The accuracy of the Clock Drawing Test compared to that of standard screening tests for Alzheimer's disease: Results from a study of Brazilian elderly with heterogeneous educational backgrounds

International Psychogeriatrics

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 64-71

  Aprahamian, Ivan ^a,b   Martinelli, Jos Eduardo ^a,c   Neri, Anita Liberalesso ^a   Yassuda, Mnica Sanches ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMPINAS   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^c Jundia Medical School   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; CAMCOG; Clock Drawing Test; Elderly; MMSE

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; BRAZIL; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLOCK DRAWING TEST; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; OUTPATIENT; OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT; PERFORMANCE; RATING SCALE; SCREENING TEST; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BRAZIL; COGNITION DISORDERS; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MASS SCREENING; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 75149143839     PISSN: 10416102     EISSN: 1741203X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1041610209991141     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. Borson, S. et al. (1999). The Clock Drawing Test: utility for dementia detection in multi-ethnic elders. Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 54, M534-M540.
3. Bottino, C. M. C., Stoppe Jr, A., Scalco, A. Z., Ferreira, R. C. R., Hototian, S. and Scalco, M. Z. (2001) Validade e confiabilidade da versao brasileira do CAMDEX. Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria, 59, 20.
4. Bourke, J., Castleden, C. M., Stephen, R. and Dennis, M. (1995). A comparison of clock and pentagon drawing in Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 703-705.
5. Brodaty, H. and Moore, C. M. (1997). The clock drawing test for dementia of the Alzheimer's type: a comparison of three scoring methods in a memory disorders clinic. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 619-627.
6. Brucki, S. M. D., Nitrini, R., Caramelli, P., Bertolucci, P. H. F. and Okamoto, I. H. (2003). Sugestoes para o uso do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental no Brasil. Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria, 61, 777-781.
7. Connor, D. J., Seward, J. D., Bauer, J. A., Golden, K. S. and Salmon, D. P. (2005). Performance of three clock scoring systems across different ranges of dementia severity. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 19, 119-127.
8. Ferrucci, L. et al. for the FINE Study Group (1996). Does the clock drawing test predict cognitive decline in older persons independent of the Mini-mental State Examination. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44, 1326-1331.
9. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E. and McHugh, P. R. (1975). "Mini-mental state": a practical method for grading the mental state of patients for clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198.
10. Freedman, M., Leach, L., Kaplan, E., Winocur, G., Shulman, K. and Delis, D. C. (1994). Clock-drawing: A Neuropsychological Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
11. Fuzikawa, C., Lima-Costa, M. F., Uchoa, E., Barreto, S. M. and Shulman, K. I. (2007). Correlation and agreement between the Mini-mental State Examination and the Clock Drawing Test in older adults with low levels of schooling: the Bambúi Health Aging Study (BHAS). International Psychogeriatrics, 19, 657-667.
12. Heinik, J., Solomesh, I., Shein, V. and Becker, D. (2002). Clock drawing test in mild and moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type: a comparative and correlation study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 480-485.
13. Heinik, J., Solomesh, I., Bleich, A. and Berkman, P. (2003). Are the Clock-Drawing Test and the MMSE combined interchangeable with CAMCOG as a dementia evaluation instrument in a specialized outpatient setting? Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 16, 74-79.
14. Heinik, J., Solomesh, I. and Berkman, P. (2004). Correlation between the CAMCOG, the MMSE, and three clock drawing tests in a specialized outpatient psychogeriatric service. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 38, 77-84.
15. Hendrie, H. C. et al. (1988). The CAMDEX: replication with a US sample. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 36, 402-408.
16. Hubbard, E. J. et al. (2008). Clock drawing performance in cognitively normal elderly. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 295-327.
17. Hughes, C. P., Berg, L.,Danzinger,W. L., Coben, L. A. and Martin, R.L. (1982). A new scale for the staging of dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 566-572.
18. Juby, A. (1999). Correlation between the Folstein Mini-mental State Examination and three methods of clock drawing scoring. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 12, 87-91.
19. Leung, J. C. W., Lui, V.W. C. and Lam, L. C. W. (2005). Screening for early Alzheimer's disease in elderly Chinese patients using the Chinese Clock Drawing Test. Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry, 15, 14-17.
20. McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D. and Stadlan, E. M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services task force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 34, 939-944.
21. Mendez, M. F., Ala, T. and Underwood, K. (1992). Development of scoring citeria for the clock drawing task in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 1095-1099.
22. Morris, J. C. (1993). The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology, 43, 2412-2414.
23. Neri, M. et al. (1994). Validation of the full and short forms of the CAMDEX interview for diagnosing dementia. Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders in the Elderly. Dementia, 5, 257-265.
24. Nunes, P. V. et al. (2008). CAMCOG as a screening tool for diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in a Brazilian clinical sample of moderate to high education. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, 1127-1133.
25. Pinto, E. and Peters, R. (2009). Literature review of the Clock Drawing Test as a tool for cognitive screening. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 27, 201-213.
26. Powlishta, K. K. et al. (2002). The clock drawing test is a poor screen for very mild dementia. Neurology, 59, 898-903.
27. Richardson, H. E. and Glass, J. N. (2002). A comparison of scoring protocols on the clock drawing test in relation to ease of use, diagnostic group, and correlations with Mini-mental State Examination. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50, 169-173.
28. Roth, M. et al. (1986). CAMDEX: a standardized instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorder in the elderly with special reference to the early detection of dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 698-709.
29. Royall, D. R., Cordes, J. A. and Polk, M. (1998). CLOX: an executive clock drawing task. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 64, 588-594.
30. Scanlan, J. M., Brush, M., Quijano, C. and Borson, S. (2002). Comparing clock tests for dementia screening: naive judgments vs formal systems - what is optimal? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17, 14-21.
31. Schramm, U., Berger, G., Muller, R., Kratzsch, T., Peters, J. and Frölich, L. (2002). Psychometric properties of Clock Drawing Test and MMSE or Short Performance Test (SKT) in dementia screening in a memory clinic population. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 254-260.
32. Seigerschmidt, E., Mosch, E., Siemen, M., Förstl, H. and Bickel, H. (2002). The clock drawing test and questionable dementia: reliability and validity. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 1048-1054.
33. Shulman, K. I. (2000). Clock-drawing: is it the ideal cognitive screening test? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 548-561.
34. Shulman, K. I., Gold, D. P., Cohen, C. A. and Zucchero, C. A. (1993). Clock-drawing and dementia in the community: a longitudinal study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 8, 487-496.
35. Shulman, K. I. et al. (2006). IPA survey of brief cognitive screening instruments. Inernational Psychogeriatrics, 18, 281-294.
36. Storey, J. E., Rowland, J. T. J., Basic, D. and Conforti, D. A. (2001). A comparison of five clock scoring methods using ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve analysis. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 394-1349
37. Sunderland, T. et al. (1989). Clock drawing in Alzheimer's disease: a novel measure of dementia severity. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 37, 725-729.
38. van der Burg, M. et al. (2004). Scoring clock tests for dementia screening: a comparison of two scoring methods. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19, 685-689.