Diagnosis and management of acute ischemic stroke

Disease-a-Month

Volumn 56, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 72-100

  Gorelick, Philip B ^a   Ruland, Sean ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7A; ENOXAPARIN; FLUDROCORTISONE; FRESH FROZEN PLASMA; HEPARIN; INSULIN; NIMODIPINE; PLACEBO; PROTHROMBIN; PROUROKINASE; RECOMBINANT PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; SODIUM CHLORIDE; VITAMIN K GROUP; WARFARIN;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ADJUVANT THERAPY; ALLERGIC REACTION; BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BLOODSTREAM INFECTION; BRAIN ARTERY ANEURYSM; BRAIN EDEMA; BRAIN HEMATOMA; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN INFARCTION; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; CRANIECTOMY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; EARLY INTERVENTION; EMBOLISM; FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CENTER; HEMOPHILIA; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPONATREMIA; INFECTION; LUNG EDEMA; LUNG INJURY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY OCCLUSION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT CARE; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; TELEMEDICINE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

EID: 75649152490     PISSN: 00115029     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.12.003     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Kung H.C., Hoyert D.L., Xu J., et al. Deaths: final data for 2005. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2008, 56:1-120.
2. Lloyd-Jones D., Adams R., Carnethon M., et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2009 update. Circulation 2009, 119:e21-e181.
3. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995, 333:1581-1587. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Study Group.
4. Gorelick A.R., Gorelick P.B., Sloan E.P. Emergency department evaluation and management of stroke: acute assessment, stroke teams and care pathways. Neurol Clin 2008, 26:923-942.
5. Joint Commission website http://www.jointcommission.org/CertificationPrograms/Disease-SpecificCare/DCSPM/.
6. Alberts M.J., Hademenos G., Latchaw R.E., et al. Recommendations for the establishment of primary stroke centers. JAMA 2000, 283:3102-3109.
7. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke (Review) Stroke Units Trialists' Collaboration, Cochrane Libr 2008. http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000197.html.
8. Lattimore S.U., Chalela J., Davis L., et al. Impact of establishing a primary stroke center at a community hospital on the use of thrombolytic therapy: the NINDS Suburban Hospital Stroke Center experience. Stroke 2003, 34:e55-e357.
9. Prioritizing interventions to improve rates of thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. Neurology 2005, 64:654-659. California Acute Stroke Pilot Registry (CASPR) Investigators.
10. Alberts M.J., Latchaw R.E., Selman W.R., et al. Recommendations for comprehensive stroke centers: a consensus statement from the Brain Attack Coalition. Stroke 2005, 36:1597-1618.
11. Demaerschalk B.M., Durocher D.L. How diagnosis-related group 559 will change the US Medicare cost reimbursement ratio for stroke centers. Stroke 2007, 38:1309-1312.
12. Schwamm L.H., Holloway R.G., Amarenco P., et al. A review of the evidence for the uses of telemedicine within stroke systems of care. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2009, 40:2616-2634.
13. Meyer B.C., Raman R., Hemmen T., et al. Efficacy of site-independent telemedicine in the STRokE DOC trial: a randomized, blinded, prospective study. Lancet Neurol 2008, 7:787-795.
14. LaMonte M.P., Cullen J., Gagliano D.M., et al. Shortening time to stroke treatment using ambulance telemedicine: TeleBAT. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2004, 13:148-154.
15. Liebeskind D.S. Imaging the future of stroke. I. Ischemia. Ann Neurol 2009, 66:574-590.
16. Adams H.P., del Zoppo G., Alberts M.J., et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups. Circulation 2007, 115:e478-e534.
17. Thomsen H.S. How to avoid nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: current guidelines in Europe and the United States. Radiol Clin North Am 2009, 47:871-875.
18. Lyden P., Lu M., Kwiatkowski T., et al. Thrombolysis in patients with transient neurologic deficits. Neurology 2001, 57:2125-2128. NINDS Study Group.
19. Marler J.R., Tilley B.C., Lu M., et al. Early stroke treatment associated with better outcome: the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study. Neurology 2000, 55:1649-1655.
20. Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet 2004, 363:768-774. The ATLANTIS, ECASS, NINDS rt-PA Study Group Investigators.
21. Hacke W., Kaste M., Bluhmki E., et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2008, 359:1317-1329.
22. del Zoppo G.J., Saver J.L., Jauch E.C., et al. Expansion of the time window for treatment of acute ischemic stroke with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator: a science advisory from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2009, 40:2945-2948. American Heart Association Stroke Council.
23. Furlan A., Higashida R., Wechsler L., et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999, 282:2003-2011.
24. Smith W.S., Sung G., Saver J., et al. Mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: final results of the Multi MERCI Trial. Stroke 2008, 39:1205-1212.
25. Bose A., Henkes H., Alfke K., et al. The penumbra system: a mechanical device for the treatment of acute stroke due to thromboembolism. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008, 29:1409-1413.
26. Josephson S.A., Saver J.L., Smith W.S. Comparison of mechanical embolectomy and intraarterial thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke within the MCA: MERCI and Multi MERCI compared to PROACT II. Neurocrit Care 2009, 10:43-49. The Merci and Multi Merci Investigators.
27. Khatri P., Abruzzo T., Yeatts S.D., et al. Good clinical outcome after ischemic stroke with successful revascularization is time-dependent. Neurology 2009, 73:1066-1072. IMS I and II Investigators.
28. Khatri P., Hill M.D., Palesch Y.Y., et al. Methodology of the Interventional Management of Stroke III Trial. Int J Stroke 2008, 3:130-137. IMS III Investigators.
29. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20,000 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Lancet 1997, 349:1641-1649. CAST (Chinese Acute Stroke Trial) Collaborative Group.
30. Vahedi K., Hofmeijer J., Jeuttler E., et al. Early decompressive surgery in malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery: a pooled analysis of three randomized controlled trials. Lancet Neurol 2007, 6:215-222.
31. Hofmeijer J., Kappelle L.J., Amelink G.J., et al. Surgical decompression for space-occupying cerebral infarction (the Hemicraniectomy After Middle Cerebral Artery infarction with Life-threatening Edema Trial [HAMLET]): a multicentre, open, randomized trial. Lancet Neurol 2009, 8:326-333. HAMLET investigators.
32. Castillo J., Leira R., Garcia M.M., et al. Blood pressure decrease during the acute phase of ischemic stroke is associated with brain injury and poor stroke outcome. Stroke 2004, 35:520-527.
33. Hill M.D., Lye T., Moss H., et al. Hemi-orolingual angioedema and ACE inhibition after alteplase treatment of stroke. Neurology 2003, 60:1525-1527.
34. Van den Berghe G., Wouters P., Weekers F., et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:1359-1367.
35. Malmberg K., Ryden L., Efendic S., et al. Randomized trial of insulin-glucose infusion followed by subcutaneous insulin treatment in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI study): effects on mortality at 1 year. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 26:57-65.
36. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:1283-1297. The NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators.
37. Gray C.S., Hildreth A., Sandercock P.A., et al. Glucose-potassium-insulin infusions in the management of post-stroke hyhperglycaemia: the UK Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST-UK). Lancet Neurol 2007, 6:397-406.
38. Sherman D.G., Albers G.W., Bladin C., et al. The efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after acute ischaemic stroke (PREVAIL Study): an open-label randomised comparison. Lancet 2007, 369:1347-1355.
39. Kase C.S., Albers G.W., Bladin C., et al. Neurological outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke receiving enoxaparin or heparin for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: subanalysis of the Prevention of VTE after Acute Ischemic Stroke with LMWH (PREVAIL) study. Stroke 2009, 40:3532-3540.
40. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:549-556. The Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group.
41. Bernard S.A., Gray T.W., Buist M.D., et al. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:557-563.
42. Kissela B., Schneider A., Kleindorfer D., et al. Stroke in a biracial population the excess burden among blacks. Stroke 2007, 38:2001-2023.
43. Flaherty M.L., Haverbusch M., Sekar P., et al. Long-term mortality after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2006, 66:1182-1186.
44. Becker K.J., Baxter A.B., Cohen W.A., et al. Withdrawal of support in intracerebral hemorrhage may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies. Neurology 2001, 56:766-772.
45. Broderick J.P., Brott T.G., Duldner J.E., et al. Volume of intracerebral hemorrhage. A powerful and easy-to-use predictor of 30-day mortality. Stroke 1993, 24:987-993.
46. Davis S.M., Broderick J., Hennerici M., et al. Hematoma growth is a determinant of mortality and poor outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2006, 66:1175-1181. Recombinant Activated Factor VII Intracerebral Hemorrhage Trial Investigators.
47. Ruland S.D., Gorelick P.B. Stroke. Neurol Clin 2008, 26:871-1207.
48. Gorelick P.B. Cerebral microbleeds. Evidence of heightened risk associated with aspirin use. Arch Neurol 2009, 66:691-693.
49. O'Donnell H.C., Rosand J., Knudsen K.A., et al. Apolipoprotein E genotype and the risk of recurrent lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:240-245.
50. Flaherty M.L., Kissela B., Woo D., et al. The increasing incidence of anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2007, 68:116-121.
51. Flaherty M.L., Tao H., Haverbusch M., et al. Warfarin use leads to larger intracerebral hematomas. Neurology 2008, 71:1084-1089.
52. Zubkov A.Y., Mandrekar J.N., Claasen D.O., et al. Predictors of outcome in warfarin-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Arch Neurol 2008, 65:1320-1325.
53. Steiner T., Diringer M.N., Schneider D., et al. Dynamics of intraventricular hemorrhage in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: risk factors, clinical impact, and effect of hemostatic therapy with recombinant activated factor VII. Neurosurgery 2006, 59:767-773.
54. Broderick J.P., Diringer M.N., Hill M.D., et al. Determinants of intracerebral hemorrhage growth: an exploratory analysis. Stroke 2007, 38:1072-1075. Recombinant Activated Factor VII Intracerebral Hemorrhage Trial Investigators.
55. Wada R., Aviv R.I., Fox A.J., et al. CT angiography "spot sign" predicts hematoma expansion in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2007, 38:1257-1262.
56. Goldstein J.N., Fazen L.E., Snider R., et al. Contrast extravasation on CT angiography predicts hematoma expansion in intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2007, 68:889-894.
57. Sansing L.H., Messe S.R., Cucchiara B.L., et al. Prior antiplatelet use does not affect hemorrhage growth or outcome after ICH. Neurology 2009, 72:1397-1402. The CHANT Investigators.
58. Flibotte J.J., Hagan N., O'Donnell J., et al. Warfarin, hematoma expansion, and outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2004, 63:1059-1064.
59. Broderick J., Connolly S., Feldmann E., et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults: 2007 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council; Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Stroke 2007, 38:2001-2023.
60. Diringer M.N. Intracerebral hemorrhage: pathophysiology and management. Crit Care Med 1993, 21:1591-1603.
61. Stochetti N., Maas A.I., Chieregato A., et al. Hyperventilation in head injury: a review. Chest 2005, 127:1812-1827.
62. Powers W.J., Zazulia A.R., Videen T.O., et al. Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow surrounding acute (6-22 hours) intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2001, 57:18-24.
63. Qureshi A.I. Antihypertensive treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 2009, (in press).
64. Anderson C.S., Huang Y., Wang J.G., et al. Intensive blood pressure reduction in acute cerebral haemorrhage trial (INTERACT): a randomized pilot trial. Lancet Neurol 2008, 7:391-399. INTERACT Investigators.
65. Potter J.F., Robinson T.G., Ford G.A., et al. Controlling hypertension and hypotension immediately post-stroke (CHHIPS): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial. Lancet Neurol 2009, 8:48-56.
66. Claasen J., Jette N., Chum F., et al. Electrographic seizures and periodic discharges after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2007, 69:1356-1365.
67. Vespa P.M., O'Phelan K., Shah M., et al. Acute seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage: a factor in progressive midline shift and outcome. Neurology 2003, 60:1441-1446.
68. Naidech A.M., Garg R.K., Liebling S., et al. Anticonvulsant use and outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2009, 40:3110-3115.
69. Szaflarski JP, Sangha KS, Lindsell CJ, et al. Prospective, randomized, single-blinded comparative trial of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis. Neurocrit Care (in press).
70. Mayer S.A., Brun N.C., Begtrup K., et al. Recombinant activated factor IVV for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:777-785. Recombinant Activated Factor VII Intracerebral Hemorrhage Trial Investigators.
71. Mayer S.A., Brun N.C., Begtrup K., et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:2127-2137. FAST Trial Investigators.
72. Goldstein J.N., Rosand J., Schwamm L.H. Warfarin reversal in anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2008, 9:277-283.
73. Aguilar M.I., Hart R.G., Kase C.S., et al. Treatment of warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage: literature review and expert opinion. Mayo Clin Proc 2007, 82:82-92.
74. Mendelow A.D., Gregson B.A., Fernandes H.M., et al. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomized trial. Lancet 2005, 365:387-397. STICH Investigators.
75. Surgical trial in intracerebral hemorrhage II Accessed November 9, 2009. http://www.ncl.ac.uk/stich/.
76. MIS+rtPA for ICH Evacuation (MISTIE), Accessed November 19, 2009. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00224770.
77. Bederson J.B., Connolly E.S., Batjer H.H., et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysm subarachnoid hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professions from a special writing group of the stroke council, American Heart Association. Stroke 2009, 40:994-1025.
78. Bardach N.S., Zhao S., Gress D.R., et al. Association between subarachnoid hemorrhage outcomes and number of cases treated at California hospitals. Stroke 2002, 33:1851-1856.
79. Bassi P., Bandera R., Loiero M., et al. Warning signs in subarachnoid hemorrhage: a cooperative study. Acta Neurol Scand 1991, 84:277-281.
80. Kowalski R.G., Claassen J., Kreiter K.T., et al. Initial misdiagnosis and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. JAMA 2004, 291:866-869.
81. Diringer M.N. Management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 2009, 37:432-440.
82. Dupont S.A., Wijdicks E.F.M., Manno E.M., et al. Thunderclap headache and normal computed tomographic results: value of cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2008, 83:1326-1331.
83. Ohkuma H., Tsurutani H., Suzuki S. Incidence and significance of early aneurysmal rebleeding before neurosurgical or neurological management. Stroke 2001, 32:1176-1180.
84. Naidech A.M., Bassin S.L., Garg R.K., et al. Cardiac troponin I and acute lung injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2009, 11:177-182.
85. Vespa P.M., Bleck T.P. Neurogenic pulmonary edema and other mechanisms of impaired oxygenation after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2004, 2:157-170.
86. Samuels M.A. The brain-heart connection. Circulation 2007, 116:77-84.
87. Molyneaux A., Kerr R.S.C., Yu L.M., et al. International subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomized comparison of effects on survival, dependency, seizures, rebleeding, subgroups, and aneurysm occlusion. Lancet 2005, 366:809-817. International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) Collaborative Group.
88. Keyrouz S.G., Diringer M.N. Clinical review: prevention and therapy of vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care 2007, 11:220.
89. Carrera E., Schmidt J.M., Oddo M., et al. Transcranial Doppler for predicting delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2009, 65:316-324.
90. Dorhout Mees S.M., Rinkel G.J., Feigin V.L., et al. Calcium antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 Jul 18, (3). CD000277. Review.PMID: 17636626. http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000277.html.
91. Komotar R.J., Schmidt J.M., Starke R.M., et al. Resuscitation and critical care of poor grade subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2009, 64:397-411.
92. Romero C.M., Morales D., Reccius A., et al. Milrinone as a rescue therapy for symptomatic refractory cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2009, 11:165-171.
93. Macdonald R.L., Kassel N.F., Mayer S., et al. Clazosentan to overcome neurological ischemia and infarction occurring after subarachnoid hemorrhage (CONSCIOUS-1). Stroke 2008, 39:3015-3021.
94. Simvastatin in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (STASH): a multicenter randomised controlled clinical trial Accessed November 22, 2009. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00731627.
95. Harrigan M.R. Endocrine and metabolic dysfunction syndromes in the critically ill. Crit Care Clin 2001, 17:125-138.