Overview of amphetamine-type stimulant mortality data - UK, 1997-2007

Neuropsychobiology

Volumn 61, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 122-130

  Schifano, Fabrizio ^a,b   Corkery, John ^a   Naidoo, Vinesha ^a   Oyefeso, Adenekan ^a   Ghodse, Hamid ^a  

^a ST GEORGE'S UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Amphetamine; Drug misuse; Ecstasy; MDA; MDEA; MDMA; Methylamphetamime; Mortality; PMA

Indexed keywords

3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYAMPHETAMINE; 3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE; AMPHETAMINE; METHAMPHETAMINE;

ADULT; CAUSE OF DEATH; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG INTOXICATION; DRUG MISUSE; FATALITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; UNITED KINGDOM;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; AMPHETAMINE; AMPHETAMINE-RELATED DISORDERS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; COMORBIDITY; DATABASES, FACTUAL; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; MALE; METHAMPHETAMINE; MIDDLE AGED; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 75149124452     PISSN: 0302282X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000279302     Document Type: Review

References (32)

1. UNODC: 2008 World Drug Report. June 26 2008. Vienna, Austria: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2008. Available at: http://www.unodc.org/ documents/wdr/WDR-2008/WDR-2008-eng-web.pdf (accessed 2008).
2. Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Hermle L, Kovar KA, Sass H: Entactogenic drugs; the widely used recreational drugs 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine derivatives. A new class of substances among illegal designer drugs? Nervenarzt 1996;67:369-380.
3. Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD): Methylamphetamine review, 2005. Available at: http://drugs.homeoffice.gov.uk/publication-search/acmd/ ACMD-methreport-November-2005?view=Binary (accessed 2008).
4. Henry JA, Jeffreys KJ, Dawling S: Toxicity and deaths from 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('ecstasy'). Lancet 1992;340:384-387.
5. Schifano F, Corkery J, Deluca P, Oyefeso A, Ghodse AH: Ecstasy (MDMA, MDA, MDEA, MBDB) consumption, seizures, related offences, prices, dosage levels and deaths in the UK (1994-2003). J Psychopharmacol 2006;20:456-463.
6. Schifano F, Oyefeso A, Corkery J, Cobain K, Jambert-Gray R, Martinotti G, Ghodse AH: Death rates from ecstasy (MDMA, MDA) and polydrug use in England and Wales 1996-2002. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 2003;18:519-524.
7. Schifano F: A bitter pill? Overview of ecstasy (MDMA; MDA) related fatalities. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004;173:242-248.
8. Byard RW, Gilbert J, James R, Lokan RJ: Amphetamine derivative fatalities in South Australia - is 'ecstasy' the culprit? Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1998;9:261-265.
9. Refstad S: Paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) poisoning; a 'party drug' with lethal effects. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2003;47:1298-1299.
10. Carmo H, Remião F, Carvalho F, Fernandes E, de Boer D, dos Reys LA, de Lourdes Bastos M: 4-Methylthioamphetamine-induced hyperthermia in mice: influence of serotonergic and catecholaminergic pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003;190:262-271.
11. Schifano F, Corkery JM, Cuffolo G: Smokable ('ice', 'crystal meth') and non-smokable amphetamine-type stimulants: clinical pharmacological and epidemiological issues, with special reference to the UK. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2007;43:110-115.
12. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): Annual Report 2008. The state of drug problems in Europe. Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008.
13. Ghodse AH, Corkery J, Oyefeso A, Schifano F: Drug-related deaths in the UK. Annual Report 2008. International Centre for Drug Policy, St George's, University of London/UK, 2008.
14. Aust R, Sharp C, Goulden C: Prevalence of drug use: key findings from the 2001/2002 British Crime Survey. Home Office Findings 182. 2002. London, Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate. Available at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/r182.pdf.
15. Condon J, Smith N: Prevalence of drug use: key findings from the 2002/2003 British Crime Survey. Home Office Findings 229. 2003. London, Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate. Available at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/r229.pdf.
16. Chivite-Matthews N, Richardson A, O'Shea J, Becker J, Owen N, Roe S, Condon J: Drug Misuse Declared: Findings from the 2003/04 British Crime Survey. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 04/05. 2005. London, Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate. Available at: http://www.homeoffice.gov. uk/rds/pdfs05/hosb0405.pdf.
17. Hoare J, Flatley J: Drug Misuse Declared: Findings from the 2007/08 British Crime Survey: England and Wales. December 2007. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 13/08. London, Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate. Available at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs08/hosb1308.pdf.
18. Murphy R, Roe S: Drug Misuse Declared: Findings from the 2006/07 British Crime Survey: England and Wales. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 18/07. December 2007. London, Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate. Available at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/hosb1807.pdf.
19. Roe S: Drug Misuse Declared: Findings from the 2004/5 British Crime Survey. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 16/05. 2005. London, Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate. Available at: http://www.homeof f ice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/hosb1605.pdf
20. Roe S, Man L: Drug Misuse Declared: Findings from the 2005/06 British Crime Survey England and Wales. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 15/06. 2006. London, Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate. Available at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs06/hosb1506.pdf.
21. Schifano F, Corkery J: Cocaine/crack cocaine consumption, treatment demand, seizures, related offences, prices, average purity levels and deaths in the UK (1990-2004). J Psychopharmacol 2008;22:71-79.
22. Ghodse AH, Corkery J, Oyefeso A, Schifano F, Ahmed K, Naidoo V: Drug-related deaths in the UK. Annual Report 2009. August 2009. International Centre for Drug Policy, St George's, University of London/UK.
23. De Letter EA, Piette MH, Lambert WE, Cordonnier JA: Amphetamines as potential inducers of fatalities: a review in the district of Ghent from 1976 to 2004. Med Sci Law 2006;46:37-65.
24. Winstock A, Schifano F: Disorders relating to the use of ecstasy, other 'party drugs' and khat; in Gelder M, Andreasen N, Lopez-Ibor JJ, Geddes J (eds): New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry (2nd ed). Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp 494-502.
25. Green AR, Marsden CA, Fone KCF: MDMA as a clinical tool: a note of caution. A response to Sessa and Nutt. J Psychopharmacol 2008;22:929-931.
26. Parrott AC: Human psychopharmacology of ecstasy (MDMA): a review of 15 years of empirical research. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 2001;16:557-577.
27. Oyefeso A, Schifano F, Ghodse H, Cobain K, Dryden R, Corkery J: Fatal injuries while under the influence of psychoactive drugs: a cross-sectional exploratory study in England. BMC Public Health 2006;6:148.
28. Webb L, Oyefeso A, Schifano F, Cheeta S, Pollard M, Ghodse AH: Cause and manner of death in drug-related fatality: an analysis of drug-related deaths recorded by coroners in England & Wales in 2000. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003;72:67-74.
29. Jacobs W: Fatal amphetamine-associated cardiotoxicity and its medicolegal implications. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2006;27:156-160.
30. Falck RS, Wang J, Carlson RG: Depressive symptomatology in young adults with a history of MDMA use: a longitudinal analysis. J Psychopharmacol 2008;2:47-54.
31. National Digital Archive of Datasets. Series details: CRDA/2; British Crime Survey. Available from: http://www.ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk/CRDA/2/ detail.html.
32. Hendrickson H, Laurenzana E, Owens SM: Quantitative determination of total methylamphetamine and active metabolites in rat tissue by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. AAPS J 2006;8:E709-E717.