann, T. Mikroscopische Untersuchungen ηber die Übereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachstum der Thiere und Pfanzens Ibid p. 175. (p. 177 in ref. 3)
4. Schwann, T. Mikroscopische Untersuchungen ηber die Übereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachstum der Thiere und Pfanzens Ibid p. 197. (p. 197 in ref. 3)
5. Smith, H. Microscopical Researches into the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants, (Siedenheim Society, 1847). (Reprinted by Kraus Reprint Co., New York, 1969).
6. Schultz, M. Das Protoplasma der Rhizopoden und der Pflanzenzellen: ein Beitrag zur Theorie der Zellen (Engelmann, Leipzig, 1863).
7. Huxley, T.H. On the physical basis of life. Fortnightly Review 5, 129-145 (1869).
8. Abderhalden, E. Zur quantitative Vergleich. Analyse des Blutes. Zs. Physiol. Chem. 25, 65-115 (1898).
9. Hodgkin, A.L. The Conduction of the Nervous Impulse (Liverpool Univ. Press, 1971). p. 28, Table 2.
10. Ling, G.N. What determines the normal water content of a living cell? Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 36, 1-19 (2004). Also available at < http://www.physiologicalchemistryandphysics.com/pdf/PCP36-l-ling.pdf>. Or, go to www.gilbertling.com, choose volume and article from drop-down list and click.
11. Ling, G.N. In response to an open invitation for comments on AAAS Project 2061's Benchmark Books on Science. Part 1. Documentation of serious errors in cell biology. Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 38, 55-76 (2006). Also available at www.physiologicalchemistry http://www. physiologicalchemistryandphysics.com/pdf/PCP38-55-ling.pdf Or, go to , choose volume and article from drop-down list and click.
12. a. Ibid p. 75, Endnote 1.
13. Ponder, E. Hemolysis and Related Phenomena, (Grune and Stratton, New York, 1948, 1971) pp.119-121.
14. Molecular Expression: Science, Optics and You. Timeline-Ernst Ruska.
15. Marchesi, V.T. and Palade, G. E. J. Cell. Biol. 35, 385-404 (1967).
16. Jain, M. K. The Bimolecular Lipid Membrane (van Nostrand, 1972). p. 11, Figure 1-4.
17. Hardin, G. Meaninglessness of the word protoplasm. Scientific Monthly 82, 112-120 (1956).
18. "Cell" Encyclopedia Britanica, 2009 Encyclopedia Online. 10 March, (2009) http://search.eb.com/eb/article 37477
19. th century to its disproof 45 years ago -though still taught worldwide today as established truth. Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 39, 1-67 (2007). Also available at , Or, go to , choose volume and article from drop-down list and click.
20. Ling, G. N. Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level: The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology (Pacific Press, New York, 2001).
21. a. Ling, G. N. Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level: The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology pp. 152-153.
22. b. Ling, G. N. Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level: The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology p. 167.
23. c. Ling, G. N. Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level: The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology p. 184.
24. d. Ling, G. N. Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level: The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology Figure 46.
25. e. Ling, G. N. Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level: The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology pp.171-175.
26. f.Ling, G. N. Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level: The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology p. 93.
27. g. Ling, G. N. Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level: The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology p. 141.
28. h. Ling, G. N. Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level: The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology pp. 169-170.
29. i. Ling, G. N. Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level: The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology p. 140.
30. j. Ling, G. N. Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level: The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology pp. 143-148.
31. k. Ling, G. N. Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level: The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology p. 157.
32. m. Ling, G. N. Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level: The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology pp. 52-54 Figure 8.
33. Ling, G. N. A Physical Theory of the Living State: the Association-Induction Hypothesis (Blaisdell Publishing Co., Waltham, MA., 1962).
34. a. Ling, G. N. A Physical Theory of the Living State: the Association-Induction Hypothesis p. 53, 163.
35. b. Ling, G. N. A Physical Theory of the Living State: the Association-Induction Hypothesis p. 103.
36. c. Ling, G. N. A Physical Theory of the Living State: the Association-Induction Hypothesis pp. 95-97, pp.111-120.
37. d. Ling, G. N. A Physical Theory of the Living State: the Association-Induction Hypothesis. p. 57 Figure 4.2.
38. e. Ling, G. N. A Physical Theory of the Living State: the Association-Induction Hypothesis p. 189.
39. f. Ling, G. N. A Physical Theory of the Living State: the Association-Induction Hypothesis p.77.
40. Ling, G.N. In Search of the Physical Basis of Life (Plenum Publ., New York, 1984) http://www.gilbertling.org/lp6c.htm.
41. Ling, G.N. In Search of the Physical Basis of Life p. 324.
42. Ling, G. N. A Revolution in the Physiology of the Living Cell (Krieger Publishing Co., Malabar, FL, (1992).
43. a. Ling, G. N. A Revolution in the Physiology of the Living Cell p. 138.
44. b. Ling, G. N. A Revolution in the Physiology of the Living Cell p. 126-127, Figure 6-7.
45. c. Ling, G. N. A Revolution in the Physiology of the Living Cell p. 147.
46. d. Ling, G. N. A Revolution in the Physiology of the Living Cell p. 184.
47. e. Ling, G. N. A Revolution in the Physiology of the Living Cell p.144.
48. f. Ling, G. N. A Revolution in the Physiology of the Living Cell pp. 180-182.
49. g. Ling, G. N. A Revolution in the Physiology of the Living Cell p. 189.
50. h. Ling, G. N. A Revolution in the Physiology of the Living Cell p.196.
51. i. Ling, G. N. A Revolution in the Physiology of the Living Cell p. 146.
52. j. Ling, G. N. A Revolution in the Physiology of the Living Cell pp. 132, Figure 6-11.
53. k. Ling, G. N. A Revolution in the Physiology of the Living Cell pp. 118-121. Table 6.2.
54. m. Ling, G. N. A Revolution in the Physiology of the Living Cell pp. 112-126.
55. Ling, G.N. A new model of the living cell: a summary of the theory and recent experimental evidence in its support. Intern. Rev. Cytology 24, 1-61 (1969).
56. a. Ibid p.47.
57. Ling, G.N. Nano-protoplasm: the ultimate unit of life. Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 39, 111-234 (2007). Also available at < www.physiologicalchemistryandphysics.com/ pdf/PCP39-111-ling.pdf> Or, go to , choose volume and article from drop-down list and click.
58. a. Ling, G.N.Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR p. 136.
59. b. Ling, G.N.Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR p.137.
60. c. Ling, G.N.Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR p. 172.
61. d. Ling, G.N.Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR pp. 147-152.
62. e. Ling, G.N.Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR p. 142.
63. f. Ling, G.N.Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR p. 176.
64. th ed. (William & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1945). p. 7, col. 2.
65. Benesch, R.E. and Benesch, R. The mechanism of interaction of red cell organic phosphates with hemoglobin. Adv. Prot. Chem. 28, 211-237 (1974).
66. Nakao, M., Nakao, T. Yamazoe, S and Yoshikawa, H. Adenosine triphosphate and shape of erythrocytes. J. Biochem. 49, 487-492 (1961).
67. Ling, G.N. The theory of allosteric control of cooperative adsorption and conformation change: a molecular model of physiological activities according to the association-induction hypothesis. In Cooperative Phenomena in Biology (ed. George Karremann, Pergamon Press, New York, 1980).
68. Speakman, J.B. and Hirst, M.C. Nature 128, 1073-1074 (1931).
69. + with β-, and γ-carboxyl groups of intracellular proteins. Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 37, 1-88 (2005). Also available at http://www. physiologicalchemistryandphysics.com/pdf/PCP37-ling.pdf Or, go to < www.gilbertling.com>, choose volume and article from drop-down list and click.
70. a. Ling, G.N.Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR p.46, Endnote 2.
71. Ling, G.N. The role of induction effect in the determination of protein structure. Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 18, 3-16 (1986). Also available at , choose volume and article from drop-down list and click.
72. Ling, G.N. The physical state of water in living cells and model systems. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 125, 401-417(1965).
73. th birthday. In Water and the Cell (eds. Gerald H. Pollack, Ivan L. Cameron and Denys Wheatley, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2006).
74. Ling, G N. A quantitative theory of solute distribution in cell water according to molecular size. Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 25, 145-175 (1993). Also available at Or, go to , choose volume and article from drop-down list and click.
75. Ling, G N. Predictions of polarized multilayer theory of solute distribution confirmed from a study of the equilibrium distribution in frog muscle of twenty-one nonelectrolytes including five cryoprotectants. Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 25, 177-208 (1993). Also available at , Or, go to , choose volume and article from drop- down list and click.
76. Ling, G. N. A new theoretical foundation for the polarized-oriented multilayer theory of cell water and for inanimate systems demonstrating long-range dynamic structuring of water molecules. Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 35: 91-130 (2003). Also available at . Or, go to , choose volume and article from drop-down list and click.
77. http://www.faqs.org/theories/Bo-Bu/Boltzmann-s-Distribution-Law.html
78. Ling, G.N. and Hu, W. Studies on the physical state of water in living cells and model systems. X. The dependence of the equilibrium distribution coefficient of a solute in polarized water on the molecular weights of the solute: experimental confirmation of the "size rule" in model systems. Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 29, 293-307(1988). Also available at . Or, go to , choose volume and article from drop-down list and click.
79. Ling, G.N. and Walton, C.L. What retains water in living cells? Science 191: 293-295 (1976).
80. th Century to its disproof 45 years ago -though still taught worldwide as established truth. Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 39: 1-67 (2003). Also available at . Or, go to , choose volume and article from drop-down list and click.
81. Boyle, F.J. and Conway, E.J. Potassium accumulation in muscle and associated changes. J. Physiol. (London) 100, 1-63 (1941).
82. Dean, R.B. Theories of electrolyte equilibrium in muscle. Biol. Symp. 3, 331-348 (1941).
83. Troshin, A.S. Problems of Cell Permeability, (transl. M.G. Hell and W.F. Widdas, Pergamon, 1966).
84. Ling, G.N. How much water is made "non-free" by 36% native hemoglobin? Physiol. Chem. Phys & Med. NMR 36, 143-158 (2004). http://www.physiologicalchemistryandphysics.com/pdf/PCP36-143-ling.pdf Or go to , choose volume and article from drop-down list and click.
85. Ling, G.N. What befalls the protein and water in a living cell when the cell dies? Physiol. Chem. Phys & Med. NMR 37, 141-158 (2004). http://www.physiologicalchemistryandphysics.com/pdf/PCP37-141-ling.pdf. Or go to , choose volume and article from drop-down list and click.
86. Ling, G. N. Debunking the alleged resurrection of the sodium pump hypothesis. Physiol. Chem. Phys & Med. NMR 29, 123-198 (1997). Also available at http://www.physiologicalchemistryandphysics.com/pdf/PCP29-ling.pdf. Or go to , choose volume and article from drop-down list and click.
87. Ling, G.N. and Negendank, W. Do isolated membranes and purified vesicles pump sodium? A critical review and reinterpretation. Persp. Biol. Med. 23: 215-239 (1980).
88. Brinley, F.J. and Mullin, L. J. Sodium extrusion by internally dialyzed squid axons. J. Gen. Physiol. 52, 181-211 (1968).
89. http://www.gilbertling.org/lp6a.htm.
90. Ling, G.N. Maintenance of low sodium and high potassium levels in resting muscle cells. J. Physiol (London) 280, 105-123 (1978).
91. Ling, G.N., Ochsenfeld, M.M., Walton, C. and Bersinger, T. J. Mechanism of solute exclusion from cells: the role of protein-water interaction. Physiol. Chem. Phys.12, 3-10 (1980). Also available at < http://www. physiologicalchemistryandphysics.com/pdf/PCP12-3-ling-ochsenfeld-walton- bersinger.pdf>. Or go to , choose volume and article from drop-down list and click.
92. + (sulfate), sucrose, glycine and urea in the water in which the protein is also dissolved. Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med NMR 21, 19-44 (1989). Also available at < http://www.physiologicalchem- istryandphysics.com/pdf/PCP21-19-ling-ochsenfeld.pdf>. Or, go to , choose volume and article from drop-down list and click.
93. Ling, G.N. and Hu, W.X. Studies on the physical state of water in living cells and model systems. VIII. Water vapor sorption on proteins and oxygen-containing polymers at physiological vapor pressure: presenting a new method for the study of vapor pressure at close to and including saturation. Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 19, 251-269 (1987). Also available at < http://www.physiologicalchemistryandphysics.com/pdf/PCP19-251-ling-hu.pdf>. Or, go to , choose volume and article from drop-down list and click.
94. Ling, G.N., Walton, C. and Bersinger, T. J.. Reduced solubility of polymer-oriented water for sodium sulfate, amino acids, and other solutes normally maintained at low levels in living cells. Physiol.Chem.Phys. 12, 111-138 (1980). Also available at < http://www. physiologicalchemistryandphysics.com/pdf/PCP12-l1l-ling-walton-bersinger. pdf>. Or, go to , choose volume and article from drop-down list and click.
95. Dayhoff, M.O. Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure (National Biomedical Research Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1972).
96. Carr, C.W. Studies on the binding of small ions on protein solutions with the use of membrane electrodes II. The binding of chloride ions in solution of various Proteins. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 46, 417-423 (1953).
97. Ling, G.N. The role of phosphate in the maintenance of the resting potential and selective ionic accumulation in frog muscle cells. Phosphorus Metabolism Vol.II, 748-795 (W.D. McElroy and B. Glass, eds., Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md., 1952).
98. Goto, Y. Takahashi, N. and Fink, A.L. Mechanism of acid-induced folding of proteins. Biochem. 29, 3480-3488 (1990).
99. Ling, G.N. Oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial physiology: a critical review of chemiosmotic hypothesis and reinterpretation by the association-induction hypothesis. Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 33, 29-96 (1981). pp. 86-87. Also available at . Or, go to , choose volume and article from drop-down list and click.
100. - does not bind onto hemoglobin significantly Thus, whatever concentration of NaCl we may choose to add, it could not conceivably give us any tangible benefit.