The calcium looping cycle for large-scale CO2 capture

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 260-279

  Blamey, J ^a   Anthony, E J ^b   Wang, J ^b   Fennell, P S ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b NATURAL RESOURCES CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Calcium looping; Carbon capture and storage; CCS

Indexed keywords

AMINE SCRUBBING; CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE; CHEMICAL DOPING; CIRCULATING FLUIDISED BED; CRUSHED LIMESTONE; GEOLOGICAL SEQUESTRATION; HIGHLY REACTIVE MATERIAL; LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION; NATURAL SORBENTS; NUMBER OF CYCLES; PELLETISATION; PERCENTAGE POINTS; POWER STATION; REVERSIBLE REACTION; SULPHUROUS COMPOUNDS; THERMAL PRE-TREATMENT;

CALCIUM; CALCIUM ALLOYS; CEMENT MANUFACTURE; CEMENTS; FLUIDIZATION; FLUIDIZED BEDS; LIMESTONE; PELLETIZING; PILOT PLANTS; SORBENTS; SORPTION; TECHNOLOGY;

COMPUTER CRIME;

EID: 75549089928     PISSN: 03601285     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2009.10.001     Document Type: Review

References (191)

1. IPCC, Climate change 2007: synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. In: Pachauri KP, Reisinger A, editors. IPCC: Geneva, Switzerland; 2007.
2. IPCC, Intergovernmental panel on climate change special report on emissions scenarios. Nakicenovic N, Swart R, editors. IPCC: Geneva, Switzerland; 2000.
3. IPCC. Climate change 2001: synthesis Report A. Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. In: Watson RT, editor. IPCC: Cambridge, UK; 2001.
4. Pielke R., Wigley T., and Green C. Dangerous assumptions. Nature 452 7187 (2008) 531-532
5. Stanford University press release. http://news-service.stanford.edu/pr/2009/pr-field-021109.html
6. IEA. World energy outlook, 2008 (2008), IEA, Paris, France
7. 2 capture and storage (2004), OECD/IEA, Paris, France
8. Herzog H., Eliasson B., and Kaarstad O. Capturing greenhouse gases. Scientific American 282 2 (2000) 72-79
9. Herzog H.J. What future for carbon capture and sequestration?. Environmental Science & Technology 35 (2001) 148A-153A
10. IPCC. IPCC special report on carbon dioxide capture and storage. In: Metz B, Davidson O, de Connick HC, Loos M, Meyer LA, editors. IPCC: Geneva, Switzerland; 2005
11. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Limiting global climate change to 2 degrees celsius: the way ahead for 2020 and beyond (2007), Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium
12. Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the council on the geological storage of carbon dioxide (2008), Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium
13. IEA. Energy technology perspectives (2008), IEA, Paris, France
14. 2 storage as carbonate minerals. IEA greenhouse gas R&D program, report no. PH3/17; 2000.
15. 2 sink. Environmental Geology 39 (1999) 1053-1058
16. Teir S., Eloneva S., Fogelholm C.-J., and Zevenhoven R. Dissolution of steelmaking slags in acetic acid for precipitated calcium carbonate production. Energy 32 (2007) 528-539
17. Rao A., Anthony E.J., Jia L., and Macchi A. Carbonation of FBC ash by sonochemical treatment. Fuel 86 (2007) 2603-2615
18. 2 sequestration. Washington, DC, US; 2001.
19. 2 capture conditions. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 43 (2004) 6400-6408
20. 2 absorption from flue gases: a comparative study of GC-MS, HPLC-RID, and CE-DAD analytical techniques and possible optimum combinations. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 45 8 (2006) 2437-2451
21. 2 from flue gas: a review. Separation Science and Technology 40 1-3 (2005) 321-348
22. 2 separation process using aqueous MEA solvent. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 40 (2001) 4771-4777
23. The EU technology platform for zero emission fossil fuel power plants, recommendations for RTD, support actions and international collaboration activities within FP7 energy workprogrammes in support of deployment of CCS in Europe (18 April 2008). http://www.zero-emissionplatform.eu/website/docs/ETP%20ZEP/TTech%20Input %20FP7%203rd%20call%20080418.pdf
24. 2 from combustion processes. Chemical Engineering Research & Design 77 A1 (1999) 62-68
25. Gorin E. US Patent No. 2654661. 1953.
26. Grace J.R., Avidan A., and Knowlton T.M. Circulating fluidized beds (1997), Blackie Academic & Professional
27. Cuenca M.A., and Anthony E.J. Pressurized fluidized beds (1995), Blackie Academic & Professional
28. 2(g). Chemical Engineering Communications 137 (1995) 177-190
29. McBride B.J., Zehe M.J., and Gordon S. NASA Glenn coefficients for calculating thermodynamic properties of individual species (2002), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Cleveland, Ohio, US
30. 2 system in the pressure range 1-300 atm. Journal of the Chemical Society (1962) 464-470
31. 2. Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 23 10 (1973) 733-742
32. Curran G.P., Fink C.E., and Gorin E. Carbon dioxide-acceptor [coal] gasification process. Studies of acceptor properties. Advances in Chemistry Series 69 (1967) 141
33. Maciejewski M., and Reller A. How (un)reliable are kinetic data of reversible solid-state decomposition processes?. Thermochimica Acta 110 (1987) 145-152
34. Khraisha Y.H., and Dugwell D.R. Thermal decompostion of Cauldon limestone in a thermogravimetric analyzer. Chemical Engineering Research & Design 67 1 (1989) 48-51
35. Khraisha Y.H., and Dugwell D.R. Effect of water vapour on the calcination of limestone and raw meal in a suspension reactor. Chemical Engineering Research & Design 69 1 (1991) 76-78
36. Khraisha Y.H., and Dugwell D.R. Coal combustion and limestone calcination in a suspension reactor. Chemical Engineering Science 47 5 (1992) 993-1006
37. 2 pressure on the rate of decompostion of calcite. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 85 26 (1981) 3971-3974
38. 3. Chemical Engineering Journal 90 3 (2002) 303-306
39. Fennell P.S., Pacciani R., Dennis J.S., Davidson J.F., and Hayhurst A.N. The effects of repeated cycles of calcination and carbonation on a variety of different limestones, as measured in a hot fluidized bed of sand. Energy & Fuels 21 4 (2007) 2072-2081
40. 2 atmosphere. Energy & Fuels 21 6 (2007) 3317-3321
41. Hu N., and Scaroni A.W. Calcination of pulverized limestone particles under furnace injection conditions. Fuel 75 2 (1996) 177-186
42. 2 atmospheres. Energy & Fuels 22 4 (2008) 2326-2331
43. 2. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 62 11-12 (1979) 580-584
44. 2 capture with CaO. Environmental Science & Technology 39 8 (2005) 2861-2866
45. 2 capture process. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 46 1 (2006) 35-42
46. Borgwardt R.H. Sintering of nascent calcium oxide. Chemical Engineering Science 44 1 (1989) 53-60
47. 2 capture in energy systems. AIChE Journal 53 9 (2007) 2432-2442
48. German R. Surface area reduction during isothermal sintering. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 59 9-10 (1976) 379-383
49. Coble R. Sintering crystalline solids. I. Intermediate- and final-state diffusion models. Journal of Applied Physics 32 (1961) 787
50. Borgwardt R.H. Calcium oxide sintering in atmospheres containing water and carbon dioxide. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 28 4 (1989) 493-500
51. 2 sequestration. Fuel Processing Technology 86 16 (2005) 1707-1743
52. 2. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 44 15 (2005) 5608-5615
53. 2. In: 7th European conference on coal research and its applications, coal research forum; Cardiff, UK; 2008.
54. 2: its initial reactivity and loss of reactivity after repeated cycles of calcination and carbonation. In: 9th FBC conference. Vienna, Austria; 2006.
55. 2-lime reaction. AIChE Journal 29 1 (1983) 79-86
56. 2 looping cycles. Fuel 88 10 (2009) 1893-1900
57. 2 capture by limestone-derived sorbent during prolonged calcination/carbonation cycling. AIChE Journal 54 6 (2008) 1668-1677
58. Alvarez D., and Abanades J.C. Pore-size and shape effects on the recarbonation performance of calcium oxide submitted to repeated calcination/recarbonation cycles. Energy & Fuels 19 1 (2004) 270-278
59. 2 capture in an FBC environment. Chemical Engineering Journal 96 1-3 (2003) 187-195
60. 2 carrying capacity of CaO in isothermal recarbonation-decomposition cycles. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 46 13 (2007) 4633-4638
61. 2 with lime. Energy & Fuels 17 2 (2003) 308-315
62. Mess D., Sarofim A.F., and Longwell J.P. Product layer diffusion during the reaction of calcium oxide with carbon dioxide. Energy & Fuels 13 5 (1999) 999-1005
63. Barker R. Reactivity of calcium oxide towards carbon dioxide and its use for energy storage. Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 24 4-5 (1974) 221-227
64. 2 capture-and-release cycles. Chemical Engineering Science 64 2 (2009) 187-191
65. 2 absorption capacity of CaO-based sorbents. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 44 3 (2005) 627-629
66. 2 capture capacity of CaO in long series of carbonation/calcination cycles. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 45 26 (2006) 8846-8851
67. Wang J., and Anthony E.J. A common decay behavior in cyclic processes. Chemical Engineering Communications 194 (2007) 1409-1420
68. Grasa G., Murillo R., Alonso M., and Abanades J.C. Application of the random pore model to the carbonation cyclic reaction. AIChE Journal 55 5 (2009) 1246-1255
69. Barelli L., Bidini G., Gallorini F., and Servili S. Hydrogen production through sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming and membrane technology: a review. Energy 33 4 (2008) 554-570
70. Gray M.L., Champagne K.J., Fauth D., Baltrus J.P., and Pennline H. Performance of immobilized tertiary amine solid sorbents for the capture of carbon dioxide. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 2 1 (2008) 3-8
71. 2 capture system using CaO. The Chemical Engineering Journal and the Biochemical Engineering Journal 138 1-3 (2008) 148-154
72. Yong Z., Mata V., and Rodriguez A.E. Adsorption of carbon dioxide at high temperature - a review. Separation and Purification Technology 26 2-3 (2002) 195-205
73. Harrison D.P. Sorption-enhanced hydrogen production: a review. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 47 (2007) 6486-6501
74. Florin N. Enhanced hydrogen production from biomass with in situ carbon dioxide capture using calcium oxide sorbents. Chemical Engineering Science 63 2 (2008) 287-316
75. du Motay CPT. US Patent No. 229339; 1880.
76. Gorin E. US Patent No. 2781248; 1957.
77. Gorin E. US Patent No. 3188179; 1965.
78. Gorin E, Retallick WB. US Patent No. 3108857; 1963.
79. Gorin E, Rice CH. US Patent No. 3115394; 1963.
80. Odell WW. US Patent No. 2602019; 1952.
81. Williams R. US Patent No. 1938202; 1933.
82. Woodhouse JC. US Patent No. 1960886; 1934.
83. 2 acceptor gasification process: report to the American Chemical Society (1971). www.anl.gov/PCS/acsfuel/preprint%20archive/Files/15_3_WASHINGTON%20DC_09 -71_0040.pdf
84. 2 capture using CaO. AIChE Journal 54 4 (2008) 1096-1109
85. 2 acceptor gasification process. In: Symposium on coal gasification and liquefaction. School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh: USA; 1974.
86. Paterson N., Elphick S., Dugwell D.R., and Kandiyoti R. Calcium-based liquid phase formation in pressurized gasifier environments. Energy & Fuels 15 4 (2001) 894-902
87. 2-absorption in a dual fluidized bed biomass steam gasifier to produce a hydrogen rich syngas. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 5 (2007) A9. http://www.bepress.com/ijcre/vol5/A9
88. Lin S.Y., Suzuki Y., Hatano H., and Harada M. Developing an innovative method, HyPr-RING, to produce hydrogen from hydrocarbons. Energy Conversion and Management 43 9-12 (2002) 1283-1290
89. Lin S., Harada M., Suzuki Y., and Hatano H. Continuous experiment regarding hydrogen production by coal/CaO reaction with steam (I) gas products. Fuel 83 7-8 (2004) 869-874
90. Lin S.Y., Harada M., Suzuki Y., and Hatano H. Continuous experiment regarding hydrogen production by Coal/CaO reaction with steam (II) solid formation. Fuel 85 7-8 (2006) 1143-1150
91. Lin S.Y., Harada M., Suzuki Y., and Hatano H. Process analysis for hydrogen production by reaction integrated novel gasification (HyPr-RING). Energy Conversion and Management 46 6 (2005) 869-880
92. 2 capture in a bubbling fluidized bed at atmospheric pressure. 2. Results and recommendations for scaling up. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 47 (2008) 1798-1811
93. 2 absorbent. Energy and Fuels 22 (2008) 1997-2004
94. Florin N.H., and Harris A.T. Preparation and characterization of a tailored carbon dioxide sorbent for enhanced hydrogen synthesis in biomass gasifiers. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 47 7 (2008) 2191-2202
95. 2 capture in biomass gasifiers. Energy & Fuels 22 4 (2008) 2734-2742
96. Li F.X., and Fan L.S. Clean coal conversion processes - progress and challenges. Energy & Environmental Science 1 (2008) 248-267
97. Fan L.S., Li F.X., and Ramkumar S. Utilization of chemical looping strategy in coal gasification processes. Particuology 6 3 (2008) 131-142
98. 2(g) and calcined dolomite. Chemical Engineering Communications 146 (1996) 149-162
99. Balasubramanian B., Ortiz A.L., Kaytakoglu S., and Harrison D.P. Hydrogen from methane in a single-step process. Chemical Engineering Science 54 15-16 (1999) 3543-3552
100. 2 capture. Energy and Fuels 21 (2007) 1688-1694
101. Ziock H-J, Brosha EL, Garzon FH, Guthrie GD, Johnson AA, Kramer A, et al. Technical progress in the development of zero emission coal technologies. In: Proceedings of the 28th international technical conference on coal utilization & fuel systems, Clearwater, Florida, USA, vol. 2; 2003. p. 1199-210.
102. Nexant Inc. Zero Emission Coal Alliance project conceptual design and economics (2003). http://www.nexant.com/docs/service/energy_technology/zeca.pdf
103. Anthony E. Solid looping cycles: a new technology for coal conversion. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 47 6 (2008) 1747-1754
104. Gao L., Paterson N., Dugwell D., and Kandiyoti R. Zero-emission carbon concept (ZECA): equipment commissioning and extents of the reaction with hydrogen and steam. Energy & Fuels 22 1 (2008) 463-470
105. Gao L., Paterson N., Fennell P., Dugwell D., and Kandiyoti R. The zero emission carbon concept (ZECA): extents of reaction with different coals in steam/hydrogen, tar formation and residual char reactivity. Energy & Fuels 22 4 (2008) 2504-2511
106. Wang J.S., Anthony E.J., and Abanades J.C. Clean and efficient use of petroleum coke for combustion and power generation. Fuel 83 10 (2004) 1341-1348
107. 2 fixation and efficient utilization of energy. The 45th international world energy system conference, Tokyo, Japan; March 4-6, 2002. p. 359-64.
108. 2 capture in existing power plants. Energy Conversion and Management 49 10 (2008) 2809-2814
109. 2 recovery (2008), Imperial College, London
110. 2 capture from coal-fired power plants. Energy Procedia 1 1 (2009) 1313-1320
111. 2 in a fluidized bed combustor. Proceedings of the 17th international (ASME) conference on fluidized bed combustion (2003), Jacksonville, FL, USA
112. 2 capture in pilot-scale dual fluidized beds. Fuel Processing Technology 89 12 (2008) 1386-1395
113. 2 from flue gases with CaO: results from a 30 kW interconnected fluidized bed facility. In-situ carbon removal 4 (2008), Imperial College, London
114. 2 capture research at Cranfield University. In-situ carbon removal 4 (2008), Imperial College, London
115. 2 using CaO. Part I: CFB carbonator reactor model. In: 9th International Conference on circulating fluidized beds. Hamburg, Germany; 2008.
116. 2 using CaO. Part II: scaled cold model investigation. In: 9th International conference on circulating fluidized beds. Hamburg, Germany; 2008.
117. Various press releases (Spanish language) (2009). http://www.lne.es/secciones/noticia.jsp%3FpRef=2008073000_38_661078__Cue ncas-Primer-paso-Hunosa-Endesa-CSIC-para-hacer-planta-captura-Mieres
118. 2 capture looping cycles. Environmental Science & Technology 42 11 (2008) 4170-4174
119. 2 capture by limestone and dolomite. Energy and Fuels 23 (2009) 1437-1444
120. 2 adsorbents for CFBC (2007), IEA Clean Coal Centre, London, UK
121. 2 from combustion and other systems. Journal of the Energy Institute 80 2 (2007) 116-119
122. 2 in a fluidized bed combustor. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 43 18 (2004) 5529-5539
123. 2 capture by sorbent hydration and modification. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 47 6 (2008) 2024-2032
124. Curran GP, Gorin E. US Patent No. 3516808; 1970.
125. 2 capture. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 33 2 (2007) 171-210
126. 2 capture cycles. Environmental Science & Technology 41 4 (2007) 1420-1425
127. Laursen K., Duo W.L., Grace J.R., and Lim C.J. Characterization of steam reactivation mechanisms in limestones and spent calcium sorbents. Fuel 80 9 (2001) 1293-1306
128. 2 capture. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 2 2 (2008) 203-209
129. Jia L.F., Wang J.S., and Anthony E.J. Reactivation of fluidised bed combustor ash for sulphur capture. Chemical Engineering Journal 94 2 (2003) 147-154
130. Wu Y., Charland J.P., Anthony E.J., and Jia L. A study on the reactivation of five fly ashes from commercial circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers. Energy & Fuels 18 3 (2004) 830-834
131. Wu Y.H., Anthony E.J., and Jia L.F. Steam hydration of CFBC ash and the effect of hydration conditions on reactivation. Fuel 83 10 (2004) 1357-1370
132. 2 capture technologies for cement industry. Energy Procedia 1 1 (2009) 133-140
133. British Cement Association. Working towards sustainability, 2nd report from the UK cement industry on its progress towards sustainability (2007), British Cement Association
134. United States Geological Survey. Mineral commodities summary 2008. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cement/mcs-2008-cemen.p df
135. 2 capture system using CaO. Chemical Engineering Journal 147 2-3 (2009) 252-258
136. Bye G.C. Portland cement. 2nd ed. (1999), Thomas Telford, London
137. Department for Business. Enterprise and regulatory reform, UK, digest of UK energy statistics (2008). http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/statistics/publications/dukes/page45537.ht ml
138. US Energy Information Administration: 2007 capacity by energy source. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epaxlfile2_2.pdf
139. State Electricity Regulatory Commission, P.R. China. Study of capacity building of the electricity regulatory agency 2007.
140. 3 used in cement manufacture. Environmental Science & Technology 42 18 (2008) 6980-6984
141. Labahn O. Cement Engineer's handbook. 4th ed. (1983), Bauverlag GmbH, Berlin
142. 3 content on the cement properties. Zement-Kalk-Gips 38 (1985) 150-158
143. Boynton R.S. Chemistry and technology of lime and limestone. 2nd ed. (1980), John Wiley & Sons
144. Jia L., Hughes R., Lu D., Anthony E.J., and Lau I. Attrition of calcining limestones in circulating fluidized-bed systems. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 46 15 (2007) 5199-5209
145. Laursen K., Duo W., Grace J.R., and Lim J. Sulfation and reactivation characteristics of nine limestones. Fuel 79 2 (2000) 153-163
146. 2 capture characteristics of three limestones in a fluidized-bed reactor. Energy & Fuels 20 4 (2006) 1621-1628
147. Smithson G.L., and Bakhshi N.N. Kinetics and mechanism of carbonation of magnesium oxide slurries. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development 12 1 (1973) 99-106
148. 2 capture using engineered eggshells: a route to carbon management. World patent WO/2006/099599; 2006.
149. 2 from combustion gases, as studied in a bench-scale fluidized bed. Energy & Fuels 22 6 (2008) 3852-3857
150. Agnihotri R., Mahuli S.K., Chauk S.S., and Fan L.S. Influence of surface modifiers on the structure of precipitated calcium carbonate. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 38 6 (1999) 2283-2291
151. Gupta H., and Fan L.S. Carbonation-calcination cycle using high reactivity calcium oxide for carbon dioxide separation from flue gas. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 41 16 (2002) 4035-4042
152. 2 sorbent. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 45 6 (2006) 1911-1917
153. Li Z.-S., Cai N.-S., Huang Y.-Y., and Han H.-J. Synthesis, experimental studies, and analysis of a new calcium-based carbon dioxide absorbent. Energy & Fuels 19 4 (2005) 1447-1452
154. Aihara M., Nagai T., Matsushita J., Negishi Y., and Ohya H. Development of porous solid reactant for thermal-energy storage and temperature upgrade using carbonation/decarbonation reaction. Applied Energy 69 3 (2001) 225-238
155. 2 in a fluidized bed. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 86 3 (2008) 356-366
156. 2 affect its uptake by a synthetic Ca-based solid sorbent?. AIChE Journal 54 12 (2008) 3308-3311
157. 2 at high temperatures. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 48 11 (2009) 5454-5459
158. 2 capture performance of CaO based sorbents obtained from different organometallic precursors. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 47 16 (2008) 6216-6220
159. Lu H., Reddy E.P., and Smirniotis P.G. Calcium oxide based sorbents for capture of carbon dioxide at high temperatures. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 45 11 (2006) 3944-3949
160. 2 by a synthetic, CaO-containing sorbent. Chemical Engineering Science 64 9 (2009) 2147-2157
161. 2 capture. Energy & Fuels 23 10 (2009) 4797-4804
162. 2 capture. Fuel Processing Technology 89 12 (2008) 1461-1469
163. 2 capture using CaO modified with ethanol/water solution during cyclic calcination/carbonation. Chemical Engineering and Technology 31 (2008) 237-244
164. Borgwardt R.H., Bruce K.R., and Blake J. An investigation of product-layer diffusivity for CaO sulfation. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 26 (1987) 1993-1998
165. The LIFAC process. http://www.pocotec.com/lifac.html
166. Anthony E.J., and Granatstein D.L. Sulfation phenomena in fluidized bed combustion systems. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 27 2 (2001) 215-236
167. Gruncharov I., Pelovski Y., Bechev G., Dombalov I., and Kirilov P. Effects of some admixtures on the decompostion of calcium sulphate. Journal of Thermal Analysis 33 3 (1988) 597-602
168. 2 capture cycles. Environmental Science & Technology 41 12 (2007) 4435-4440
169. Dam-Johansen K., and Ostergaard K. High temperature reaction between sulfur dioxide and limestone: 1. Comparison of limestones in two laboratory reactors and a pilot plant. Chemical Engineering Science 46 3 (1991) 827-837
170. 2 in a pressurized-gasifier-based process. Energy & Fuels 21 2 (2007) 836-844
171. 2 capture enhanced by steam reactivation of a CaO-based sorbent. Fuel 87 8-9 (2008) 1564-1573
172. 2 looping cycle reactor. Fuel 87 13-14 (2008) 2923-2931
173. Saastamoinen J., Pikkarainen T., Tourunen A., Rasanen M., and Jantti T. Model of fragmentation of limestone particles during thermal shock and calcination in fluidised beds. Powder Technology 187 3 (2008) 244-251
174. Saastamoinen J.J., and Shimizu T. Attrition-enhanced sulfur capture by limestone particles in fluidized beds. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 46 4 (2007) 1079-1090
175. 2 capture by limestone in a circulating fluidized bed. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 46 22 (2007) 7308-7316
176. Di Benedetto A., and Salatino P. Modelling attrition of limestone during calcination and sulfation in a fluidized bed reactor. Powder Technology 95 2 (1998) 119-128
177. Scala F., Cammarota A., Chirone R., and Salatino P. Comminution of limestone during batch fluidized-bed calcination and sulfation. AIChE Journal 43 2 (1997) 363-373
178. Scala F., Salatino P., Boerefijn R., and Ghadiri M. Attrition of sorbents during fluidized bed calcination and sulphation. Powder Technology 107 1-2 (2000) 153-167
179. Chen Z.X., Grace J.R., and Lim C.J. Limestone particle attrition and size distribution in a small circulating fluidized bed. Fuel 87 7 (2008) 1360-1371
180. Chen Z.X., Lim C.J., and Grace J.R. Study of limestone particle impact attrition. Chemical Engineering Science 62 3 (2007) 867-877
181. Koppatz S, Pfeifer C, Rauch R, Hofbauer H, Marquard-Moellenstedt T,
182. 2 capture by limestone and dolomite. Energy & Fuels 23 (2009) 1437-1444
183. Schueppel B. Attrition test for calcium-based sorbent materials. 1st IEA GHG solid looping cycles network meeting (2009), INCAR-CSIC, Oviedo, Spain
184. Zuberbuehler U. Need for standardisation of test methods for sorbent/material characterisation. 1st IEA GHG solid looping cycles network meeting (2009), INCAR-CSIC, Oviedo, Spain
185. 2 capture. Environmental Science & Technology 23 (2009) 7117-7123
186. 2 capture cycles. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 48 19 (2009) 8906-8912
187. 2 capture system using CaO. Environmental Science & Technology 41 15 (2007) 5523-5527
188. 2 capture using the calcium cycle with a pressurized fluidized bed combustor. Energy & Fuels 21 2 (2007) 920-926
189. 2 capture systems. Energy Policy 34 18 (2006) 3765-3772
190. Chalmers H., and Gibbins J. Initial evaluation of the impact of post-combustion capture of carbon dioxide on supercritical pulverised coal power plant part load performance. Fuel 86 (2007) 2109-2123
191. 2 capture systems. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 43 13 (2004) 3462-3466