메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 64, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 466-476

How to treat hypertension in blacks: Review of the evidence

Author keywords

African Americans; Antihypertensive treatment; Arterial hypertension; Hypertensive blacks; Hypertensive complications; Sub Saharan Africans

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; POTASSIUM SPARING DIURETIC AGENT; RENIN; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT;

EID: 75149158091     PISSN: 00015512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/acb.2009.082     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (11)

References (90)
  • 1
    • 0017746957 scopus 로고
    • Race, education, and prevalence of hypertension
    • Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group
    • Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group: Race, education, and prevalence of hypertension. Am J Epidemiol 1977; 106: 351-361.
    • (1977) Am J Epidemiol , vol.106 , pp. 351-361
  • 2
    • 0344945361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertensive nephrosclerosis in African Americans
    • Toto RD, Hypertensive nephrosclerosis in African Americans. Kidney Int 2003; 64: 2331-2341.
    • (2003) Kidney Int , vol.64 , pp. 2331-2341
    • Toto, R.D.1
  • 4
    • 0030999998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • End-stage renal disease in African-American and white men: 16-year MRFIT findings
    • Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Randall BL, Neaton JD, Brancati FL, Stamler J. End-stage renal disease in African-American and white men: 16-year MRFIT findings. JAMA 1997; 277: 1293-1298.
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.277 , pp. 1293-1298
    • Klag, M.J.1    Whelton, P.K.2    Randall, B.L.3    Neaton, J.D.4    Brancati, F.L.5    Stamler, J.6
  • 5
    • 4944254091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa
    • Deedat Yk. Recommendations for hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa. Cardiovasc J S Afr 2004; 15: 157-158.
    • (2004) Cardiovasc J S Afr , vol.15 , pp. 157-158
    • Deedat, Y.1
  • 6
    • 40649086029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spectrum of Heart Disease and Risk Factors in a Black Urban Population in South Africa (The Heart of Soweto Study): A Cohort Study
    • Silwa K, Wilkinson D, Hansen C, et al. Spectrum of Heart Disease and Risk Factors in a Black Urban Population in South Africa (The Heart of Soweto Study): A Cohort Study. Lancet 2008; 371: 915-922.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.371 , pp. 915-922
    • Silwa, K.1    Wilkinson, D.2    Hansen, C.3
  • 7
    • 40849086668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart disease in Soweto: Facing a triple threat
    • White HD, Dalby AJ. Heart disease in Soweto: facing a triple threat. Lancet 2008; 371: 876-877.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.371 , pp. 876-877
    • White, H.D.1    Dalby, A.J.2
  • 8
    • 0036463833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emergence of cardiovascular disease during urbanisation of Africans
    • Vorster HH. The emergence of cardiovascular disease during urbanisation of Africans. Public Health Nutr 2002; 5: 239-243.
    • (2002) Public Health Nutr , vol.5 , pp. 239-243
    • Vorster, H.H.1
  • 9
    • 36448953032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa. A Systematic Review
    • Addo J, Smeeth L, Leon DA. Hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa. A Systematic Review. Hypertension 2007; 50: 1012-1018.
    • (2007) Hypertension , vol.50 , pp. 1012-1018
    • Addo, J.1    Smeeth, L.2    Leon, D.A.3
  • 10
    • 33645800971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertension and ethnic group
    • Brown NJ. Hypertension and ethnic group. BMJ 2006; 332: 833-836.
    • (2006) BMJ , vol.332 , pp. 833-836
    • Brown, N.J.1
  • 12
    • 0029928474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salt sensitivity of blood pressure in humans
    • Weinberger MH. Salt sensitivity of blood pressure in humans. Hypertension 1996; 27 (part 2): 481-490.
    • (1996) Hypertension , vol.27 , Issue.PART 2 , pp. 481-490
    • Weinberger, M.H.1
  • 13
    • 0025973469 scopus 로고
    • Salt sensitivity and resistance of blood pressure: Age and race as factors in physiological responses
    • Luft FC, Miller JZ, Grim CE, et al. Salt sensitivity and resistance of blood pressure: Age and race as factors in physiological responses. Hypertension 1991; 17: 1102-1108.
    • (1991) Hypertension , vol.17 , pp. 1102-1108
    • Luft, F.C.1    Miller, J.Z.2    Grim, C.E.3
  • 14
    • 0026409649 scopus 로고
    • Sodium excretion and racial differences in ambulatory blood pressure patterns
    • Harshfield GA, Alpert BS, Pullam DA, et al. Sodium excretion and racial differences in ambulatory blood pressure patterns. Hypertension 1991; 18: 813-818.
    • (1991) Hypertension , vol.18 , pp. 813-818
    • Harshfield, G.A.1    Alpert, B.S.2    Pullam, D.A.3
  • 15
    • 0017748446 scopus 로고
    • Differences in response to sodium administration in normotensive white and black subjects
    • Luft FC, Grim CE, Higgins JT, Weinberger MH . Differences in response to sodium administration in normotensive white and black subjects. J Lab Clin Med 1977; 90: 555-562.
    • (1977) J Lab Clin Med , vol.90 , pp. 555-562
    • Luft, F.C.1    Grim, C.E.2    Higgins, J.T.3    Weinberger, M.H.4
  • 16
    • 1642480093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sodium glomerulopathy: Tubuloglomerular feedback and renal injury in African- Americans
    • Aviv A, Hollenberg NK, Weder AB. Sodium glomerulopathy: tubuloglomerular feedback and renal injury in African- Americans. Kidney Int 2004; 65: 361-368.
    • (2004) Kidney Int , vol.65 , pp. 361-368
    • Aviv, A.1    Hollenberg, N.K.2    Weder, A.B.3
  • 17
  • 18
    • 49949111488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vasopressin regulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
    • Juan Oliver. Vasopressin regulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295: F100-F107.
    • (2008) Am J Physiol Renal Physiol , vol.295
    • Oliver, J.1
  • 19
    • 2542446285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activating Mutation of the Renal Epithelial Chloride Channel CIC-Kb Predisposing to Hypertension
    • Jeck N, Waldegger S, Lampert A. et al. Activating Mutation of the Renal Epithelial Chloride Channel CIC-Kb Predisposing to Hypertension. Hypertension 2004; 43: 1175-1181.
    • (2004) Hypertension , vol.43 , pp. 1175-1181
    • Jeck, N.1    Waldegger, S.2    Lampert, A.3
  • 20
    • 0025437838 scopus 로고
    • Differences in blacks and whites with essential hypertension: Biochemistry and endocrine: state of the art lecture
    • Falkner B. Differences in blacks and whites with essential hypertension: biochemistry and endocrine: state of the art lecture. Hypertension 1990; 15: 681-686.
    • (1990) Hypertension , vol.15 , pp. 681-686
    • Falkner, B.1
  • 21
    • 0018340682 scopus 로고
    • Effects of volume expansion and contraction in normotensive whites, blacks, and subjects of different ages
    • Luft FC, Grim CE, Fineberg N, Weinberger MC. Effects of volume expansion and contraction in normotensive whites, blacks, and subjects of different ages. Circulation 1979; 59: 643-650.
    • (1979) Circulation , vol.59 , pp. 643-650
    • Luft, F.C.1    Grim, C.E.2    Fineberg, N.3    Weinberger, M.C.4
  • 22
    • 0020614210 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of propranolol or hydrochlorothiazide alone for treatment of hypertension. III. Evaluation of the renin-angiotensin system
    • Freis ED, Materson BJ, Flamenbaum W. Comparison of propranolol or hydrochlorothiazide alone for treatment of hypertension. III. Evaluation of the renin-angiotensin system. Am J Med 1983; 74: 1029-1041.
    • (1983) Am J Med , vol.74 , pp. 1029-1041
    • Freis, E.D.1    Materson, B.J.2    Flamenbaum, W.3
  • 23
    • 0041560028 scopus 로고
    • pro) Renin processing and secretion in black essential hypertension and other low-renin syndromes
    • eds, Oxford University Press for the American Physiological Society
    • Fray JCS: (pro) Renin processing and secretion in black essential hypertension and other low-renin syndromes. In Fray JCS, Douglas JG (eds): Pathophysiology of Hypertension in Blacks. Oxford University Press for the American Physiological Society, 1993, pp 214-238.
    • (1993) Pathophysiology of Hypertension in Blacks , pp. 214-238
    • Fray, J.C.S.1
  • 24
    • 0018788397 scopus 로고
    • Renin profiling for diagnosis and treatment of hypertension
    • Laragh JH, Letcher RL, Pickering TG. Renin profiling for diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. JAMA 1979; 241: 151-156.
    • (1979) JAMA , vol.241 , pp. 151-156
    • Laragh, J.H.1    Letcher, R.L.2    Pickering, T.G.3
  • 25
    • 0024404381 scopus 로고
    • Racial differences in aldosterone excretion and plasma aldosterone concentrations in children
    • Pratt JH, Jones JJ, Miller JZ Wagner MA, Fineberg NS. Racial differences in aldosterone excretion and plasma aldosterone concentrations in children. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1152-1157.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.321 , pp. 1152-1157
    • Pratt, J.H.1    Jones, J.J.2    Miller, J.Z.3    Wagner, M.A.4    Fineberg, N.S.5
  • 27
  • 28
    • 0842288326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences between blacks and whites in the incidence of end-stage renal disease and associated risk factors
    • Li S, McAlpine DD, Liu J, Collins AJ. Differences between blacks and whites in the incidence of end-stage renal disease and associated risk factors. Adv Ren Replace There 2004; 11: 5-13.
    • (2004) Adv Ren Replace There , vol.11 , pp. 5-13
    • Li, S.1    McAlpine, D.D.2    Liu, J.3    Collins, A.J.4
  • 29
    • 42949139975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long- term Effects of Renin-Angiotensin System-Blocking Therapy and a Low Blood Pressure Goal on Progression of Hypertensive Chronic Kidney Disease in African Americans
    • Appel LJ, Wright JT Jr, Greene T, et al. Long- term Effects of Renin-Angiotensin System-Blocking Therapy and a Low Blood Pressure Goal on Progression of Hypertensive Chronic Kidney Disease in African Americans. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 832-839.
    • (2008) Arch Intern Med , vol.168 , pp. 832-839
    • Appel, L.J.1    Wright Jr, J.T.2    Greene, T.3
  • 30
    • 0028051758 scopus 로고
    • Renal hemodynamics in essential hypertensions. Racial differences in response to changes in dietary sodium
    • Parmer RJ, Stone RA, Cervenka JH. Renal hemodynamics in essential hypertensions. Racial differences in response to changes in dietary sodium. Hypertension 1994; 24: 752-757.
    • (1994) Hypertension , vol.24 , pp. 752-757
    • Parmer, R.J.1    Stone, R.A.2    Cervenka, J.H.3
  • 31
    • 0025971556 scopus 로고
    • The association of skin colour with blood pressure in US blacks with low socio-economic status
    • Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Coresh J, Grim CE, et al. The association of skin colour with blood pressure in US blacks with low socio-economic status. JAMA 1991; 265: 599-602.
    • (1991) JAMA , vol.265 , pp. 599-602
    • Klag, M.J.1    Whelton, P.K.2    Coresh, J.3    Grim, C.E.4
  • 32
    • 0026709307 scopus 로고
    • Educational status and blood pressure. The Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976-1980, and The Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-1984
    • Sorel JE, Ragland DR, Seyme SL, et al. Educational status and blood pressure. The Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976-1980, and The Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-1984. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 175: 1339-1348.
    • (1992) Am J Epidemiol , vol.175 , pp. 1339-1348
    • Sorel, J.E.1    Ragland, D.R.2    Seyme, S.L.3
  • 33
    • 0028587760 scopus 로고
    • Costs vs quality in different types of primary care settings
    • Starfield B, Powe NR, Weiner JR, et al. Costs vs quality in different types of primary care settings. JAMA 1994; 272: 1903-1908.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.272 , pp. 1903-1908
    • Starfield, B.1    Powe, N.R.2    Weiner, J.R.3
  • 34
    • 0030997240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertension prevalence in seven populations of African origin
    • Cooper R, Rotimi C, Ataman S et al. Hypertension prevalence in seven populations of African origin. Am J Public Health 1997; 87: 160-184.
    • (1997) Am J Public Health , vol.87 , pp. 160-184
    • Cooper, R.1    Rotimi, C.2    Ataman, S.3
  • 36
    • 0018570975 scopus 로고
    • Five year findings of the hypertension detection and follow-up program. II. Mortality by race, sex and age
    • Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group
    • Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group: Five year findings of the hypertension detection and follow-up program. II. Mortality by race, sex and age. JAMA 1979; 242: 2572-2577.
    • (1979) JAMA , vol.242 , pp. 2572-2577
  • 37
    • 0030419142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nocturnal blood pressure in treated hypertensive African-Americans compared to treated hypertensive European Americans
    • Hebert LA, Agarwal G, Ladson-Wofford SE, et al. Nocturnal blood pressure in treated hypertensive African-Americans compared to treated hypertensive European Americans. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 2130-2134.
    • (1996) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.7 , pp. 2130-2134
    • Hebert, L.A.1    Agarwal, G.2    Ladson-Wofford, S.E.3
  • 38
    • 0026144215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Curry CL Coronary artery disease in African-Americans. Circu lation 1991; 83: 1474-1475.
    • Curry CL Coronary artery disease in African-Americans. Circu lation 1991; 83: 1474-1475.
  • 39
    • 0020853838 scopus 로고
    • (Hypertension detection and follow-up program). Summary of the baseline characteristics of the hypertensive participants
    • Taylor JO, Borhani NO, Entwisle G, Farber N, Hawkins CM. (Hypertension detection and follow-up program). Summary of the baseline characteristics of the hypertensive participants. Hy pertension 1983; 5 (Suppl IV): IV44-IV50.
    • (1983) Hy pertension , vol.5 , Issue.SUPPL. IV
    • Taylor, J.O.1    Borhani, N.O.2    Entwisle, G.3    Farber, N.4    Hawkins, C.M.5
  • 40
    • 0038718544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in coronary artery disease and associated risk factors in sub-Saharan Africans
    • Akinboboye O, Idris O, Akinkugbe O. Trends in coronary artery disease and associated risk factors in sub-Saharan Africans. J Hum Hypertens 2003; 17: 381-387.
    • (2003) J Hum Hypertens , vol.17 , pp. 381-387
    • Akinboboye, O.1    Idris, O.2    Akinkugbe, O.3
  • 41
    • 33644878001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in Africa: The Interheart Africa Study
    • Steyn K, Sliwa K, Hawken S, et al. Risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in Africa: the Interheart Africa Study. Cir culation 2005; 112: 3554-3561.
    • (2005) Cir culation , vol.112 , pp. 3554-3561
    • Steyn, K.1    Sliwa, K.2    Hawken, S.3
  • 42
    • 33846857559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2007 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee
    • Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2007 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2007; 115: e69-e171.
    • (2007) Circulation , vol.115
    • Rosamond, W.1    Flegal, K.2    Friday, G.3
  • 43
    • 0026144340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caplan LR. Strokes in African-Americans. Circulation 1991; 83: 1469-1471.
    • Caplan LR. Strokes in African-Americans. Circulation 1991; 83: 1469-1471.
  • 44
    • 1442274815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of stroke survivors in rural South Africa: Results from the Southern Africa Stroke Prevention Initiative (SASPI) Agincourt field site
    • Connor MD, Thorogood M, Casserly B, et al. Prevalence of stroke survivors in rural South Africa: results from the Southern Africa Stroke Prevention Initiative (SASPI) Agincourt field site. Stroke 2004; 35: 627-632.
    • (2004) Stroke , vol.35 , pp. 627-632
    • Connor, M.D.1    Thorogood, M.2    Casserly, B.3
  • 45
    • 0035145106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertension in four African-origin populations: Current 'rule of halves', quality of blood pressure control and attributable risk of cardiovascular disease
    • Cruickshank JK, Mbanya JC, Wilks R et al. Hypertension in four African-origin populations: current 'rule of halves', quality of blood pressure control and attributable risk of cardiovascular disease. J Hypertens 2001;19: 41-46.
    • (2001) J Hypertens , vol.19 , pp. 41-46
    • Cruickshank, J.K.1    Mbanya, J.C.2    Wilks, R.3
  • 46
    • 0002593330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of stroke in African populations outside of the United States
    • Gillum R, Gorelide P, Cooper E, eds, Basel: Karger;
    • Okosun I, Cooper RS, Muna W. Epidemiology of stroke in African populations outside of the United States. In: Gillum R, Gorelide P, Cooper E, eds. Stroke in Blacks. Basel: Karger; 1999: 70-82.
    • (1999) Stroke in Blacks , pp. 70-82
    • Okosun, I.1    Cooper, R.S.2    Muna, W.3
  • 47
    • 33644877289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertension in Sub-Saharan African Populations
    • Opie LH, Seedat YK. Hypertension in Sub-Saharan African Populations. Circulation 2005; 112: 3562-3568.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.112 , pp. 3562-3568
    • Opie, L.H.1    Seedat, Y.K.2
  • 48
    • 0026512113 scopus 로고
    • The risk of subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhages in blacks as compared with whites
    • Broderick JP, Brott T, Tomsick T, Huster G, Miller R. The risk of subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhages in blacks as compared with whites. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 733-736.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.326 , pp. 733-736
    • Broderick, J.P.1    Brott, T.2    Tomsick, T.3    Huster, G.4    Miller, R.5
  • 49
    • 0026064450 scopus 로고
    • Racial differences in cerebrovascular disease hospitalizations
    • Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD. Racial differences in cerebrovascular disease hospitalizations. Stroke 1991; 22: 299-304.
    • (1991) Stroke , vol.22 , pp. 299-304
    • Klatsky, A.L.1    Armstrong, M.A.2    Friedman, G.D.3
  • 50
    • 2642614496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • End-stage renal disease in specific ethnic and racial groups: Risk factors and benefits of antihypertensive therapy
    • Powers DR, Wallin JD. End-stage renal disease in specific ethnic and racial groups: risk factors and benefits of antihypertensive therapy. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 753-800.
    • (1998) Arch Intern Med , vol.158 , pp. 753-800
    • Powers, D.R.1    Wallin, J.D.2
  • 51
    • 0034861932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocaine use, hypertension, and end-stage renal disease
    • Norris KC, Hornhill-Joynes M, Robinson C, et al. Cocaine use, hypertension, and end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38: 523-528.
    • (2001) Am J Kidney Dis , vol.38 , pp. 523-528
    • Norris, K.C.1    Hornhill-Joynes, M.2    Robinson, C.3
  • 52
    • 0003029971 scopus 로고
    • The critical role of nephron mass and of intraglomerular pressure for initiation and progression of experimental hypertensive-renal disorders (chapter 73)
    • edited by Laragh JH, Brenner BM, New-York
    • Anderson S, Brenner BM. The critical role of nephron mass and of intraglomerular pressure for initiation and progression of experimental hypertensive-renal disorders (chapter 73), in Hypertension: Pathophysiology, diagnosis & Management, edited by Laragh JH, Brenner BM, New-York, 1990: 1163-1178.
    • (1990) Hypertension: Pathophysiology, diagnosis & Management , pp. 1163-1178
    • Anderson, S.1    Brenner, B.M.2
  • 53
    • 39349106654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Li S, Chen SC, Shlipak M, et al. and Kidney Early Evaluation Program Investigators Chronic Disease Research Group. Low birth weight is associated with chronic kidney disease only in men. Kidney Int 2008; 73(5): 637-642.
    • Li S, Chen SC, Shlipak M, et al. and Kidney Early Evaluation Program Investigators Chronic Disease Research Group. Low birth weight is associated with chronic kidney disease only in men. Kidney Int 2008; 73(5): 637-642.
  • 55
    • 31944448854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association
    • Appel LJ, Brands MW, Daniels SR, et al. Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2006; 47: 296-308.
    • (2006) Hypertension , vol.47 , pp. 296-308
    • Appel, L.J.1    Brands, M.W.2    Daniels, S.R.3
  • 56
    • 10744229022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Forum for Hypertension Control and Prevention in Africa. Recommendations for prevention, diagnosis and management of hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa
    • Lemogoum D, Seedat YK, Mabadeje AF, et al. International Forum for Hypertension Control and Prevention in Africa. Recommendations for prevention, diagnosis and management of hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa. J Hypertens 2003;21: 1993-2000.
    • (2003) J Hypertens , vol.21 , pp. 1993-2000
    • Lemogoum, D.1    Seedat, Y.K.2    Mabadeje, A.F.3
  • 57
    • 0028866277 scopus 로고
    • Effects of regular exercise on blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in African-American men with severe hypertension
    • Kokkinos PF, Narayan P, Colleran JA, et al. Effects of regular exercise on blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in African-American men with severe hypertension. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1462-1467.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 1462-1467
    • Kokkinos, P.F.1    Narayan, P.2    Colleran, J.A.3
  • 58
    • 23244444114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modest salt reduction reduces blood pressure and urine protein excretion in black hypertensives: A randomized control trials
    • Swift PA, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, et al. Modest salt reduction reduces blood pressure and urine protein excretion in black hypertensives: a randomized control trials. Hypertension 2005; 46: 308-312.
    • (2005) Hypertension , vol.46 , pp. 308-312
    • Swift, P.A.1    Markandu, N.D.2    Sagnella, G.A.3
  • 59
    • 0024364593 scopus 로고
    • Varying responses to hypotensive agents in different racial groups: Black versus white differences
    • Seedat JK, Varying responses to hypotensive agents in different racial groups: black versus white differences. J Hypertens 1989; 7: 515-518.
    • (1989) J Hypertens , vol.7 , pp. 515-518
    • Seedat, J.K.1
  • 60
    • 0038460302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289: 2560-2572.
    • Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289: 2560-2572.
  • 61
    • 0027461577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Materson BJ, Reda DJ, Cushman WC, et al. For the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Single-drug therapy for hypertension in men. A comparison of six antihypertensive agents with placebo: the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents, (correction: N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1689). N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 914-921.
    • Materson BJ, Reda DJ, Cushman WC, et al. For the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Single-drug therapy for hypertension in men. A comparison of six antihypertensive agents with placebo: the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents, (correction: N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1689). N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 914-921.
  • 62
    • 0344373794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators, for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)
    • The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators, for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002; 288: 2981-2997.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 2981-2997
  • 63
    • 0034685403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs chlorthalidone: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)
    • ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group
    • ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs chlorthalidone: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2000; 283: 1967-2015.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.283 , pp. 1967-2015
  • 64
    • 15944409988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes in hypertensive black and non black patients treated with chlorthalidone, amlodipine, and lisinopril
    • For the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group
    • Wright JT Jr, Dunn JK, Cutler JA et al. For the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Outcomes in hypertensive black and non black patients treated with chlorthalidone, amlodipine, and lisinopril. JAMA 2005; 293: 1595-1608.
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.293 , pp. 1595-1608
    • Wright Jr, J.T.1    Dunn, J.K.2    Cutler, J.A.3
  • 65
    • 0036900196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial difference in the activity of the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel
    • Pratt JH, Ambrosius WT, Agarwal R, Eckert GJ, Newman S. Racial difference in the activity of the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel. Hypertension 2002; 40: 903-908.
    • (2002) Hypertension , vol.40 , pp. 903-908
    • Pratt, J.H.1    Ambrosius, W.T.2    Agarwal, R.3    Eckert, G.J.4    Newman, S.5
  • 66
    • 25444446626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement in blood pressure with inhibition of the epithelial sodium channel in blacks with hypertension
    • Saha C, Eckert GJ, Ambrosius WT, et al. Improvement in blood pressure with inhibition of the epithelial sodium channel in blacks with hypertension. Hypertension 2005; 46: 481-487.
    • (2005) Hypertension , vol.46 , pp. 481-487
    • Saha, C.1    Eckert, G.J.2    Ambrosius, W.T.3
  • 67
    • 0037414091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and tolerability of eplerenone and losartan in hypertensive black patients and white patients
    • Flack JM, Oparil S, Pratt JH, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of eplerenone and losartan in hypertensive black patients and white patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1148-1155.
    • (2003) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.41 , pp. 1148-1155
    • Flack, J.M.1    Oparil, S.2    Pratt, J.H.3
  • 68
    • 0035832026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of different drug classes used to initiate antihypertensive treatment in black subjects: Results of a randomized trial in Johannesburg, South Africa
    • Sareli P, Radevski IV, Valtchanova ZP, et al. Efficacy of different drug classes used to initiate antihypertensive treatment in black subjects: results of a randomized trial in Johannesburg, South Africa. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 965-971.
    • (2001) Arch Intern Med , vol.161 , pp. 965-971
    • Sareli, P.1    Radevski, I.V.2    Valtchanova, Z.P.3
  • 69
    • 11944256242 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the efficacy and safety of a beta-blocker, a calcium channel blocker, and a converting enzyme inhibitor in hypertensive blacks
    • Saunders E, Weir MR, Kong BW et al. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of a beta-blocker, a calcium channel blocker, and a converting enzyme inhibitor in hypertensive blacks. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 1707-1713.
    • (1990) Arch Intern Med , vol.150 , pp. 1707-1713
    • Saunders, E.1    Weir, M.R.2    Kong, B.W.3
  • 70
    • 0032511775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the efficacy of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers in African American patients with hypertension
    • and the ISHIB Investigators Group
    • Dallas HW, Reed JW, Flack JM, Yunis C, Preisser J and the ISHIB Investigators Group. Comparison of the efficacy of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers in African American patients with hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 2029-2034.
    • (1998) Arch Intern Med , vol.158 , pp. 2029-2034
    • Dallas, H.W.1    Reed, J.W.2    Flack, J.M.3    Yunis, C.4    Preisser, J.5
  • 71
    • 25444447999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A non inferiority comparison of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide combinations versus amlodipine in black hypertensives
    • For the ADVANCE Investigators
    • Weir MR, Ferdinand KC, Flack JM, et al. For the ADVANCE Investigators. A non inferiority comparison of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide combinations versus amlodipine in black hypertensives. Hypertension 2005; 46: 508-513.
    • (2005) Hypertension , vol.46 , pp. 508-513
    • Weir, M.R.1    Ferdinand, K.C.2    Flack, J.M.3
  • 72
    • 33745698991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, double-blind, crossover comparison of amlodipine and valsartan in African-Americans with hypertension using 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
    • Maciejewski S, Mohiuddin SM, Packard KA, et al. Randomized, double-blind, crossover comparison of amlodipine and valsartan in African-Americans with hypertension using 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Pharmacotherapy 2006 ; 26: 889-895.
    • (2006) Pharmacotherapy , vol.26 , pp. 889-895
    • Maciejewski, S.1    Mohiuddin, S.M.2    Packard, K.A.3
  • 73
    • 15944409988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes in hypertensive black and nonblack patients treated with chlorthalidone, amlodipine and lisinopril
    • For the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group
    • Wright JT Jr, Dunn JK, Cutler JA, et al. For the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Outcomes in hypertensive black and nonblack patients treated with chlorthalidone, amlodipine and lisinopril. JAMA 2005, 293: 1595-1507.
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.293 , pp. 1595-1507
    • Wright Jr, J.T.1    Dunn, J.K.2    Cutler, J.A.3
  • 74
    • 0029783337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black Americans have an increased rate of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema
    • Brown NJ, Ray WA, Snowden M, Griffin MR. Black Americans have an increased rate of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996; 60(1): 8-13.
    • (1996) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.60 , Issue.1 , pp. 8-13
    • Brown, N.J.1    Ray, W.A.2    Snowden, M.3    Griffin, M.R.4
  • 75
    • 0029842414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Higher incidence of discontinuation of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors due to cough in black subjects
    • Elliott WJ. Higher incidence of discontinuation of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors due to cough in black subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996; 60(5): 582-588.
    • (1996) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.60 , Issue.5 , pp. 582-588
    • Elliott, W.J.1
  • 76
    • 0028284249 scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of enalapril in combination with low-dose hydrochlorothiazide versus enalapril alone for mild to moderate systemic hypertension in black patients
    • Middlemost SJ , Tager RT, David JD, Sareli P. Effectiveness of enalapril in combination with low-dose hydrochlorothiazide versus enalapril alone for mild to moderate systemic hypertension in black patients. Am J Cardiol 1994; 73: 1092-1097.
    • (1994) Am J Cardiol , vol.73 , pp. 1092-1097
    • Middlemost, S.J.1    Tager, R.T.2    David, J.D.3    Sareli, P.4
  • 77
    • 0029027577 scopus 로고
    • For the Trandolapril Multicenter Study Group. Differing mechanisms of action of angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibition in black and white hypertensive patients
    • Weir MR, Gray JM, Paster R, Saunders E. For the Trandolapril Multicenter Study Group. Differing mechanisms of action of angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibition in black and white hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1995; 26: 124-130.
    • (1995) Hypertension , vol.26 , pp. 124-130
    • Weir, M.R.1    Gray, J.M.2    Paster, R.3    Saunders, E.4
  • 78
    • 0019953725 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide for initial treatment of hypertension:I. Results of short-term titration with emphasis on racial differences in response
    • Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents
    • Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Comparison of propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide for initial treatment of hypertension:I. Results of short-term titration with emphasis on racial differences in response. JAMA 1982; 248: 1996-2003.
    • (1982) JAMA , vol.248 , pp. 1996-2003
  • 79
    • 0017610681 scopus 로고
    • South African multicenter study of metoprolol and propranolol in essential hypertension
    • Bosman AR, Goldberg B, et al. South African multicenter study of metoprolol and propranolol in essential hypertension. S Afr Med 1977; 51: 57-61.
    • (1977) S Afr Med , vol.51 , pp. 57-61
    • Bosman, A.R.1    Goldberg, B.2
  • 80
    • 0021086081 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of nadolol alone and combined with bendroflumethiazide and hydralazine for systemic hypertension
    • Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents
    • Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Efficacy of nadolol alone and combined with bendroflumethiazide and hydralazine for systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1983; 52: 1230-1237.
    • (1983) Am J Cardiol , vol.52 , pp. 1230-1237
  • 81
    • 38449115960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy and tolerability of nebivolol in hypertensive African-American patients
    • Saunders E, Smith WB, DeSalvo KB, Sullivan WA. The efficacy and tolerability of nebivolol in hypertensive African-American patients. J Clin Hypertens 2007; 9: 866-875.
    • (2007) J Clin Hypertens , vol.9 , pp. 866-875
    • Saunders, E.1    Smith, W.B.2    DeSalvo, K.B.3    Sullivan, W.A.4
  • 82
    • 0032552240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of beta-blockade on mortality among high risk and low-risk patients after myocardial Infarction
    • Gottlieb SS, McCarter RJ, Vogel RA. Effect of beta-blockade on mortality among high risk and low-risk patients after myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 489-497.
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.339 , pp. 489-497
    • Gottlieb, S.S.1    McCarter, R.J.2    Vogel, R.A.3
  • 83
    • 0035810547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of Carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: The CAPRICORN randomized trial
    • Dargie HJ. Effect of Carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomized trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1385-1390.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 1385-1390
    • Dargie, H.J.1
  • 84
    • 0035816018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Study Group. Effect of ramipril vs amlodipine on renal outcomes in hypertensive nephrosclerosis : A randomized controlled trial
    • Agodoa LY, Appel L, Bakris GL, et al. African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Study Group. Effect of ramipril vs amlodipine on renal outcomes in hypertensive nephrosclerosis : a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 285: 2719-2728.
    • (2001) JAMA , vol.285 , pp. 2719-2728
    • Agodoa, L.Y.1    Appel, L.2    Bakris, G.L.3
  • 85
    • 0037429639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of high blood pressure in African-Americans: Consensus statement of the Hypertension in African-Americans Working Group of the International Society on Hypertension in Blacks
    • Douglas JG, Bakris GL, Epstein M, et al. Management of high blood pressure in African-Americans: consensus statement of the Hypertension in African-Americans Working Group of the International Society on Hypertension in Blacks. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 525-541.
    • (2003) Arch Intern Med , vol.163 , pp. 525-541
    • Douglas, J.G.1    Bakris, G.L.2    Epstein, M.3
  • 86
    • 3042819708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI). K/ DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines on Hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic Kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43 (5) (suppl1): S1-S29.
    • Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI). K/ DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines on Hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic Kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43 (5) (suppl1): S1-S29.
  • 87
    • 34250350040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
    • European Society for Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee
    • European Society for Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee. 2007 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1105-1187.
    • (2007) J Hypertens , vol.2007 , Issue.25 , pp. 1105-1187
  • 88
    • 0020362658 scopus 로고
    • Agents.Racial differences in response to low-dose Captopril are abolished by the addition of hydrochlorothiazide
    • Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive
    • Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive. Agents.Racial differences in response to low-dose Captopril are abolished by the addition of hydrochlorothiazide. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 14 (suppl 2): 97S-101S.
    • (1982) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.14 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
  • 89
    • 0030713021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI)
    • Joint National Committee on Prevention
    • Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI). Arch In tern Med 1997; 157: 2413-2466.
    • (1997) Arch In tern Med , vol.157 , pp. 2413-2466
  • 90
    • 0033069767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mild Hypertension Liaison Committee. 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension
    • Guidelines Subcommittee of the World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension WHO-ISH
    • Guidelines Subcommittee of the World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension (WHO-ISH) Mild Hypertension Liaison Committee. 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension. J. Hypertens 1999; 17: 151-183.
    • (1999) J. Hypertens , vol.17 , pp. 151-183


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.