메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 88, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 120-130

Cardiovascular risk factor trends and potential for reducing coronary heart disease mortality in the United States of America

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL;

EID: 75649084186     PISSN: 00429686     EISSN: 15640604     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2471/BLT.08.057885     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (148)

References (51)
  • 2
    • 36148943127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ford ES, Capewell S. Coronary heart disease mortality among young adults in the US from 1980 through 2002: concealed levelling of mortality rates. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:2128-32. PMID:18036449 doi:10.1016/j. jacc.2007.05.056
    • Ford ES, Capewell S. Coronary heart disease mortality among young adults in the US from 1980 through 2002: concealed levelling of mortality rates. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:2128-32. PMID:18036449 doi:10.1016/j. jacc.2007.05.056
  • 3
    • 0003427756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: Government Printing Office;, Available from:, accessed on 5 October 2009
    • Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people 2010: understanding and improving health and objectives for improving health. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office; 2000. Available from: http:// www.cdc.gov/nchs/hphome.htm [accessed on 5 October 2009].
    • (2000) Healthy people 2010: Understanding and improving health and objectives for improving health
  • 4
    • 75649135179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public health action plan to prevent heart disease and stroke, GA:, Available from:, accessed on 5 October 2009
    • Public health action plan to prevent heart disease and stroke. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2008. Available from: http://www. cdc.gov/dhdsp/library/action-plan/index.htm [accessed on 5 October 2009].
    • (2008) Atlanta
  • 5
    • 1342268295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of no leisure-time physical activity - 35 states and the District of Columbia, 1988-2002
    • PMID:14762333 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of no leisure-time physical activity - 35 states and the District of Columbia, 1988-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:82-6. PMID:14762333
    • (2004) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.53 , pp. 82-86
  • 6
    • 0028181730 scopus 로고
    • By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease?
    • PMID:8043072
    • Law MR, Wald NJ, Thompson SG. By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease? BMJ 1994;308:367-72. PMID:8043072
    • (1994) BMJ , vol.308 , pp. 367-372
    • Law, M.R.1    Wald, N.J.2    Thompson, S.G.3
  • 7
    • 0037079309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360:1903-13. PMID:12493255 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11911-8
    • Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360:1903-13. PMID:12493255 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11911-8
  • 8
    • 34548628795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bogers RP, Bemelmans WJ, Hoogenveen RT, Boshuizen HC, Woodward M, Knekt P, et al. Association of overweight with increased risk of coronary heart disease partly independent of blood pressure and cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies including more than 300 000 persons. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1720-8. PMID:17846390 doi:10.1001/ archinte.167.16.1720
    • Bogers RP, Bemelmans WJ, Hoogenveen RT, Boshuizen HC, Woodward M, Knekt P, et al. Association of overweight with increased risk of coronary heart disease partly independent of blood pressure and cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies including more than 300 000 persons. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1720-8. PMID:17846390 doi:10.1001/ archinte.167.16.1720
  • 9
    • 85136392285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hunink MG, Goldman L, Tosteson AN, Mittleman MA, Goldman PA, Williams LW, et al. The recent decline in mortality from coronary heart disease, 1980-1990. The effect of secular trends in risk factors and treatment. JAMA 1997;277:535-42. PMID:9032159 doi:10.1001/jama.277.7.535
    • Hunink MG, Goldman L, Tosteson AN, Mittleman MA, Goldman PA, Williams LW, et al. The recent decline in mortality from coronary heart disease, 1980-1990. The effect of secular trends in risk factors and treatment. JAMA 1997;277:535-42. PMID:9032159 doi:10.1001/jama.277.7.535
  • 10
    • 34250019702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining the decrease in mortality from coronary heart disease in the United States between 1980 and 2000
    • PMID:17554120 doi:10.1056/NEJMsa053935
    • Ford ES, Ajani UA, Croft JB, Critchley JA, Labarthe DR, Kottke TE, et al. Explaining the decrease in mortality from coronary heart disease in the United States between 1980 and 2000. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2388-98. PMID:17554120 doi:10.1056/NEJMsa053935
    • (2007) N Engl J Med , vol.356 , pp. 2388-2398
    • Ford, E.S.1    Ajani, U.A.2    Croft, J.B.3    Critchley, J.A.4    Labarthe, D.R.5    Kottke, T.E.6
  • 11
    • 0037280384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weinstein MC, O'Brien B, Hornberger J, Jackson J, Johannesson M, McCabe C, et al. Principles of good practice for decision analytic modeling in health-care evaluation: report of the ISPOR Task Force on Good Research Practices - Modeling Studies. Value Health 2003;6:9-17. PMID:12535234 doi:10.1046/j.1524-4733.2003.00234.x
    • Weinstein MC, O'Brien B, Hornberger J, Jackson J, Johannesson M, McCabe C, et al. Principles of good practice for decision analytic modeling in health-care evaluation: report of the ISPOR Task Force on Good Research Practices - Modeling Studies. Value Health 2003;6:9-17. PMID:12535234 doi:10.1046/j.1524-4733.2003.00234.x
  • 12
    • 0034814526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of risk factor reductions between 1981 and 1990 on coronary heart disease incidence, prevalence, mortality and cost
    • PMID:11583874 doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01512-1
    • Goldman L, Phillips KA, Coxson P, Goldman PA, Williams L, Hunink MG, et al. The effect of risk factor reductions between 1981 and 1990 on coronary heart disease incidence, prevalence, mortality and cost. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1012-7. PMID:11583874 doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01512-1
    • (2001) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.38 , pp. 1012-1017
    • Goldman, L.1    Phillips, K.A.2    Coxson, P.3    Goldman, P.A.4    Williams, L.5    Hunink, M.G.6
  • 14
    • 1942488952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emberson J, Whincup P, Morris R, Walker M, Ebrahim S. Evaluating the impact of population and high-risk strategies for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2004;25:484-91. PMID:15039128 doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2003.11.012
    • Emberson J, Whincup P, Morris R, Walker M, Ebrahim S. Evaluating the impact of population and high-risk strategies for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2004;25:484-91. PMID:15039128 doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2003.11.012
  • 15
    • 0141692209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary heart disease: Estimating the impact of changes in risk factors
    • McPherson K, Britton A, Causer L. Coronary heart disease: estimating the impact of changes in risk factors. London: National Heart Forum; 2002. pp. 1-60
    • (2002) London: National Heart Forum , pp. 1-60
    • McPherson, K.1    Britton, A.2    Causer, L.3
  • 16
    • 0034718443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explanation for the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in Auckland, New Zealand, between 1982 and 1993
    • PMID:11004141
    • Capewell S, Beaglehole R, Seddon M, McMurray J. Explanation for the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in Auckland, New Zealand, between 1982 and 1993. Circulation 2000;102:1511-6. PMID:11004141
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.102 , pp. 1511-1516
    • Capewell, S.1    Beaglehole, R.2    Seddon, M.3    McMurray, J.4
  • 17
    • 1542409920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unal B, Critchley JA, Capewell S. Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in England and Wales between 1981 and 2000. Circulation 2004;109:1101-7. PMID:14993137 doi:10.1161/01. CIR.0000118498.35499.B2
    • Unal B, Critchley JA, Capewell S. Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in England and Wales between 1981 and 2000. Circulation 2004;109:1101-7. PMID:14993137 doi:10.1161/01. CIR.0000118498.35499.B2
  • 18
    • 26444552464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in Finland between 1982 and 1997
    • PMID:16150890 doi:10.1093/aje/kwi274
    • Laatikainen T, Critchley J, Vartiainen E, Salomaa V, Ketonen M, Capewell S. Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in Finland between 1982 and 1997. Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:764-73. PMID:16150890 doi:10.1093/aje/kwi274
    • (2005) Am J Epidemiol , vol.162 , pp. 764-773
    • Laatikainen, T.1    Critchley, J.2    Vartiainen, E.3    Salomaa, V.4    Ketonen, M.5    Capewell, S.6
  • 19
    • 4444347411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining the increase in coronary heart disease mortality in Beijing between 1984 and 1999
    • PMID:15337690 doi:10.1161/01. CIR.0000140668.91896.AE
    • Critchley J, Liu J, Zhao D, Wei W, Capewell S. Explaining the increase in coronary heart disease mortality in Beijing between 1984 and 1999. Circulation 2004;110:1236-44. PMID:15337690 doi:10.1161/01. CIR.0000140668.91896.AE
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.110 , pp. 1236-1244
    • Critchley, J.1    Liu, J.2    Zhao, D.3    Wei, W.4    Capewell, S.5
  • 20
    • 0029789121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decline of coronary heart disease mortality in the Netherlands from 1978 to 1985: Contribution of medical care and changes over time in presence of major cardiovascular risk factors
    • PMID:8863098 doi:10.1097/00043798-199606000-00002
    • Bots ML, Grobbee DE. Decline of coronary heart disease mortality in the Netherlands from 1978 to 1985: contribution of medical care and changes over time in presence of major cardiovascular risk factors. J Cardiovasc Risk 1996;3:271-6. PMID:8863098 doi:10.1097/00043798-199606000-00002
    • (1996) J Cardiovasc Risk , vol.3 , pp. 271-276
    • Bots, M.L.1    Grobbee, D.E.2
  • 21
    • 0028334333 scopus 로고
    • Changes in risk factors explain changes in mortality from ischaemic heart disease in Finland
    • PMID:8044063
    • Vartiainen E, Puska P, Pekkanen J, Tuomilehto J, Jousilahti P. Changes in risk factors explain changes in mortality from ischaemic heart disease in Finland. BMJ 1994;309:23-7. PMID:8044063
    • (1994) BMJ , vol.309 , pp. 23-27
    • Vartiainen, E.1    Puska, P.2    Pekkanen, J.3    Tuomilehto, J.4    Jousilahti, P.5
  • 22
    • 0037385002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critchley JA, Capewell S. Substantial potential for reductions in coronary heart disease mortality in the UK through changes in risk factor levels. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003;57:243-7. PMID:12646537 doi:10.1136/ jech.57.4.243
    • Critchley JA, Capewell S. Substantial potential for reductions in coronary heart disease mortality in the UK through changes in risk factor levels. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003;57:243-7. PMID:12646537 doi:10.1136/ jech.57.4.243
  • 23
    • 20444411924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unal B, Critchley JA, Capewell S. Small changes in UK cardiovascular risk factors could halve coronary heart disease mortality. J Clin Epidemiol 2005;58:733-40. PMID:15939226 doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.09.015
    • Unal B, Critchley JA, Capewell S. Small changes in UK cardiovascular risk factors could halve coronary heart disease mortality. J Clin Epidemiol 2005;58:733-40. PMID:15939226 doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.09.015
  • 24
    • 85136427512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stamler J, Stamler R, Neaton JD, Wentworth D, Daviglus ML, Garside D, et al. Low risk-factor profile and long-term cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality and life expectancy: findings for 5 large cohorts of young adult and middle-aged men and women. JAMA 1999;282:2012-8. PMID:10591383 doi:10.1001/jama.282.21.2012
    • Stamler J, Stamler R, Neaton JD, Wentworth D, Daviglus ML, Garside D, et al. Low risk-factor profile and long-term cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality and life expectancy: findings for 5 large cohorts of young adult and middle-aged men and women. JAMA 1999;282:2012-8. PMID:10591383 doi:10.1001/jama.282.21.2012
  • 25
    • 4644238002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daviglus ML, Stamler J, Pirzada A, Yan LL, Garside DB, Liu K, et al. Favorable cardiovascular risk profile in young women and long-term risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. JAMA 2004;292:1588-92. PMID:15467061 doi:10.1001/jama.292.13.1588
    • Daviglus ML, Stamler J, Pirzada A, Yan LL, Garside DB, Liu K, et al. Favorable cardiovascular risk profile in young women and long-term risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. JAMA 2004;292:1588-92. PMID:15467061 doi:10.1001/jama.292.13.1588
  • 27
    • 4444382796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004; 364:937-52. PMID:15364185 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9
    • Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004; 364:937-52. PMID:15364185 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9
  • 28
    • 0028398506 scopus 로고
    • Uncertainty in the economic evaluation of health care technologies: The role of sensitivity analysis
    • PMID:8044216 doi:10.1002/hec.4730030206
    • Briggs A, Sculpher M, Buxton M. Uncertainty in the economic evaluation of health care technologies: the role of sensitivity analysis. Health Econ 1994;3:95-104. PMID:8044216 doi:10.1002/hec.4730030206
    • (1994) Health Econ , vol.3 , pp. 95-104
    • Briggs, A.1    Sculpher, M.2    Buxton, M.3
  • 29
    • 0030941834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Naidoo B, Thorogood M, McPherson K, Gunning-Schepers LJ. Modelling the effects of increased physical activity on coronary heart disease in England and Wales. J Epidemiol Community Health 1997;51:144-50. PMID:9196643 doi:10.1136/jech.51.2.144
    • Naidoo B, Thorogood M, McPherson K, Gunning-Schepers LJ. Modelling the effects of increased physical activity on coronary heart disease in England and Wales. J Epidemiol Community Health 1997;51:144-50. PMID:9196643 doi:10.1136/jech.51.2.144
  • 30
    • 33750202394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting future coronary heart disease deaths in Finland and elsewhere
    • PMID:16847019 doi:10.1093/ ije/dyl158
    • Capewell S. Predicting future coronary heart disease deaths in Finland and elsewhere. Int J Epidemiol 2006;35:1253-4. PMID:16847019 doi:10.1093/ ije/dyl158
    • (2006) Int J Epidemiol , vol.35 , pp. 1253-1254
    • Capewell, S.1
  • 31
    • 33645233833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Capewell S, Unal B, Critchley JA, McMurray JJ. Over 20 000 avoidable coronary deaths in England and Wales in 2000: the failure to give effective treatments to many eligible patients. Heart 2006;92:521-3. PMID:16537767 doi:10.1136/hrt.2004.053645
    • Capewell S, Unal B, Critchley JA, McMurray JJ. Over 20 000 avoidable coronary deaths in England and Wales in 2000: the failure to give effective treatments to many eligible patients. Heart 2006;92:521-3. PMID:16537767 doi:10.1136/hrt.2004.053645
  • 32
    • 6944221405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daviglus ML, Liu K. Today's agenda: we must focus on achieving favorable levels of all risk factors simultaneously. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:2086-7. PMID:15505120 doi:10.1001/archinte.164.19.2086
    • Daviglus ML, Liu K. Today's agenda: we must focus on achieving favorable levels of all risk factors simultaneously. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:2086-7. PMID:15505120 doi:10.1001/archinte.164.19.2086
  • 33
    • 34047096374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hozawa A, Folsom AR, Sharrett R, Chambless LE. Absolute and attributable risks of cardiovascular disease incidence in relation to optimal and borderline risk factors: comparison of African American with white subjects - Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:573-9. PMID:17389288 doi:10.1001/archinte.167.6.573
    • Hozawa A, Folsom AR, Sharrett R, Chambless LE. Absolute and attributable risks of cardiovascular disease incidence in relation to optimal and borderline risk factors: comparison of African American with white subjects - Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:573-9. PMID:17389288 doi:10.1001/archinte.167.6.573
  • 34
    • 33745302444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness and efficiency of different guidelines on statin treatment for preventing deaths from coronary heart disease: Modelling study
    • PMID:16737980 doi:10.1136/bmj.38849.487546.DE
    • Manuel DG, Kwong K, Tanuseputro P, Lim J, Mustard CA, Anderson GM, et al. Effectiveness and efficiency of different guidelines on statin treatment for preventing deaths from coronary heart disease: modelling study. BMJ 2006;332:1419-24. PMID:16737980 doi:10.1136/bmj.38849.487546.DE
    • (2006) BMJ , vol.332 , pp. 1419-1424
    • Manuel, D.G.1    Kwong, K.2    Tanuseputro, P.3    Lim, J.4    Mustard, C.A.5    Anderson, G.M.6
  • 35
    • 51249090391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Will screening individuals at high risk of cardiovascular events deliver large benefits?
    • PMID:18755771 doi:10.1136/bmj.a1395
    • Capewell S. Will screening individuals at high risk of cardiovascular events deliver large benefits? No. BMJ 2008;337:a1395 PMID:18755771 doi:10.1136/bmj.a1395
    • (2008) BMJ , vol.337
    • Capewell, S.1
  • 36
    • 0028972786 scopus 로고
    • Changes in population cholesterol concentrations and other cardiovascular risk factor levels after five years of the non-communicable disease intervention programme in Mauritius. Mauritius Non-communicable Disease Study Group
    • PMID:7496233
    • Dowse GK, Gareeboo H, Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Tuomilehto J, Purran A, et al. Changes in population cholesterol concentrations and other cardiovascular risk factor levels after five years of the non-communicable disease intervention programme in Mauritius. Mauritius Non-communicable Disease Study Group. BMJ 1995;311:1255-9. PMID:7496233
    • (1995) BMJ , vol.311 , pp. 1255-1259
    • Dowse, G.K.1    Gareeboo, H.2    Alberti, K.G.3    Zimmet, P.4    Tuomilehto, J.5    Purran, A.6
  • 37
    • 85136378272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carroll MD, Lacher DA, Sorlie PD, Cleeman JI, Gordon DJ, Wolz M, et al. Trends in serum lipids and lipoproteins of adults, 1960. JAMA 2005;294:1773-81. PMID:16219880 doi:10.1001/jama.294.14.1773
    • Carroll MD, Lacher DA, Sorlie PD, Cleeman JI, Gordon DJ, Wolz M, et al. Trends in serum lipids and lipoproteins of adults, 1960. JAMA 2005;294:1773-81. PMID:16219880 doi:10.1001/jama.294.14.1773
  • 38
    • 33745607390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, Daniels S. American Heart Association Nutrition Committee, et al. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the AHA Nutrition Committee. Circulation 2006;114:82-96. PMID:16785338 doi:10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.106.176158
    • Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, Daniels S. American Heart Association Nutrition Committee, et al. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the AHA Nutrition Committee. Circulation 2006;114:82-96. PMID:16785338 doi:10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.106.176158
  • 39
    • 75649133794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Framework Convention for Tobacco Control [internet site, Available from:, accessed on 5 October 2009
    • Framework Convention for Tobacco Control [internet site]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004. Available from: http://www.who.int/fctc/en/ [accessed on 5 October 2009].
    • Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004
  • 40
    • 0034649697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of the California Tobacco Control Program with declines in cigarette consumption and mortality from heart disease
    • PMID:11114317 doi:10.1056/ NEJM200012143432406
    • Fichtenberg CM, Glantz SA. Association of the California Tobacco Control Program with declines in cigarette consumption and mortality from heart disease. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1772-7. PMID:11114317 doi:10.1056/ NEJM200012143432406
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.343 , pp. 1772-1777
    • Fichtenberg, C.M.1    Glantz, S.A.2
  • 41
    • 48249113707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoke-free legislation and hospitalizations for acute coronary syndrome
    • PMID:18669427 doi:10.1056/NEJMsa0706740
    • Pell JP, Haw S, Cobbe S, Newby DE, Pell AC, Fischbacher C, et al. Smoke-free legislation and hospitalizations for acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2008;359:482-91. PMID:18669427 doi:10.1056/NEJMsa0706740
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 482-491
    • Pell, J.P.1    Haw, S.2    Cobbe, S.3    Newby, D.E.4    Pell, A.C.5    Fischbacher, C.6
  • 42
    • 33645241280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pattern of declining blood pressure across replicate population surveys of the WHO MONICA project, mid-1980s to mid-1990s, and the role of medication
    • PMID:16531419 doi:10.1136/ bmj.38753.779005.BE
    • Tunstall-Pedoe H, Connaghan J, Woodward M, Tolonen H, Kuulasmaa K. Pattern of declining blood pressure across replicate population surveys of the WHO MONICA project, mid-1980s to mid-1990s, and the role of medication. BMJ 2006;332:629-35. PMID:16531419 doi:10.1136/ bmj.38753.779005.BE
    • (2006) BMJ , vol.332 , pp. 629-635
    • Tunstall-Pedoe, H.1    Connaghan, J.2    Woodward, M.3    Tolonen, H.4    Kuulasmaa, K.5
  • 43
    • 0347479296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • He FJ, MacGregor GA. How far should salt intake be reduced? Hypertension 2003;42:1093-9. PMID:14610100 doi:10.1161/01. HYP.0000102864.05174.E8
    • He FJ, MacGregor GA. How far should salt intake be reduced? Hypertension 2003;42:1093-9. PMID:14610100 doi:10.1161/01. HYP.0000102864.05174.E8
  • 44
    • 1042268193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Havas S, Roccella EJ, Lenfant C. Reducing the public health burden from elevated blood pressure levels in the United States by lowering intake of dietary sodium. Am J Public Health 2004;94:19-22. PMID:14713688 doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.1.19
    • Havas S, Roccella EJ, Lenfant C. Reducing the public health burden from elevated blood pressure levels in the United States by lowering intake of dietary sodium. Am J Public Health 2004;94:19-22. PMID:14713688 doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.1.19
  • 45
    • 75649108089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary guidelines for Americans. Washington, DC: United States Department of Health and Human Services,/Department of Agriculture; 2005.
    • Dietary guidelines for Americans. Washington, DC: United States Department of Health and Human Services,/Department of Agriculture; 2005.
  • 46
    • 0037034257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
    • PMID:11832527 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa012512
    • Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393-403. PMID:11832527 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa012512
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 393-403
    • Knowler, W.C.1    Barrett-Connor, E.2    Fowler, S.E.3    Hamman, R.F.4    Lachin, J.M.5    Walker, E.A.6
  • 47
    • 33644700571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jain A. Treating obesity in individuals and populations. BMJ 2005; 331:1387-90. PMID:16339251 doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7529.1387
    • Jain A. Treating obesity in individuals and populations. BMJ 2005; 331:1387-90. PMID:16339251 doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7529.1387
  • 48
    • 0842345427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twenty-year trends in physical activity among Canadian adults
    • PMID:14768744
    • Craig CL, Russell SJ, Cameron C, Bauman A. Twenty-year trends in physical activity among Canadian adults. Can J Public Health 2004;95:59-63. PMID:14768744
    • (2004) Can J Public Health , vol.95 , pp. 59-63
    • Craig, C.L.1    Russell, S.J.2    Cameron, C.3    Bauman, A.4
  • 49
    • 0032515769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the Heartbeat Wales programme over five years on behavioural risks for cardiovascular disease: Quasi-experimental comparison of results from Wales and a matched reference area
    • PMID:9549451
    • Tudor-Smith C, Nutbeam D, Moore L, Catford J. Effects of the Heartbeat Wales programme over five years on behavioural risks for cardiovascular disease: quasi-experimental comparison of results from Wales and a matched reference area. BMJ 1998;316:818-22. PMID:9549451
    • (1998) BMJ , vol.316 , pp. 818-822
    • Tudor-Smith, C.1    Nutbeam, D.2    Moore, L.3    Catford, J.4
  • 50
    • 11344264111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unal B, Critchley J, Fidan D, Capewell S. Life-years gained from modern cardiological treatments and population risk factor changes in England and Wales, 1981-2000. Am J Public Health 2005;95:103-8. PMID:15623868 doi:10.2105/AJPH.2003.029579
    • Unal B, Critchley J, Fidan D, Capewell S. Life-years gained from modern cardiological treatments and population risk factor changes in England and Wales, 1981-2000. Am J Public Health 2005;95:103-8. PMID:15623868 doi:10.2105/AJPH.2003.029579
  • 51
    • 12444249943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In search of fewer independent risk factors
    • doi:10.1001/ archinte.165.2.138
    • Brotman DJ, Walker E, Lauer MS, O'Brian RG. In search of fewer independent risk factors. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:138-45. doi:10.1001/ archinte.165.2.138
    • (2005) Arch Intern Med , vol.165 , pp. 138-145
    • Brotman, D.J.1    Walker, E.2    Lauer, M.S.3    O'Brian, R.G.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.