Advances in ultrasound for the diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer

Thyroid

Volumn 19, Issue 12, 2009, Pages 1363-1372

  Sipos, Jennifer A ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL;

ASPIRATION BIOPSY; BENIGN TUMOR; CANCER THERAPY; CERVICAL LYMPH NODE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; ELASTOGRAPHY; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; IMAGING SYSTEM; LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; PERCUTANEOUS ETHANOL ABLATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION; REVIEW; THYROID CANCER; THYROID NODULE; THYROIDECTOMY; TUMOR VOLUME; ULTRASOUND;

BIOPSY, FINE-NEEDLE; CATHETER ABLATION; ETHANOL; FALSE POSITIVE REACTIONS; HUMANS; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; NECK; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; THYROID GLAND; THYROID NEOPLASMS; THYROID NODULE;

EID: 75449093396     PISSN: 10507256     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.1608     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Hayat MJ, Howlader N, Reichman ME, Edwards BK 2007 Cancer statistics, trends, and multiple primary cancer analyses from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program. Oncologist 12:20-37.
2. Rego-Iraeta A, Perez-Mendez LF, Mantinan B, Garcia- Mayor RV 2009 Time trends for thyroid cancer in northwestern Spain: true rise in the incidence of micro and larger forms of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 19: 333-340.
3. Zhu C, Zheng T, Kilfoy BA, Han X, Ma S, Ba Y, Bai Y, Wang R, Zhu Y, Zhang Y 2009A birth cohort analysis of the incidence of papillary thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973-2004. Thyroid 19:1061-1066.
4. Davies L,WelchHG2006 Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973-2002. JAMA 295:2164-2167.
5. Solares CA, Penalonzo MA, Xu M, Orellana E 2005 Occult papillary thyroid carcinoma in postmortem species: prevalence at autopsy. Am J Otolaryngol 26:87-90.
6. Ottino A, Pianzola HM, Castelletto RH 1989 Occult papillary thyroid carcinoma at autopsy in La Plata, Argentina. Cancer 64:547-551.
7. Pelizzo MR, Piotto A, Rubello D, Casara D, Fassina A, Busnardo B 1990 High prevalence of occult papillary thyroid carcinoma in a surgical series for benign thyroid disease. Tumori 76:255-257.
8. Bondeson L, Ljungberg O 1984 Occult papillary thyroid carcinoma in the young and the aged. Cancer 53:1790-1792.
9. Neuhold N, Kaiser H, Kaserer K 2001 Latent carcinoma of the thyroid in Austria: a systematic autopsy study. Endocr Pathol 12:23-31.
10. Enewold L, Zhu K, Ron E, Marrogi AJ, Stojadinovic A, Peoples GE, Devesa SS 2009 Rising thyroid cancer incidence intheUnitedStatesbydemographicandtumorcharacteristics, 1980-2005. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18:784-791.
11. Mazzaferri EL 1993 Management of a solitary thyroid nodule. N Engl J Med 328:553-559.
12. Caruso DR, Mazzaferri EL 1991 Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the management of thyroid nodules. Endocrinologist 1:194-202.
13. Yassa L, Cibas ES, Benson CB, Frates MC, Doubilet PM, Gawande AA, Moore FD Jr., Kim BW, Nose V, Marqusee E, Larsen PR, Alexander EK 2007 Long-term assessment of a multidisciplinary approach to thyroid nodule diagnostic evaluation. Cancer 111:508-516.
14. Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, Kloos RT, Lee SL, Mandel SJ, Mazzaferri EL, McIver B, Pacini F, Schlumberger M, Sherman SI, Steward DL, Tuttle RM 2009 Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 19:1167-1214.
15. Cerbone G, Spiezia S, Colao A, Di Sarno A, Assanti AP, Lucci R, Siciliani M, Lombardi G, Fenzi G 1999 Power Doppler improves the diagnostic accuracy of color Doppler ultrasonography in cold thyroid nodules: follow-up results. Horm Res 52:19-24.
16. Kim EK, Park CS, Chung WY, Oh KK, Kim DI, Lee JT, Yoo HS 2002 New sonographic criteria for recommending fineneedle aspiration biopsy of nonpalpable solid nodules of the thyroid. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178:687-691.
17. Kim JY, Lee CH, Kim SY, Jeon WK, Kang JH, An SK, Jun WS 2008 Radiologic and pathologic findings of nonpalpable thyroid carcinomas detected by ultrasonography in a medical screening center. J Ultrasound Med 27:215-223.
18. Moon WJ, Jung SL, Lee JH, Na DG, Baek JH, Lee YH, Kim J, Kim HS, Byun JS, Lee DH 2008 Benign and malignant thyroid nodules: US differentiation- multicenter retrospective study. Radiology 247:762-770.
19. Park M, Shin JH, Han BK, Ko EY, Hwang HS, Kang SS, Kim JH, Oh YL 2009 Sonography of thyroid nodules with peripheral calcifications. J Clin Ultrasound 37:324-328.
20. Rago T, Vitti P, Chiovato L, Mazzeo S, De Liperi A, Miccoli P, Viacava P, Bogazzi F, Martino E, Pinchera A 1998 Role of conventional ultrasonography and color flow-Doppler sonography in predicting malignancy in cold thyroid nodules. Eur J Endocrinol 138:41-46.
21. Takashima S, Fukuda H, Nomura N, Kishimoto H, Kim T, Kobayashi T 1995 Thyroid nodules: re-evaluation with ultrasound. J Clin Ultrasound 23:179-184.
22. Brauer VF, Eder P, Miehle K, Wiesner TD, Hasenclever H, Paschke R 2005 Interobserver variation for ultrasound determination of thyroid nodule volumes. Thyroid 15:1169-1175.
23. Jarlov AE, Nygård B, Hegedüs L, Karstrup S, Hansen JM 1993 Observer variation in ultrasound assessment of the thyroid gland. Br J Radiol 66:625-627.
24. Delorme S, Weisser G, Zuna I, Fein M, Lorenz A, van Kaick G 1995 Quantitative characterization of color Doppler images: reproducibility, accuracy, and limitations. J Clin Ultrasound 23:537-550.
25. Frates MC, Benson CB, Doubilet PM, Kunreuther E, Contreras M, Cibas ES, Orcutt J, Moore FD Jr., Larsen PR, Marqusee E, Alexander EK 2006 Prevalence and distribution of carcinoma in patients with solitary and multiple thyroid nodules on sonography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:3411-3417.
26. Papini E, Guglielmi R, Bianchini A, Crescenzi A, Taccogna S, Nardi F, Panunzi C, Rinaldi R, Toscano V, Pacella CM 2002 Risk of malignancy in nonpalpable thyroid nodules: predictive value of ultrasound and color-Doppler features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1941-1946.
27. Hermus AR, Huysmans DA 1998 Treatment of benign nodular thyroid disease. N Engl J Med 338:1438-1447.
28. Singer PA, Cooper DS, Daniels GH, Ladenson PW, Greenspan FS, Levy EG, Braverman LE, Clark OH, McDougall IR, Ain KV, Dorfman SG 1996 Treatment guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Arch Intern Med 156:2165-2172.
29. Wienke JR, Chong WK, Fielding JR, Zou KH, Mittelstaedt CA 2003 Sonographic features of benign thyroid nodules: interobserver reliability and overlap with malignancy. J Ultrasound Med 22:1027-1031.
30. Ohmori N, Miyakawa M, Ohmori K, Takano K 2007 Ultrasonographic findings of papillary thyroid carcinoma with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Intern Med 46:547-550.
31. Kuma K, Matsuzuka F, Kobayashi A, Hirai K, Morita S, Miyauchi A, Katayama S, Sugawara M 1992 Outcome of long standing solitary thyroid nodules. World J Surg 16:583-587.
32. Solbiati L, Osti V, Cova L, Tonolini M 2001 Ultrasound of thyroid, parathyroid glands and neck lymph nodes. Eur Radiol 11:2411-2424.
33. Kim BM, Kim MJ, Kim EK, Kwak JY, Hong SW, Son EJ, Kim KH 2008 Sonographic differentiation of thyroid nodules with eggshell calcifications. J Ultrasound Med 27:1425-1430.
34. Ahuja A, Chick W, King W, Metreweli C 1996 Clinical significance of the comet-tail artifact in thyroid ultrasound. JCU J Clin Ultrasound 24:129-133.
35. Cappelli C, Castellano M, Pirola I, Cumetti D, Agosti B, Gandossi E, Agabiti RE 2007 The predictive value of ultrasound findings in the management of thyroid nodules. QJM 100:29-35.
36. Alexander EK, Marqusee E, Orcutt J, Benson CB, Frates MC, Doubilet PM, Cibas ES, Atri A 2004 Thyroid nodule shape and prediction of malignancy. Thyroid 14:953-958.
37. Fornage BD, Lorigan JG, Andry E 1989 Fibroadenoma of the breast: sonographic appearance. Radiology 172:671-675.
38. Reading CC, Charboneau JW, Hay ID, Sebo TJ 2005 Sonography of thyroid nodules: a "classic pattern" diagnostic approach. Ultrasound Q 21:157-165.
39. Park JY, Lee HJ, Jang HW, Kim HK, Yi JH, Lee W, Kim SH 2009A proposal for a thyroid imaging reporting and data system for ultrasound features of thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 19:1257-1264.
40. Asteria C, Giovanardi A, Pizzocaro A, Cozzaglio L, Morabito A, Somalvico F, Zoppo A 2008 US-elastography in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Thyroid 18:523-531.
41. Rago T, Santini F, Scutari M, Pinchera A, Vitti P 2007 Elastography: new developments in ultrasound for predicting malignancy in thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:2917-2922.
42. Lyshchik A, Higashi T, Asato R, Tanaka S, Ito J, Mai JJ, Pellot-Barakat C, Insana MF, Brill AB, Saga T, Hiraoka M, Togashi K 2005 Thyroid gland tumor diagnosis at US elastography. Radiology 237:202-211.
43. Rago T, Vitti P 2008 Role of thyroid ultrasound in the diagnostic evaluation of thyroid nodules. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 22:913-928.
44. Ylagan LR, Farkas T, Dehner LP 2004 Fine needle aspiration of the thyroid: a cytohistologic correlation and study of discrepant cases. Thyroid 14:35-41.
45. McCoy KL, Jabbour N, Ogilvie JB, Ohori NP, Carty SE, Yim JH 2007 The incidence of cancer and rate of false-negative cytology in thyroid nodules greater than or equal to 4 cm in size. Surgery 142:837-844.
46. Tan GH, Gharib H, Reading CC 1995 Solitary thyroid nodule. Comparison between palpation and ultrasonography. Arch Intern Med 155:2418-2423.
47. Alexander EK, Hurwitz S, Heering JP, Benson CB, Frates MC, Doubilet PM, Cibas ES, Larsen PR, Marqusee E 2003 Natural history of benign solid and cystic thyroid nodules. Ann Intern Med 138:315-318.
48. Arturi F, Russo D, Giuffrida D, Ippolito A, Perrotti N, Vigneri R, Filetti S 1997 Early diagnosis by genetic analysis of differentiated thyroid cancer metastases in small lymph nodes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1638-1641.
49. Nam-Goong IS, Kim HY, Gong G, Lee HK, Hong SJ, Kim WB, Shong YK 2004 Ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration of thyroid incidentaloma: correlation with pathological findings. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 60:21-28.
50. Grebe SK, Hay ID 1996 Thyroid cancer nodal metastases: biologic significance and therapeutic considerations. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 5:43-63.
51. Ito Y, Tomoda C, Uruno T, Takamura Y, Miya A, Kobayashi K, Matsuzuka F, Kuma K, Miyauchi A 2005 Ultrasonographically and anatomopathologically detectable node metastases in the lateral compartment as indicators of worse relapse-free survival in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg 29:917-920.
52. Stulak JM, Grant CS, Farley DR, Thompson GB, van Heerden JA, Hay ID, Reading CC, Charboneau JW 2006 Value of preoperative ultrasonography in the surgical management of initial and reoperative papillary thyroid cancer. Arch Surg 141:489-494.
53. Kouvaraki MA, Shapiro SE, Fornage BD, Edeiken-Monro BS, Sherman SI, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Lee JE, Evans DB 2003 Role of preoperative ultrasonography in the surgical management of patients with thyroid cancer. Surgery 134:946-954.
54. Alam F, Naito K, Horiguchi J, Fukuda H, Tachikake T, Ito K 2008 Accuracy of sonographic elastography in the differential diagnosis of enlarged cervical lymph nodes: comparison with conventional B-mode sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191:604-610.
55. Takeuchi Y, Suzuki H, Omura K, Shigehara T, Yamashita T, Okumura K, Shimada F 1999 Differential diagnosis of cervical lymph nodes in head and neck cancer by ultrasonography. Auris Nasus Larynx 26:331-336.
56. Ahn JE, Lee JH, Yi JS, Shong YK, Hong SJ, Lee DH, Choi CG, Kim SJ 2008 Diagnostic accuracy of CT and ultrasonography for evaluating metastatic cervical lymph nodes in patients with thyroid cancer. World J Surg 32:1552-1558.
57. Kuna SK, Bracic I, Tesic V, Kuna K, Herceg GH, Dodig D 2006 Ultrasonographic differentiation of benign from malignant neck lymphadenopathy in thyroid cancer. J Ultrasound Med 25:1531-1537.
58. Leboulleux S, Girard E, Rose M, Travagli JP, Sabbah N, Caillou B, Hartl DM, Lassau N, Baudin E, Schlumberger M 2007 Ultrasound criteria of malignancy for cervical lymph nodes in patients followed up for differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:3590-3594.
59. Gorges R, Eising EG, Fotescu D, Renzing-Kohler K, Frilling A, Schmid KW, Bockisch A, Dirsch O 2003 Diagnostic value of high-resolution B-mode and power-mode sonography in the follow-up of thyroid cancer. Eur J Ultrasound 16: 191-206.
60. Park JS, Son KR, Na DG, Kim E, Kim S 2009 Performance of preoperative sonographic staging of papillary thyroid carcinoma based on the sixth edition of the AJCC=UICC TNM classification system. AJR Am J Roentgenol 192:66-72.
61. Takashima S, Sone S, Nomura N, Tomiyama N, Kobayashi T, Nakamura H 1997 Nonpalpable lymph nodes of the neck: assessment with US and US-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. J Clin Ultrasound 25:283-292.
62. Ahuja A, Ying M 2003 Sonography of neck lymph nodes. Part II: abnormal lymph nodes. Clin Radiol 58:359-366. (Pubitemid 36546722)
63. Kessler A, Rappaport Y, Blank A, Marmor S, Weiss J, Graif M 2003 Cystic appearance of cervical lymph nodes is characteristic of metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Ultrasound 31:21-25.
64. Wunderbaldinger P, Harisinghani MG, Hahn PF, Daniels GH, Turetschek K, Simeone J, O'Neill MJ, Mueller PR 2002 Cystic lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178:693-697.
65. Gorman B, Charboneau JW, James EM, Reading CC, Wold LE, Grant CS, Gharib H, Hay ID 1987 Medullary thyroid carcinoma: role of high-resolution US. Radiology 162:147-150.
66. Ahuja AT, Ying M, Ho SS, Metreweli C 2001 Distribution of intranodal vessels in differentiating benign from metastatic neck nodes. Clin Radiol 56:197-201.
67. Tschammler A, Beer M, Hahn D 2002 Differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy: power Doppler vs color Doppler sonography. Eur Radiol 12:1794-1799.
68. Tschammler A, Ott G, Schang T, Seelbach-Goebel B, Schwager K, Hahn D 1998 Lymphadenopathy: differentiation of benign from malignant disease-color Doppler US assessment of intranodal angioarchitecture. Radiology 208: 117-123.
69. Abe H, Schmidt RA, Kulkarni K, Sennett CA, Mueller JS, Newstead GM 2009 Axillary lymph nodes suspicious for breast cancer metastasis: sampling with US-guided 14- gauge core-needle biopsy-clinical experience in 100 patients. Radiology 250:41-49.
70. Ying M, Ahuja A, Brook F 2004 Accuracy of sonographic vascular features in differentiating different causes of cervical lymphadenopathy. Ultrasound Med Biol 30:441-447.
71. Na DG, Lim HK, Byun HS, Kim HD, Ko YH, Baek JH 1997 Differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy: usefulness of color Doppler sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 168:1311-1316.
72. Machens A, Hinze R, Thomusch O, Dralle H 2002 Pattern of nodal metastasis for primary and reoperative thyroid cancer. World J Surg 26:22-28.
73. Shimamoto K, Satake H, Sawaki A, Ishigaki T, Funahashi H, Imai T 1998 Preoperative staging of thyroid papillary carcinoma with ultrasonography. Eur J Radiol 29:4-10.
74. Bonnet S, Hartl D, Leboulleux S, Baudin E, Lumbroso JD, Al Ghuzlan A, Chami L, Schlumberger M, Travagli JP 2009 Prophylactic lymph node dissection for papillary thyroid cancer less than 2 cm: implications for radioiodine treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:1162-1167.
75. Lyshchik A, Higashi T, Asato R, Tanaka S, Ito J, Hiraoka M, Insana MF, Brill AB, Saga T, Togashi K 2007 Cervical lymph node metastases: diagnosis at sonoelastography- initial experience. Radiology 243:258-267.
76. Pacini F, Molinaro E, Castagna MG, Agate L, Elisei R, Ceccarelli C, Lippi F, Taddei D, Grasso L, Pinchera A 2003 Recombinant human thyrotropin-stimulated serum thyroglobulin combined with neck ultrasonography has the highest sensitivity in monitoring differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3668-3673.
77. Kwak JY, Kim EK 2006 Sonographic findings of Zenker diverticula. J Ultrasound Med 25:639-642.
78. Ruf J, Seehofer D, Nadjari B, Amthauer H, Rayes N 2006 Incidental parathyroid adenoma mimicking tumor recurrence in a patient with follicular thyroid carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med 31:74-76.
79. Langer JE, Luster E, Horii SC, Mandel SJ, Baloch ZW, Coleman BG 2005 Chronic granulomatous lesions after thyroidectomy: imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185: 1350-1354.
80. Yabuuchi H, Kuroiwa T, Fukuya T, Tomita K, Hachitanda Y 2004 Traumatic neuroma and recurrent lymphadenopathy after neck dissection: comparison of radiologic features. Radiology 233:523-529.
81. Lane MJ, Desser TS, Weigel RJ, Jeffrey RB Jr. 1998 Use of color and power Doppler sonography to identify feeding arteries associated with parathyroid adenomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 171:819-823.
82. Sakai F, Sone S, Kawai T, Maruyama A, Kiyono K, Morimoto M, Haniuda M, Honda T, Ishii K, Ikeda SI 1994 Ultrasonography of thymoma with pathologic correlation. Acta Radiol 35:25-29.
83. Danese D, Sciacchitano S, Farsetti A, Andreoli M, Pontecorvi A 1998 Diagnostic accuracy of conventional versus sonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Thyroid 8:15-21.
84. Pacini F, Fugazzola L, Lippi F, Ceccarelli C, Centoni R, Miccoli P, Elisei R, Pinchera A 1992 Detection of thyroglobulin in fine needle aspirates of nonthyroidal neck masses: a clue to the diagnosis of metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:1401-1404.
85. Boi F, Baghino G, Atzeni F, Lai ML, Faa G, Mariotti S 2006 The diagnostic value for differentiated thyroid carcinoma metastases of thyroglobulin (Tg) measurement in washout fluid from fine-needle aspiration biopsy of neck lymph nodes is maintained in the presence of circulating anti-Tg antibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:1364-1369.
86. Nikiforova MN, Chiosea SI, Nikiforov YE 2009 MicroRNA expression profiles in thyroid tumors. Endocr Pathol 20: 85-91.
87. Nikiforov YE, Steward DL, Robinson-Smith TM, Haugen BR, Klopper JP, Zhu Z, Fagin JA, Falciglia M, Weber K, Nikiforova MN 2009 Molecular testing for mutations in improving the fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:2092-2098.
88. Kim BM, Kim MJ, Kim EK, Park SI, Park CS, Chung WY 2008 Controlling recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma in the neck by ultrasonography-guided percutaneous ethanol injection. Eur Radiol 18:835-842.
89. Lewis BD, Hay ID, Charboneau JW, McIver B, Reading CC, Goellner JR 2002 Percutaneous ethanol injection for treatment of cervical lymph nodemetastases in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178:699-704.
90. Dupuy DE, Monchik JM, Decrea C, Pisharodi L 2001 Radiofrequency ablation of regional recurrence from welldifferentiated thyroid malignancy. Surgery 130:971-977.
91. Monchik JM, Donatini G, Iannuccilli J, Dupuy DE 2006 Radiofrequency ablation and percutaneous ethanol injection treatment for recurrent local and distant well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Ann Surg 244:296-304.
92. Iannuccilli JD, Cronan JJ, Monchik JM 2004 Risk for malignancy of thyroid nodules as assessed by sonographic criteria: the need for biopsy. J Ultrasound Med 23:1455-1464.
93. Peccin S, de Castsro JA, Furlanetto TW, Furtado AP, Brasil BA, Czepielewski MA 2002 Ultrasonography: is it useful in the diagnosis of cancer in thyroid nodules? J Endocrinol Invest 25:39-43.
94. Cappelli C, Pirola I, Cumetti D, Micheletti L, Tironi A, Gandossi E, Martino E, Cherubini L, Agosti B, Castellano M, Mattanza C, Rosei EA 2005 Is the anteroposterior and transverse diameter ratio of nonpalpable thyroid nodules a sonographic criteria for recommending fine-needle aspiration cytology? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 63:689-693.
95. Salmaslioglu A, Erbil Y, Dural C, Issever H, Kapran Y, Ozarmagan S, Tezelman S 2008 Predictive value of sonographic features in preoperative evaluation of malignant thyroid nodules in a multinodular goiter. World J Surg 32: 1948-1954.
96. Appetecchia M, Solivetti FM 2006 The association of colour flow Doppler sonography and conventional ultrasonography improves the diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma. Horm Res 66:249-256.
97. Chammas MC, Gerhard R, de Oliveira IR, Widman A, de Barros N, Durazzo M, Ferraz A, Cerri GG 2005 Thyroid nodules: evaluation with power Doppler and duplex Doppler ultrasound. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 132:874-882.
98. Giammanco M, Di Gesu G, Massenti MF, Di Trapani B, Vetri G 2002 Role of color flow Doppler sonography in preoperative diagnostics of the thyroid pathology. Minerva Endocrinol 27:1-10.
99. Cappelli C, Castellano M, Pirola I, Gandossi E, De Martino E, Cumetti D, Agosti B, Rosei EA 2006 Thyroid nodule shape suggests malignancy. Eur J Endocrinol 155:27-31.
100. Bonavita JA, Mayo J, Babb J, Bennett G, Oweity T, Macari M, Yee J 2009 Pattern recognition of benign nodules at ultrasound of the thyroid: which nodules can be left alone? AJR Am J Roentgenol 193:207-213.
101. Lo CP, Chen CY, Chin SC, Lee KW, Hsueh CJ, Juan CJ, Kao HW, Huang GS 2007 Detection of suspicious malignant cervical lymph nodes of unknown origin: diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy with nodal size and central necrosis correlate. Can Assoc Radiol J 58:286-291.
102. do Rosario PW, Fagundes TA, Maia FF, Franco AC, Figueiredo MB, Purisch S 2004 Sonography in the diagnosis of cervical recurrence in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Ultrasound Med 23:915-920.