Americanized beauty? Predictors of perceived attractiveness from US and South Korean participants based on media exposure, ethnicity, and socio-cultural attitudes toward ideal beauty

Asian Journal of Communication

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 227-247

  Bissell, Kim L ^a   Chung, Jee Young ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA   (United States)

Author keywords

Attractiveness norms; Cultural identity; Image ideals; Media

Indexed keywords

EID: 75249094028     PISSN: 01292986     EISSN: 17420911     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01292980902827144     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Bersheid, E., & Walster, E. (1974). Physical attractiveness. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology Vol. 7 (pp. 157-215). New York: Academic.
2. Bersheid, E., & Walster, E. (1978). Interpersonal attraction. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
3. Byrne, D., Ervin, C., & Lamberth, J. (1970). Continuity between the experimental study of attraction and real-life computer dating. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 157-165.
4. Cash, T. (1981). Physical attractiveness: The effects of physical attractiveness, sex, and attitude similarity on interpersonal attraction. Journal of Personality, 36, 259-271.
5. Cash, T.F., & Szymanski, M.L. (1995). The development and validation of the body-image ideals questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95, 466-478.
6. Cunningham, M. (1986). Measuring the physical in physical attractiveness: Quasi-experiments in the sociobiology of female facial beauty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 925-935.
7. Cunningham, M., Roberts, A., Wu, C., Barbee, A., & Druen, P. (1995). Their ideas of beauty are, on the whole, the same as ours: Consistency and variability in the cross-cultural perception of female attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 261-279.
8. Cusamano, D., & Thompson, K. (1997). Body image and body shape ideals in magazines: Exposure, awareness, and internalization. Sex Roles, 37(9/10), 701-721.
9. DeSoto, M.C., & Kopp, K. J. (2003). Predicting female attractiveness: A second look at thinness and waist-to-hip ratio. Sexualities. Evolution and Gender, 5, 83-88.
10. Dion, K., Bersheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 285-290.
11. Eisenthal, Y., Dror, G., & Ruppin, E. (2006). Facial attractiveness: Beauty and the machine. Neural Computation, 18, 119-142.
12. Fisher, M.L., & Voracek, M. (2006). The shape of beauty: Determinants of female physical attractiveness. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 5, 190-194.
13. Frith, K., Shaw, P., & Cheng, H. (2005). The construction of beauty: A cross-cultural analysis of women's magazine advertising. Journal of Communication, 55(1), 56-70.
14. Gerbner, G. (1998). Telling stories, or how do we know what we know? The story of cultural indicators and the cultural environment movement. Wide Angle, 20, 116-131.
15. Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, N., & Signorielli, N. (1994). Growing up with television: The cultivation perspective. In J. Bryant & D. Zillman (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 61-90). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
16. Hagiwara, S. (1975). Visual versus verbal information in impression formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 692-698.
17. Han, M. (2003). Body image dissatisfaction and eating disturbance among Korean college female students: Relationships to media exposure, upward comparison, and perceived reality. Communication Studies, 54(1), 65-78.
18. Heinberg, L.J. (1996). Theories of body image: Perceptual, developmental, and sociocultural factors. In J.K. Thompson (Ed.), Body image, eating disorders, and obesity: An integrative guide for assessment and treatment (pp. 27-48). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
19. Herman, B. (2006, April 16). S. Korea sees boom in male plastic surgery. SFGate. Retrieved from http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgifile=/n/a/2006/04/15/international/i142953D09.DTL
20. Hesse-Biber, S., Leavy, P., Quinn, C.E., & Zoino, J. (2006). The mass marketing of disordered eating and Eating Disorders: The social psychology of women, thinness and culture. Women's Studies International Forum, 29, 208-224.
21. Isa, M., & Kramer, E.M. (2003). Adopting the Caucasian 'look': Reorganizing the minority face. In E.M. Kramer (Ed.), The emerging monoculture: Assimilation and the 'model minority' (pp. 41-74). Westport, CT: Praeger.
22. Jang, S.H. (2008, March 20). Department stores fall in love with New York. Hankyung. Retrieved from http://www.hankyung.com/news/apps/newsview.phd?aid=2008032029471
23. Jones, D. (1996). Physical attractiveness and the theory of sexual selection: Results from five populations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum.
24. Jung, J., & Lee, S.-H. (2006). Cross-cultural comparisons of appearance self-schema, body image, self-esteem, and dieting behavior between Korean and US women. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 34(4), 350-365.
25. Kang, J.-G., & Morgan, M. (1988). Culture clash: Impact of US television in Korea. Journalism Quarterly, 65(2), 431-438.
26. Kim, J.-Y. (n.d.). AFKN as a US postwar propaganda program: A hypothesis. Retrieved January 9, 2009, from https://ls2.cmich.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A3=ind9709&L=AEJMC&E=7BIT&P=1006616&B =--&T=TEXT%2FPLAIN;%20charset=US-ASCII
27. Kitch, C. (2006). Useful memory in Time Inc magazines: Summary journalism and the popular construction of history, Journalism Studies, 7(1), 105-122.
28. Kramer, E. (2003). Gaiatsu and cultural judo. In E.M. Kramer (Ed.), The emerging monoculture: Assimilation and the 'model minority' (pp. 1-32). Westport, CT: Praeger.
29. Langois, J.D., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A.J., Larson, A., Hallam, M., & Smoot, M. (2000). Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 390-423.
30. Lee, M.-J., Popkin, B.M., & Kim, S. (2002). The unique aspects of the nutrition transition in South Korea: The retention of healthful elements in their traditional diet. Public Health Nutrition, 5(1A), 197-203.
31. Lennon, S.J., Rudd, N.A., Sloan, B., & Kim, J.S. (1999). Attitudes toward gender roles, self- esteem, and body image: Application of a model. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 17(4), 191-202.
32. Levine, M., & Smolak, L. (1996). Media as a context for the development of disordered eating. In L. Smolak, M. Levine, & R. Striegel-Moore (Eds.), The developmental psychopathology of eating disorders: Implications for research, prevention, and treatment (pp. 235-257). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
33. Miller, A. (1970). Role of physical attractiveness in impression formation. Psychonomic Science, 19, 241-243.
34. Oh, Y.-H. (2004, July 29). Korean women live to be thin and slim. The Korea Herald, p. A11.
35. Park, S.U. (2007). Beauty will save you': The myth and ritual of dieting in Korean society. Korea Journal, 47(2), 41-70.
36. Park, W. (2000). Comparative study on the satisfaction with and perception about their bodies by Korean and American female students. Journal for the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 24(5), 736-747.
37. Patton, T. (2006). Hey girl, am I more than my hair? African American women and their struggles with beauty, body image, and hair. NWSA Journal, 18(2), 24-51.
38. Paxton, S., Schultz, H., Wertheim, E., & Muir, S. (1999). Friendship clique and peer influences on body image concerns, dietary restraint, extreme weight-loss behaviors, and binge eating in adolescent girls. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 255-266.
39. Perrett, D., May, K., & Yoshikawa, S. (1994). Facial shape and judgments of female attractiveness. Nature, 368, 239-242.
40. Pingree, S., & Hawkins, R. (1981). US programs on Australian television: The cultivation effect. Journal of Communication, 31(1), 97-105.
41. Pompper, D., & Koenig, J. (2004). Cross-cultural-generational perceptions of ideal body image: Hispanic women and magazine standards. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(1), 89-107.
42. Rainwater-McClure, R., Reed, W., & Kramer, E.M. (2003). A world of cookie-cutter faces. In E.M. Kramer (Ed.), The emerging monoculture: Assimilation and the 'model minority' (pp. 221-233). Westport, CT: Praeger.
43. Reis, H., Nazlek, J., & Wheeler, L. (1980). Physical attractiveness in social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 604-617.
44. Reis, H., Wheeler, L., Spiegel, M., Kernis, N., Nazlek, J., & Perri, M. (1982). Physical attractiveness in social interaction II: Why does appearance affect social experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 979-996.
45. Riggio, R., Widaman, K., Tucker, J., & Salinas, C. (1991). Beauty is more than skin deep: Components of attractiveness. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 12(4), 423-439.
46. Saito, S. (2007). Television and the cultivation of gender-role attitudes in Japan: Does television contribute to the maintenance of the status quo? Journal of Communication, 57(3), 511-531.
47. Saltzberg, E., & Chrisler, J. (1997). Beauty is the beast: Psychological effects of the perfect female body. In E. Disch (Ed.), Reconstructing gender: A multicultural anthology (pp. 134-145). Mountain Views, CA: Mayfield Publishing.
48. Samsung Economic Research Institute. (2002, April 24). The rise of the beauty industry and its strategies for success. Retrieved from http://www.seri.org/db/dbReptV.html?menu=db02&pubkey=db20020422001
49. Seoul City Government. (2008, March 11). 2007 Survey result among Seoulites. Retrieved January 13, 2009, from http://app.seoul.go.kr/jsp/board/board/board.jsp?func=view&idx=10156&bid=5
50. Shrum, L.J. (1995). Assessing the social influences of television. Communication Research, 22, 402-429.
51. Solomon, M.R., Ashmore, R., & Longo, L.C. (1992). The beauty match-up hypothesis: Congruence between types of beauty and product images in advertising. Journal of Advertising, 21, 23-34.
52. Stice, E. (1998). Modeling of eating pathology and social reinforcement of the thin-ideal predict onset of bulimic symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(10), 931-944.
53. Stice, E., & Shaw, H. (1994). Adverse effect of the media portrayed thin-ideal on women and linkages to bulimic symptomology. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13, 288-303.
54. Swami, V., Caprario, C., Tovee, M.J., & Furnham, A. (2006). Female physical attractiveness in Britain and Japan: A cross-cultural study. European Journal of Personality, 20, 69-81.
55. Tantleff-Dunn, S., & Gokee, J. (2004). Interpersonal influences on body image development. In T. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 108-116). New York: Guilford Publications.
56. Thompson, J.K., Heinberg, L.J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
57. Wardle, J., Haase, A., & Steptoe, A. (2006). Body image and weight control in young adults: International comparisons in university students from 22 countries. International Journal of Obesity, 30, 644-651.
58. Wolf, N. (1992). The beauty myth: How images of beauty are used against women. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
59. Yoon, T.-I., Thorson, E., & Lee, M.-C. (2003). Body image processing in Korean adolescent and college-aged females. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 13(1), 141-162.