The archaeology of African history

International Journal of African Historical Studies

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 241-255

  Stahl, Ann B ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 75349088868     PISSN: 03617882     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Jan Vansina, "Historians, Are Archeologists Your Siblings?" History in Africa 22 (1995), 369
2. For three decades periodic reviews of radiocarbon dates were routinely published in the Journal of African History. These were first published as lists of dates, e.g., B.M. Fagan, "Radiocarbon Dates for Sub-Saharan Africa: (From c. 1000 BC)-I," Journal of African History 2, 1 (1961), 137-39, and later expanded into regional overviews of archaeological research intended to brief historians on recent research
3. Only two such overviews have been published since 1991: Duncan E. Miller and Nikolaas J. Van Der Merwe, "Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Recent Research," Journal of African History 35, 1 (1994), 1-36
4. and Peter Mitchell and Gavin Whitclaw, "The Archaeology of Southernmost Africa from 2000 BP to the Early 1800s: A Review of Recent Research," Journal of African History 46, 2 (2005), 209-11
5. Jan Vansina, Raymond Mauny, and L.V. Thomas, "The Techniques of the Historian in Africa," in Jan Vansina, Raymond Mauny, and L.V. Thomas, eds., The Historian in Tropical Africa (London: Oxford University Press, 1964), 65
6. See also Creighton Gabel and Norman R. Bennett, eds., Reconstructing African Culture History (Boston: Boston University Press, 1967)
7. The Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to c. 500 BC, ed. J. Desmond Clark (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982)
8. Roughly one-third of the chapters in volumes 1-3 of the UNESCO General History of Africa (Portsmouth NH: Heinemann) were written by archaeologists, while volume 4, covering the period of the twelfth to sixtenth centuries, included one chapter by an archaeologist (Brian Fagan, "The Zambezi and Limpopo Basins, 1100-1500")
9. Vol. 1, Methodology and African Prehistory, ed. J. Ki Zerbo (1981)
10. vol. 2, Ancient Civilizations, ed. G. Mokhtar (1981)
11. vol. 3, Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Centuries, ed. S.E.M.M. El Fasi, and I. Hrbek (1988)
12. vol. 4, Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, ed. D.T. Niane (1984)
13. vol. 5, Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century, ed. B.A. Ogot (1992)
14. vol. 6, Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s, ed. J.F.A. Ajayi (1989)
15. vol. 7, Africa under Colonial Domination, ed. A.A. Boahen (1985)
16. vol. 8, Africa since 1935, ed. A.A. Mazrui and C. Wondji (1993)
17. For a discussion, see Augustin Holl, "West African Archaeology: Colonialism and Nationalism," in Peter Robertshaw, ed., A History of African Archaeology (Portsmouth NH: Heinemann, 1990), 296-308
18. P.J. J. Sinclair, T. Shaw, and B. Andah, "Introduction," in Thurstan Shaw, Paul Sinclair, Bassey Andah, and Alex Okpoko, eds., The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns (London: Routledge, 1993), 1-31
19. Graham Connah, "Static Image: Dynamic Reality," in Graham Connah, ed., Transformations in Africa. Essays on Africa's Later Past (London: Leicester University Press, 1998), 1-13. Though this essay highlights research that has moved away from a preoccupation with origins questions, they remain alive and well, particularly when it comes to questions of metallurgy
20. See Stanley B. Alpern, "Did They or Didn't They Invent It? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa," History in Africa 32 (2005), 41-94
21. David Killick, "What Do We Know about African Iron Working?" Journal of African Archaeology 2, 1 (2004), 97-112
22. and Heather Pringle, "Seeking Africa's First Iron Men," Science 323 (9 January 2009), 200-202
23. David Schoenbrun stands out as a historian who has systematically engaged archaeological sources. See David Schoenbrun, A Green Place, A Good Place: Agrarian Change, Gender, and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region to the Fifteenth Century (Portsmouth NH: Heinemann, 1998)
24. also "Treating an Interdisciplinary Allergy: Methodological Approaches to Pollen Studies for the Historian of Early Africa," History in Africa 18 (1991), 323-48. Examples of papers co-authored by archaeologists and historians are notable for their rarity
25. See for example Andrew Reid and David L. Schoenbrun, "The Emergence of Social Formations and Inequality in the Great Lakes Region," Archaeological Review from Cambridge 13, 1 (1994), 51-60
26. also Peter Robertshaw, David Taylor, Sean Doyle, and R. Marchant, "Famine, Climate and Crisis in Western Uganda," in R.W. Battarbee, Françoise Gasse, and Catherine E. Stickley, eds., Past Climate Variability through Europe and Africa (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2004), 535-49
27. also P. Delius and M.H. Schoeman, "Revisiting Bokoni: Populating the Stone Ruins of the Mpumalanga Escarpment," in Natalie Swanepoel, Amanda Esterhuysen, and Philip Bonner, eds., Five Hundred Years Rediscovered: Southern African Precedents and Prospects (Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand Press, 2008), 135-67
28. See Susan K. McIntosh and Roderick J. McIntosh, "Recent Archaeological Research and Dates from West Africa," Journal of African History 27, 2 (1986), 413-42. Significantly the only review of recent archaeological research published in the 2000s also stresses this point: Mitchell and Whitelaw, "Archaeology of Southernmost Africa."
29. Vansina, "Siblings," 370
30. Peter Robertshaw, "Sibling Rivalry? The Intersection of Archeology and History," History in Africa 27 (2000), 261-86
31. For an accessible introduction to the range of conceptual and methodological approaches in contemporary archaeology, see Martin Hall, Archaeology Africa (London: James Currey, 1996)
32. and Susan K. McIntosh, "Archaeology and the Reconstruction of the African Past," in John Edward Philips, ed., Writing African History (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2005), 51-84
33. On methodology, see also Ann B. Stahl, Making History in Africa: Anthropological Visions of Africa's Past (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 2001), 19-40
34. For a discussion, see P.J.J. Sinclair et al., "Introduction"; Susan K. McIntosh, "Pathways to Complexity: An African Perspective," in Susan K. McIntosh, ed., Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 1-30
35. Also see contributions in Robertshaw, History of African Archaeology
36. In a 1991 article raising questions of Igbo Ukwu's external connections, John Sutton noted how a general reticence to invoke external connections blinded archaeologists to their importance in some cases. See J.E.G. Sutton, "The International Factor at Igbo Ukwu," The African Archaeological Review 9 (1991), 145-60
37. Fifteen years later, there was greater willingness to adopt a more balanced view, e.g., Gilbert Pwiti, "Southern Africa and the East African Coast," in Ann Brower Stahl, ed., African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005), 378-91
38. For coastal contexts, see Christopher R. DeCorse, An Archaeology of Elmina: Africans and European on the Gold Coast, 1400-1900 (Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001)
39. Kenneth Kelly, "The Archaeology of African-European Interaction: Investigating the Social Roles of Trade, Traders and the Use of Space in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Huéda Kingdom, Republic of Bénin," World Archaeology 28, 3 (1997), 351-69
40. For interior contexts, see Ann Stahl, Making History
41. Akinwumi Ogundiran, "Of Small Things Remembered: Beads, Cowries, and Cultural Translations of the Atlantic Experience in Yorubaland," International Journal of African Historical Studies 35 (2002), 427-57
42. Relevant edited collections include Christopher R. DeCorse, ed., West Africa during the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives (London: Leicester University Press, 2001)
43. Akinwumi Ogundiran and Toyin Falola, eds., Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the Diaspora (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007)
44. and Peter Mitchell's African Connections: An Archaeological Perspective on Africa and the Wider World (Lanham MD: Altamira, 2005) provides a relevant overview
45. See for example Chapurukha M. Kusimba, The Rise and Fall of Swahili States (Walnut Creek CA: AltaMira Press, 1999)
46. Adria LaViolette, "Swahili Cosmopolitanism in Africa and the Indian Ocean World, A.D. 600-1500," Archaeologies: Journal of the World Archaeological Congress 4, 1 (2008), 24-49
47. On the Kalahari debate, see Andrew Reid, "Interaction, Marginalization, and the Archaeology of the Kalahari," in Stahl, ed., African Archaeology, 353-77
48. On southern Africa, Carmel Schrire, Digging through Darkness: Chronicles of an Archaeologist (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1995)
49. Martin Hall, Archaeology and the Modern World: Colonial Transcripts in South Africa and the Chesapeake (London: Routledge, 2000), and more generally, work by the University of Cape Town Historical Archaeology Research Group, http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/age/harg.htm
50. See http://web.wits.ac.za/Academic/Science/Geography/Research/ 500YearInitiative/; See also P.L. Bonner, A.B. Esterhuysen, M.H. Schoeman, N.J. Swanepoel, and J.B. Wright, "Introduction," in Five Hundred Years, and papers forthcoming in the Journal of Southern African History
51. Barbara J. Little, ed., Text-Aided Archaeology (Boca Raton FL: CRC Press, 1992)
52. Charles E. Orser, Jr., A Historical Archaeology of the Modern World (New York: Plenum, 1996)
53. or Mark P. Leone, "A Historical Archaeology of Capitalism," American Anthropologist 97 (1995), 251-68
54. For a recent overview of its world-wide applications, see Martin Hall and Stephen W. Silliman, "Introduction: Archaeology of the Modern World," in Martin Hall and Stephen W. Silliman, eds., Historical Archaeology (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), 1-19
55. James Kirkman, Fort Jesus: A Portuguese Fortress on the East African Coast, Memoir 4, British Institute in Eastern Africa (Oxford: Clarendon, 1974). Cape Town group, see http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/age/harg.htm)
56. also Martin Hall, "The Archaeology of Colonial Settlement in Southern Africa," Annual Review of Anthropology 22 (1993), 177-200
57. and An Archaeology of the Modern World
58. Also Schrire, Digging through Darkness
59. See Merrick Posnansky and Christopher R. DeCorse, "Historical Archaeology in Sub-Saharan Africa - A Review," Historical Archaeology 20, 1 (1986), 1-14
60. Christopher R. DeCorse, An Archaeology of Elmina
61. and Kenneth Kelly, "The Archaeology of African-European Interaction." Also Kit W. Wesler, ed., Historical Archaeology in Nigeria (Trenton NJ: Africa World Press, 1998)
62. See Andrew M. Reid and Paul J. Lane, eds., African Historical Archaeologies (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 2004)
63. Also Graham Connah "Historical Archaeology in Africa: An Appropriate Concept?" African Archaeological Review 24, 1-2 (2007), 35-40
64. Historical Archaeology: A Structural Approach in an African Culture (Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1978)
65. Peter R. Schmidt, Historical Archaeology in Africa: Representation, Social Memory, and Oral Traditions (Lanham MD: AltaMira, 2006)
66. Peter R. Schmidt and Jonathan R. Walz, "Silences and Mentions in History Making," Historical Archaeology 41, 4 (2007)
67. and "Re-Representing Africa's Pasts through Historical Archaeology," American Antiquity 72, 1 (2007), 53-70
68. Peter R. Schmidt and Jonathan R. Walz, "Historical Archaeology in Africa: Noble Claims, Revisionist Perspectives and African Voices?" Journal of African History 46 (2005), 319
69. Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, Frictions: An Ethnography of Global Connection (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 3
70. On the "ethnographic genre," see Jan Vansina, "The Ethnographic Account as a Genre in Central Africa," Paideuma 33 (1987), 433-44
71. For example, Jean Comaroff and John L. Comaroff, eds., Modernity and Its Malcontents: Ritual and Power in Postcolonial Africa (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993)
72. Rosalind Shaw, Memories of the Slave Trade: Ritual and Historical Imagination in Sierra Leone (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002)
73. Charles Piot, Remotely Global: Village Modernity in West Africa (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999)
74. For an archaeological exploration, see Alfredo Gonzâlez-Ruibal, "The Dream of Reason: An Archaeology of the Failures of Modernity in Ethiopia," Journal of Social Archaeology 6, 2 (2006), 175-201
75. See for example contributions in Ogundiran and Falola, Archaeology of Atlantic Africa
76. Chapurukha M. Kusimba, "Archaeology of Slavery in East Africa," African Archaeological Review 21, 2 (2004), 59-88
77. Natalie Swanepoel, "Socio-Political Change on a Slave-Raiding Frontier: War, Trade and 'Big Men' in Nineteenth Century Sisalaland, Northern Ghana," in Tony Pollard and Iain Banks, eds., Past Tense: Studies in the Archaeology of Conflict (Leiden: Brill, 2006), 265-93
78. Ann B. Stahl, "The Slave Trade as Practice and Memory: What Are the Issues for Archaeologists?" in Catherine M. Cameron, ed., Invisible Citizens: Captives and Their Consequences (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2008), 25-56
79. Peter Robertshaw and William Duncan, "African Slavery: Archaeology and Decentralized Societies," in Cameron Captives, 57-79
80. Johannes Fabian, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), 1-35. This is one among several contradictions and inconsistencies in Schmidt and Walz's recently published polemics on the archaeology of African history, a discussion of which is beyond the scope of the present piece. Schmidt and Walz, "Silences" and "Re-Representing."
81. Kent G. Lightfoot "Culture Contact Studies: Redefining the Relationship between Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology," American Antiquity 60, 2 (1995), 199-217
82. see also Laura J. Mitchell, "Material Culture and Cadastral Data: Documenting the Cedarberg Frontier, South Africa, 1725-1740," in Toyin Falola and Christian Jennings, eds., Sources and Methods in African History: Spoken, Written, Unearthed (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2003), 17-19
83. For example, work in interior regions referenced in note 17; see also Stahl, African Archaeology
84. DeCorse, West Africa
85. Ogundiran and Falola, Atlantic Africa
86. For an overview see Ann B. Stahl, "Political Economic Mosaics: Archaeology of the Last Two Millennia in Tropical Sub-Saharan Africa," Annual Review of Anthropology 33 (2004), 145-72
87. For example, Innocent Pikirayi, "Gold, Black Ivory, and Houses of Stone: Historical Archaeology in Africa," in Hall and Silliman, Historical Archaeology, 230-50
88. see Scott MacEachern, "Two Thousand Years of West African History," in Stahl, ed., African Archaeology, 441-66
89. rd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005)
90. Compare this to Martin Hall, Farmers, Kings and Traders: The People of South Africa, 200-1860 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), which works to surmount the Ages/Stages terminology that long structured discussions of African archaeology
91. See for example the recent themed issue, "Theorizing Identity in African Archaeology," in Stephanie Wynne-Jones and Sarah K. Croucher, eds., Journal of Social Archaeology 7, 3 (2007)
92. Also in recent issues of the Journal of Social Archaeology, see Timothy Insoll, "Negotiating the Archaeology of Destiny: An Exploration of Interpretive Possibilities through Tallensi Shrines," 8, 3 (2008), 380-403
93. Shadreck Chirikure, "Metals in Society: Iron Production and its Position in Iron Age Communities of Southern Africa," 7, 2 (2007), 101-12
94. Nick Shepherd, "Archaeology Dreaming. Post-Apartheid Urban Imaginaries and the Bones of the Prestwich Street Dead," 7, 1 (2007) 3-28
95. González-Ruibal, "Dream of Reason," 6, 2 (2006), 175-201
96. Godhi Bvocho, "Ornaments as Social and Chronological Icons: A Case Study of Southeastern Zimbabwe," 5, 3 (2005), 409-24
97. The Journal of Anthropological Archaeology is another venue where archaeologists are publishing works of interest to historians of Africa, e.g., A.B. Esterhuysen, "Divining the Siege of Mugombane," 27, 4 (2008), 461-74
98. Edward John Pollard, "The Maritime Landscape of Kilwa Kisiwani and Its Region, Tanzania, 11th to 15th Century AD," 27, 3 (2008), 265-80
99. Olivier Langlois, "Intrasite Features Distribution as a Source of Social Information: The Case of Djaba-Hosséré (Normern Cameroon)," 26 (2007), 172-97
100. Aribidesi A. Usman, "On the Frontier of Empire: Understanding the Enclosed Walls in Northern Yoruba, Nigeria," 23, 1 (2004), 119-32
101. Archaeologists have also published anthropologically oriented pieces in the American Anthropologist, e.g., Neil L. Norman and Kenneth G. Kelly, "Landscape Politics: The Serpent Ditch and the Rainbow in West Africa," 106, 1 (2004), 98-110
102. Ann B. Stahl, "Colonial Entanglements and the Practices of Taste: An Alternative to Logocentric Approaches," 104, 3 (2002), 827-15
103. Vansina, Mauny, and Thomas, "Techniques," 66, 69
104. For an early discussion see Martin Hall, "The Burden of Tribalism: The Social Context of Southern African Iron Age Studies," American Antiquity 49 (1984), 455-67
105. Also Scott MacEachern, "Scale, Style, and Cultural Variation: Technological Traditions in the Northern Mandara Mountains," in Miriam Stark, ed., The Archaeology of Social Boundaries (Washington D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998), 107-31
106. For an introduction, see Jill C. Minar and Patricia Crown, "Learning and Craft Production: An Introduction," Journal of Anthropological Research 57, 4 (2002), 369-80
107. For a discussion of this as it relates to the study of slavery and the slave trade, see Stahl "Archaeology of Slavery."
108. For example, the image offered by the large fold-out map of African tribal groups included in George Peter Murdock's Africa: Its Peoples and Their Culture History (New York: McGraw Hill, 1959)
109. For a discussion, see Rosemary A. Joyce and J. Lopiparo "PostScript: Doing Agency in Archaeology," Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 12, 4 (2005), 365-74
110. Timothy R. Pauketat and Susan M. Alt, "Agency in a Postmold? Physicality and the Archaeology of Culture-Making," Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 12, 3 (2005), 213-36
111. Chris Gosden, "What Do Objects Want?" Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 12, 3 (2005), 193-211
112. See also Nicholas David and Carol Kramer, Ethnoarchaeology in Action (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 303-59
113. Marcel Mauss' notion of bodily techniques inspires some of this literature; see Mauss, Sociology and Psychology: Essays, translated by Ben Brewster (London: Routledge; and Kegan Paul, 1979 [1950])
114. See Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, trans, by Richard Nice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977)
115. Also Pierre Lemonnier, "The Study of Material Culture Today: Toward an Anthropology of Technical Systems," Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 5 (1986), 147-86
116. On potting, see Michael Dietler and Ingrid Herbich, "Tich Matek: The Technology of Luo Pottery Production and the Definition of Ceramic Style," World Archaeology 21 (1989), 148-64
117. and Olivier P. Gosselain "Technology and Style: Potters and Pottery among Bifia of Cameroon," Man, n.s., 27, 3 (1992), 559-86
118. and "Materializing Identities: An African Perspective," Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 7, 3 (2000), 187-217
119. On metallurgy see S. Terry Childs, "Style, Technology and Iron Smelting Furnaces in Bantu-Speaking Africa," Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 10 (1991), 332-59
120. and Eugenia W. Herbert, Iron, Gender, and Power: Rituals of Transformation in African Societies (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1993)
121. David Killick's "Social Constructionist Approaches to the Study of Technology," World Archaeology 36, 4 (2004), 571-78, provides a brief but accessible overview of the perspectives that inform this literature
122. Theoretical groundwork for this view can be found in Arjun Appadurai, ed., The Social Lives of Thing: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986)
123. See also Daniel Miller, ed., Material Cultures: Why Some Things Matter (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), and Materiality (Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2005)
124. For an early discussion of the role of objects in colonial entanglements, see Nicholas Thomas, Entangled Objects: Exchange, Material Culture, and Colonialism in the Pacific (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1991)
125. and Bernard Cohn, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996)
126. For more recent perspectives, see Tim Ingold, "Making Culture and Weaving the World," in P.M. Graves-Brown, ed. Matter, Materiality, and Modern Culture (London: Routledge, 2000)
127. and Chris Gosden, "What Do Objects Want?"
128. Lemmonier, "Study of Material Culture"; Gosselain "Technology and Style."
129. Henry Glassie, Material Culture (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), 41. Thomas Huffman's work on the Southern Bantu cattle pattern is exemplary of a cognitive structuralist view
130. See Snakes and Crocodiles: Power and Symbolism in Ancient Zimbabwe (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1996). Notably the FYI in southern Africa is motivated in part by a concern to dispel the ahistoricism that characterizes cognitivist approaches
131. see Bonner et al., Five Hundred Years, 10-12
132. See Victor Buchli, "Material Culture: Current Problems," in Lynn Meskell and Robert W. Preucel, eds., A Companion to Social Archaeology (Oxford: Black well, 2004), 179-94
133. Chris Gosden, "What Do Objects Want?"; Miller, ed., Materiality
134. Christopher Tilley, Webb Keane, Susanne Kuechler-Fogden, Mike Rowlands, and Patricia Spyer, eds., Handbook of Material Culture (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006)
135. and Mary Beaudry and Dan Hicks, eds., Oxford Handbook of Material Culture (London: Oxford University Press, forthcoming)
136. For an exchange over the term "materiality," see Tim Ingold, "Materials against Materiality," Archaeological Dialogues 14, 1 (2007), 1-16, and responses therein
137. On the role of objects creating continuities and discontinuities, see Marilyn Strathern, "Artefacts of History: Events and the Interpretation of Images," in J. Siikala, ed., Culture and History in the Pacific (Helsinki: Finnish Anthropological Society, 1990), 25-14
138. Nicholas Thomas, "The Case of the Misplaced Ponchos: Speculations Concerning the History of Cloth in Polynesia," Journal of Material Culture 4 (1999), 5-20
139. For archaeological discussions of the implications for social memory, see Martin Hall, "Social Archaeology and the Theatres of Memory," Journal of Social Archaeology 1, 1 (2001), 50-61
140. contributions in Barbara J. Mills and William H. Walker, eds., Memory Work: The Materiality of Depositional Practice (Sante Fe, NM: School of Advanced Research, 2008)
141. Schmidt, Historical Archaeology in Africa, 71 -98
142. Elizabeth Brumfield, "It's a Material World: History, Artifacts, and Anthropology," Annual Review of Anthropology 32 (2003), 205-23
143. For a discussion, see Gosselain, "Technology and Style," 559-61
144. also Dietler and Herbich, "Tich Matek."
145. On metallurgy, see Childs, "Style, Technology and Iron."
146. Barbara E. Frank, "Reconstructing the History of an African Ceramic Tradition: Technology, Slavery and Agency in the Region of Kadiolo Mali," Cahiers d'Études Africaines 33, 131 (1993), 381-401
147. For links between technological style and identity, see Gosselain, "Materializing Identities."
148. For the broader implications for understanding African slavery, see Stahl, "Slave Trade."
149. For an example, see Ann B. Stahl, Maria das Dores Cruz, Hector Neff, Michael D. Glascock, Robert J. Speakman, Bretton Giles, and Leith Smith, "Ceramic Production, Consumption and Exchange in the Banda Area, Ghana: Insights from Compositional Analyses," Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27 (2008), 363-81
150. Igor Kopytoff, "The Cultural Biography of Things: Commoditization as a Process," in Arjun Appadurai ed., The Social Life of Things (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 64-91
151. On recontextualization, see Thomas, Entangled Objects. Marshall Sahlins famously forwarded the argument that people consume introduced goods according to their own logics in order to become "more like themselves"
152. see "Cosmologies of Capitalism: The Trans-Pacific Sector of 'The World System,'" in Nicholas B. Dirks, Geoff Eley, and Sherry B. Ortner, eds., Culture/Power/History: A Reader in Contemporary Social Theory (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 412-55
153. See Christopher B. Steiner, "Another Image of Africa: Toward an Ethnohistory of European Cloth Marketed in West Africa, 1873-1960," Ethnohistory 32 (1985), 91-110
154. Jeremy Prestholdt, Domesticating the World: African Consumerism and the Genealogies of Globalization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008)
155. Michael Dietler, "Consumption, Agency, and Cultural Entanglement: Theoretical Implications of a Mediterranean Colonial Encounter," in J. Cusick, ed., Studies in Culture Contact. Interaction, Culture Change, and Archaeology (Carbondale: Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, 1998), 288-315
156. For archaeological examples from Africa, see Ogundiran, "Of Small Things Remembered," 427-57
157. and Stahl, "Colonial Entanglements."
158. Heike Schmidt, "The Future of Africa's Past: Observations on the Discipline," History in Africa 34 (2007), 453-60
159. See also http://sitemaker.umich.edu/africa2020/download-thinkpieces; Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000)
160. Gareth Austin, "Reciprocal Comparison and African History: Tackling Conceptual Eurocentrism in the Study of Africa's Economic Past," African Studies Review 50 (2007), 1-28
161. See also http://sitemaker.umich.edu/africa2020/download-thinkpieces; Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincilaizing Europe: Poscolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000)