Hydrogen production by methane decomposition: A review

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 1160-1190

  Abbas, Hazzim F ^a   Wan Daud, W M A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Carbonaceous catalysts; Deactivation; Hydrogen production; Metal catalysts; Methane decomposition; Regeneration

Indexed keywords

CARBONACEOUS CATALYST; CARBONACEOUS CATALYSTS; CATALYST STABILITY; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; ELEMENTAL CARBON; HEATING SOURCE; HYDROGEN PRODUCTION METHOD; METAL CATALYST; METHANE CONVERSIONS; METHANE DECOMPOSITION; METHANOL PRODUCTION; OIL REFINERIES; OPERATING CONDITION; PEM FUEL CELL; PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN; STEAM REFORMING; THERMOCATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION;

CATALYSIS; CATALYST DEACTIVATION; CATALYST REGENERATION; FUEL CELLS; GAS PRODUCERS; HEATING; METALS; METHANE; METHANOL; PETROLEUM REFINERIES; REFORMING REACTIONS; SOLAR POWER GENERATION;

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION;

EID: 74849096484     PISSN: 03603199     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.11.036     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook (WEO) (2006), IEA, Paris
2. Orr F. Energy and climate: challenges and solutions, GCEP (2005), Stanford University
3. Marbán G., and Valdés-Solís T. Towards the hydrogen economy?. Int J Hydrogen Energy 32 (2007) 1625-1637
4. ElectroChem, Inc. About fuel cells. available from (2002). www.fuelcell.com/aboutcels.html
5. Padró Ce G., and Lau F. Advances in hydrogen energy (2002), Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York
6. McHugh K, Eisele S, Nestell J. Hydrogen production methods. MPR-WP-0001, Rev. 0; Feb 2005.
7. 2 to the atmosphere. Int J Hydrogen Energy 23 12 (1998) 1087-1093
8. Spath P., and Mann M. Life cycle assessment of hydrogen production via natural gas steam reforming (2001), Department of Energy (DOE) U.S, Colorado USA NREL/TP-570-27637.
9. Lane J.M., and Spath P.L. Technoeconomic analysis of the thermocatalytic decomposition of natural gas (2001), Department of Energy (DOE) U.S, Colorado USA NREL/TP-510-31351
10. Steinberg M, Cheng H. Modem and prospective technologies for hydrogen production from fossil fuels. In: Proceedings of the 7th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Moscow, 699; 1988.
11. Steinberg M. Fossil fuel decarbonization technology for mitigating global warming. Int J Hydrogen Energy 24 8 (1999) 771-777
12. Dufou J., Serrano D.P., Gálvez J.L., Moreno J., and García C. Life cycle assessment of processes for hydrogen production. Environmental feasibility and reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34 3 (2009) 1370-1376
13. 2-free production of hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels. In: Proceedings of the 2002 U.S. DOE hydrogen program review NREL/CP-610-32405.
14. 2 emissions. Catal Today 116 3 (2006) 281-288
15. DOE report on solar. Dresselhaus M. Basic research needs for hydrogen economy. available from (May 13, 2003). http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/hydrogen.pdf
16. Kogan M., and Kogan A. Production of hydrogen and carbon by solar thermal methane splitting. I. The unseeded reactor. Int J Hydrogen Energy 28 11 (2003) 1187-1198
17. 4 by direct irradiation of a vortex-flow laden with carbon particles. Int J Hydrogen Energy 29 6 (2004) 627-633
18. Kogan A., Kogan M., and Barak S. Production of hydrogen and carbon by solar thermal methane splitting. II. Room temperature simulation tests of seeded solar reactor. Int J Hydrogen Energy 29 12 (2004) 1227-1236
19. Dahl J.K., Buechler K.J., Finley R., Stanislaus T., Weimer A.W., Lewandowski A., et al. Rapid solar-thermal dissociation of natural gas in an aerosol flow reactor. Energy 29 5-6 (2004) 715-725
20. Zedtwitz P.V., Petrasch J., Trommer D., and Steinfeld A. Hydrogen production via the solar thermal decarbonization of fossil fuels. Sol Energy 80 10 (2006) 1333-1337
21. Rodat S., Abanades S., Sans J., and Flamant G. Hydrogen production from solar thermal dissociation of natural gas: development of a 10 kW solar chemical reactor prototype. Sol Energy 83 9 (2009) 1599-1610
22. Steinfeld A., Kirillov V., Kuvshinov G., Mogilnykh Y., and Reller A. Production of filamentous carbon and hydrogen by solar thermal catalytic cracking of methane. Chem Eng Sci 52 20 (1997) 3599-3603
23. Fulcheri L., and Schwob Y. From methane to hydrogen, carbon black and water. Int J Hydrogen Energy 20 3 (1995) 197-202
24. Tsai C., and Chen K. Production of hydrogen and nano carbon powders from direct plasmalysis of methane. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34 2 (2009) 833-838
25. Fulcheri L., Probst N., Flamant G., Fabry F., Grivei E., and Bourrat X. Plasma processing: a step towards the production of new grades of carbon black. Carbon 40 2 (2002) 169-176
26. Muradov N., Smith F., Bockerman G., and Scammon K. Thermocatalytic decomposition of natural gas over plasma-generated carbon aerosols for sustainable productin of hydrogen and carbon. Appl Catal A 365 2 (2009) 292-300
27. Tanashev Y.Y., Fedoseev V.I., Aristov Y.I., Pushkarev V.V., Avdeeva L.B., Zaikovskii V.I., et al. Methane processing under microwave radiation: recent findings and problems. Catal Today 42 3 (1998) 333-336
28. Muradov N. Local hydrogen production via catalytic reformation of fossil and renewable feedstock. Florida Solar Energy Center, Report period Oct 2003-Sep. 2004.
29. 2: catalyst deactivation and regeneration. Appl Catal A 192 2 (2000) 227-234
30. Zabidi N.A.M., Zein S., and Mohamed A.R. Hydrogen production by catalytic decomposition of methane. Universiti Technologi Petronas. Platform 3 2 (2003) 3-9
31. Lee K.K., Han G.Y., Yoon K.J., and Lee B.K. Thermocatalytic hydrogen production from the methane in a fluidized bed with activated carbon catalyst. Catal Today 93-95 (2004) 81-86
32. Muradov N. Thermocatalytic CO2-free production of hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels. In: Proceedings of the 2001 U.S. Department of energy, hydrogen program review NREL/CP-570-30535.
33. Hirsch D., and Steinfeld A. Solar hydrogen production by thermal decomposition of natural gas using a vortex-flow reactor. Int J Hydrogen Energy 29 11 (2004) 47-55
34. Dahl J.K., Buechler K.J., Weimer A.W., Lewandowski A., and Bingham C. Solar-thermal dissociation of methane in a fluid-wall aerosol flow reactor. Int J Hydrogen Energy 29 7 (2004) 725-736
35. Italiano G., Espro C., Arena F., Frusteri F., and Parmaliana A. Catalytic decomposition of natural gas for COx-free hydrogen production in a structured multilayer reactor. Appl Catal A 357 1 (2009) 58-65
36. Dunker A.M., Kumar S., and Mulawa P.A. Production of hydrogen by thermal decomposition of methane in a fluidized bed reactor effects of catalyst, temperature, and residence time. Int J Hydrogen Energy 31 4 (2006) 473-484
37. Abbas H.F., and Daud W.M.A.W. Thermocatalytic decomposition of methane using palm shell based activated carbon: kinetic and deactivation studies. Fuel Process Technol 90 9 (2009) 1167-1174
38. Rahman M.S., Croiset E., and Hudgins R.R. Catalytic decomposition of methane for hydrogen production. Top Catal 37 2-4 (2006) 137-145
39. Suelves I., Pinilla J.L., Lázaro M.J., and Moliner R. Carbonaceous materials as catalysts for decomposition of methane. Chem Eng J 140 1 (2008) 432-438
40. Abbas H.F., and Daud W.M.A.W. Deactivation of palm shell-based activated carbon catalyst used for hydrogen production by thermocatalytic decomposition of methane. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34 15 (2009) 6231-6241
41. Pinilla J.L., Moliner R., Suelves I., Lázaro M.J., Echegoyen Y., and Palacios J.M. Production of hydrogen and carbon nanofibers by thermal decomposition of methane using metal catalysts in a fluidized bed reactor. Int J Hydrogen Energy 32 18 (2007) 4821-4829
42. Choudhary T.V., Sivadinarayana C., Chusuei C.C., Klinghoffer A., and Goodman D.W. Hydrogen production via catalytic decomposition of methane. J Catal 199 1 (2001) 9-18
43. Abanades S., and Flamant G. Hydrogen production from solar thermal dissociation of methane in a high-temperature fluid-wall chemical reactor. Chem Eng Process 47 3 (2008) 490-498
44. Abanades S., and Flamant G. Production of hydrogen by thermal methane splitting in a nozzle-type laboratory-scale solar reactor. Int J Hydrogen Energy 30 8 (2005) 843-853
45. Dahl J.K., Tamburini J., and Weimer A.W. Solar-thermal processing of methane to produce hydrogen and syngas. Energy Fuels 15 55 (2001) 1227-1232
46. Maag G., Zanganeh G., and Steinfeld A. Solar thermal cracking of methane in a particle-flow reactor for the co-production of hydrogen and carbon. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34 18 (2009) 7676-7685
47. Muradov N., Smith F., and T-Raissi A. Catalytic activity of carbons for methane decomposition reaction. Catal Today 102-103 (2005) 225-233
48. 2 mixtures over activated carbon. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 82 1 (2008) 158-162
49. 2-free hydrogen production. Int J Hydrogen Energy 32 18 (2007) 4792-4799
50. Serban M., Lewis M.A., Marshall C.L., and Doctor R.D. Hydrogen production by direct contact pyrolysis of natural gas. Energy Fuels 17 33 (2003) 705-713
51. Pinilla J.L., Utrilla R., Lázaro M.J., Suelves I., Moliner R., and Palacios J.M. A novel rotary reactor configuration for simultaneous production of hydrogen and carbon nanofibers. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34 19 (2009) 8016-8022
52. 3 catalyst. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34 7 (2009) 2979-2985
53. Ermakova M.A., Ermakov D.Y., and Kuvshinov G.G. Effective catalysts for direct cracking of methane to produce hydrogen and filamentous carbon, Part I. Nickel catalysts. Appl Catal A 201 1 (2000) 61-70
54. Dudina RI, Avdeeva LB, Gavrilin VN, Zaikovskii VI, Chesnokov VV. Method for production of a ferromagnetic graphitized material, Russian patent 1828066.
55. 2 emission. Int J Hydrogen Energy 18 3 (1993) 211-215
56. 2 emission. In: 9th Miami international congress on energy and environment, Miami Beach, FL, vol. 2; 1989.
57. Muradov N. Hydrogen from fossil fuels without CO2 emissions: perspectives and applications. In: HYPOTHESIS international symposium, Cassino-Gaeta, Italy; 1995.
58. Chesnokov V.V., Zaikovskii V.I., Buyanov R.A., Molchanov V.V., and Plyasova L.M. The formation of morphological structures of carbon from hydrocarbons on nickel-containing catalysts. Kinet Katal 35 1 (1994) 130-135
59. Chesnokov V.V., Zaikovskii V.I., Buyanov R.A., Molchanov V.V., and Plyasova L.M. Morphology of carbon from methane on nickel-containing catalysts. Catal Today 24 3 (1995) 265-267
60. Parmon VN, Kuvshinov GG, Sobyanin VA. Innovative processes for hydrogen production from natural gas and other hydrocarbons. In: Proceedings of the 11th world hydrogen energy conference. Stuttgart; 23-28 June 1996.
61. Koerts T., Deelen J.A.G.M., and Santen R.A.V. Hydrocarbon formation from methane by a low-temperature two-step reaction sequence. J Catal 138 1 (1992) 101-114
62. 2 catalyst effective for methane decomposition into hydrogen and carbon nanofiber. J Catal 217 1 (2003) 79-87
63. Ermakova M.A., Ermakova D., Kuvshinov G.G., and Plyasova L.M. New nickel catalysts for the formation of filamentous carbon in the reaction of methane decomposition. J Catal 187 1 (1999) 77-84
64. 5-supported nickel and nickel-copper catalysts for methane decomposition to hydrogen and filamentous carbon. J Mol Catal A Chem 22 1-2 (2004) 105-112
65. Ogihara H., Takenaka S., Yamanaka I., Tanabe E., Genseki A., and Otsuka K. Formation of highly concentrated hydrogen through methane decomposition over Pd-based alloy catalysts. J Catal 238 2 (2006) 353-360
66. Suelves I., Lázaro M.J., Moliner R., Corbella B.M., and Palacios J.M. Hydrogen production by thermo catalytic decomposition of methane on Ni-based catalysts: influence of operating conditions on catalyst deactivation and carbon characteristics. Int J Hydrogen Energy 30 15 (2005) 1555-1567
67. 2 at low temperature from methane decomposition over Ni-containing catalyst followed by gasification by steam of the carbon on the catalyst in two parallel reactors operated in cyclic manner. J Catal 198 1 (2001) 136-141
68. Inaba M., Murata K., Saito M., Takahara I., and Mimura N. Hydrogen production by conversion of methane over nickel-supported USY-type zeolite catalysts. React Kinet Catal Lett 77 1 (2002) 109-115
69. 4 over Ni supported on zeolite catalysts. J Power Sources 164 (2007) 809-814
70. Ammendola P, Chirone R, Ruoppolo G, Russo G. Regeneration of deactivated catalysts for TCD process by carbon oxidation in fluidized bed reactors. Third European Combustion Meeting ECM; 2007.
71. Chesnokov V.V., and Buyanov R.A. The formation of carbon filaments upon decomposition of hydrocarbons catalysed by iron subgroup metals and their alloys. Russ Chem Rev 69 7 (2000) 623-638
72. Takenaka S., Serizawa M., and Otsuka K. Formation of filamentous carbons over supported Fe catalysts through methane decomposition. J Catal 222 2 (2004) 520-531
73. Ermakova M.A., Ermakov D.Y., Chuvilin A.L., and Kuvshinov G.G. Decomposition of methane over iron catalysts at the range of moderate temperatures: the influence of structure of the catalytic systems and the reaction conditions on the yield of carbon and morphology of carbon filaments. J Catal 201 2 (2001) 183-197
74. 3 catalysts in the production of hydrogen from thermo-catalytic decomposition of methane: influence of operating conditions on catalyst performance. Fuel 87 8-9 (2008) 1698-1704
75. Muradov N.Z., and Veziroģlu T.N. From hydrocarbon to hydrogen-carbon to hydrogen economy. Int J Hydrogen Energy 30 33 (2005) 225-237
76. Chesnokov V.V., Zaikovskii V.I., Buyanov R.A., Molchanov V.V., and Plysova L.M. Regularities of the formation of various morphological carbon structures over nickel-containing catalysts. Kinet Katal 35 (1994) 146-152
77. Chesnokov VV, Prokudina NA, Buyanov RA, Molchanov VV. Catalyst, method of its synthesis and process for production of ferromagnetic graphitized carbon and hydrogen. USSR invention certificate 2042425; 1995.
78. Wang H., and Baker R.T.K. Decomposition of methane over a Ni-Cu-MgO catalyst to produce hydrogen and carbon nanofibers. J Phys Chem B 108 (2004) 20273-20277
79. 3 catalysts for high-temperature methane decomposition. Appl Catal A 247 1 (2003) 51-63
80. Qian W., Liu T., Wei F., Wang Z., and Li Y. Enhanced production of carbon nanotubes: combination of catalyst reduction and methane decomposition. Appl Catal A 258 1 (2004) 121-124
81. Li Y., Chen J., Qin Y., and Chang L. Simultaneous production of hydrogen and nanocarbon from decomposition of methane on nickel-based catalyst. Energy Fuels 14 6 (2000) 1188-1194
82. 2. Int J Hydrogen Energy 32 12 (2007) 1782-1788
83. Monnerat B., Kiwi-Minsker L., and Renken A. Hydrogen production by catalytic cracking of methane over nickel gauze under periodic reactor operation. Chem Eng Sci 56 2 (2001) 633-639
84. Zhang T., and Amiridis M.D. Hydrogen production via the direct cracking of methane over silica-supported nickel catalysts. Appl Catal A 167 2 (1998) 161-172
85. Bai Z., Chen H., Li B., and Li W. Methane decomposition over Ni loaded activated carbon for hydrogen production and the formation of filamentous carbon. Int J Hydrogen Energy 32 11 (2007) 32-37
86. Shah N., Ma S., Wang Y., and Huffman G.P. Semi-continuous hydrogen production from catalytic methane decomposition using a fluidized bed reactor. Int J Hydrogen Energy 32 15 (2007) 3315-3319
87. 4 decomposition. J Mol Catal A Chem 266 1 (2007) 31-39
88. Jang H.O., and Cha W.S. Hydrogen production by the thermocatalytic decomposition of methane in a fluidized bed reactor. Korean J Chem Eng 24 2 (2007) 374-377
89. Chai S., Zein S.H.S., and Mohamed A.R. COx-free hydrogen and carbon nanofibers produced from direct decomposition of methane on nickel-based catalysts. J Nat Gas Chem 15 4 (2006) 253-258
90. Moliner R., Echegoyen Y., Suelves I., Lázaro M.J., and Palacios J.M. Ni-M and Ni-Cu-Mg catalysts for simultaneous production of hydrogen and carbon nanofibers: the effect of calcinations temperature. Int J Hydrogen Energy 33 6 (2008) 1719-1728
91. Suelves I., Lázaro M.J., Moliner R., Echegoyen Y., and Palacios J.M. Characterization of NiAl and NiCuAl catalysts prepared by different methods for hydrogen production by thermo catalytic decomposition of methane. Catal Today 116 33 (2006) 271-280
92. 2 as textural promoter on high loaded Ni catalysts for methane decomposition. Int J Hydrogen Energy 33 13 (2008) 3320-3329
93. Echegoyen Y., Suelves I., Lázaro M.J., Sanjuán M.L., and Moliner R. Thermo catalytic decomposition of methane over Ni-Mg and Ni-Cu-Mg catalysts: effect of catalyst preparation method. Appl Catal A 333 2 (2007) 229-237
94. 2. Int J Hydrogen Energy 33 18 (2008) 4809-4818
95. Shah N., Panjala D., and Huffman G.P. Hydrogen production by catalytic decomposition of methane. Energy Fuels 15 6 (2001) 1528-1534
96. 3 catalyst during methane decomposition to COx-free hydrogen. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34 1 (2009) 299-307
97. Pinilla J.L., Suelves I., Lázaro M.J., Moliner R., and Palacios J.M. Activity of NiCuAl catalyst in methane decomposition studied using a thermobalance and the structural changes in the Ni and the deposited carbon. Int J Hydrogen Energy 33 10 (2008) 2515-2524
98. Avdeeva L.B., Goncharova O.V., Kochubey D.I., Zaikovskii V.I., Plyasova L.M., Novgorodov B.N., et al. Coprecipitated Ni-alumina and Ni-Cu-alumina catalysts of methane decomposition and carbon deposition, 2. Evolution of the catalysts in reaction. Appl Catal A 141 1-2 (1996) 117-129
99. Rodríguez-Reinoso F. The role of carbon materials in heterogeneous catalysis. Carbon 36 3 (1998) 159-175
100. 2 emission: modeling thermocatalytic decomposition of methane in a fluidized bed of carbon particles. Int J Hydrogen Energy 30 10 (2005) 1149-1158
101. Bai Z., Chen H., Li B., and Li W. Catalytic decomposition of methane over activated carbon. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 73 2 (2005) 335-341
102. Lee S.Y., Ryu B.H., Han G.Y., Lee T.J., and Yoon K.J. Catalytic characteristics of specialty carbon blacks in decomposition of methane for hydrogen production. Carbon 46 14 (2008) 1978-1986
103. Moliner R., Suelves I., Lázaro M.J., and Moreno O. Thermocatalytic decomposition of methane over activated carbons: influence of textural properties and surface chemistry. Int J Hydrogen Energy 30 3 (2005) 293-300
104. Lázaro M.J., Pinilla J.L., Suelves I., and Moliner R. Study of the deactivation mechanism of carbon blacks used in methane decomposition. Int J Hydrogen Energy 33 15 (2008) 4104-4111
105. Pinilla J.L., Suelves I., Lázaro M.J., and Moliner R. Kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of methane using carbonaceous catalysts. Chem Eng J 138 1-3 (2007) 301-306
106. Gonzalez J.C., González M.T., Molina-Sabio M., Rodríguez-Reinoso F., and Veda-Escribano A.S. Porosity of activated carbons prepared from different lignocellulosic materials. Carbon 33 8 (1995) 1175-1188
107. Daud W.M.A.W., and Ali W.S.W. Comparison of pore development of activated carbon produced from palm shell and coconut shell. Bioresour Technol 93 1 (2004) 63-69
108. Achaw O., and Afrane G. The evolution of the pore structure of coconut shells during the preparation of coconut shell-based activated carbons. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 112 1-3 (2008) 284-290
109. Wu F., Tseng R., and Hu C. Comparisons of pore properties and adsorption performance of KOH-activated and steam-activated carbons. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 80 1-3 (2005) 95-106
110. 2. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 103 1-3 (2007) 29-34
111. Prauchner M.J., and Rodríguez-Reinoso F. Preparation of granular activated carbons for adsorption of natural gas. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 109 1-3 (2007) 581-584
112. Molina-Sabio M., González M.T., Rodríguez-Reinoso F., and Sepúlveda-Escribano A. Effect of steam and carbon dioxide activation in the micropore size distribution of activated carbon. Carbon 34 4 (1996) 505-509
113. 2 as activating agents in the preparation of activated carbons. Carbon 33 1 (1995) 15-23
114. Yin C.Y., Aroua M.K., and Daud W.M.A.W. Review of modifications of activated carbon for enhancing contaminant uptakes from aqueous solutions. Sep Purif Technol 52 33 (2007) 403-415
115. Kim M.H., Lee E.K., Jun J.H., Kong S.J., Han G.Y., Lee B.K., et al. Hydrogen production by catalytic decomposition of methane over activated carbons: kinetic study. Int J Hydrogen Energy 29 2 (2004) 187-193
116. Dunker A.M., and Ortmann J.P. Kinetic modeling of hydrogen production by thermal decomposition of methane. Int J Hydrogen Energy 31 14 (2006) 1989-1998
117. Suelves I., Lázaro M.J., Moliner R., Pinilla J.L., and Cubero H. Hydrogen production by methane decarbonization: carbonaceous catalysts. Int J Hydrogen Energy 32 15 (2007) 3320-3326
118. Muradov N. Catalysis of methane decomposition over elemental carbon. Catal Commun 2 3-4 (2001) 89-94
119. 2-free hydrogen production. Carbon 42 12-13 (2004) 2641-2648
120. 2 production from methane pyrolysis over commercial carbon catalysts: kinetic and deactivation study. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34 10 (2009) 4488-4494
121. Jung J.U., Nam W., Yoon K.J., and Han G.Y. Hydrogen production by catalytic decomposition of methane over carbon catalysts in a fluidized bed. Korean J Chem Eng 24 4 (2007) 674-678
122. Ashok J., Naveen Kumar S., Venugopal A., Durga Kumari V., Tripathi S., and Subrahmanyam M. COx free hydrogen by methane decomposition over activated carbons. Catal Commun 9 1 (2008) 164-169
123. Bai Z., Chen H., Li W., and Li B. Hydrogen production by methane decomposition over coal char. Int J Hydrogen Energy 31 7 (2006) 899-905
124. Kim M.H., Lee E.K., Jun J.H., Han G.Y., Kong S.J., Lee B.K., et al. Hydrogen production by catalytic decomposition of methane over activated carbons: deactivation study. Korean J Chem Eng 20 5 (2003) 835-839
125. Krzyżyński S., and Kozłowski M. Activated carbons as catalysts for hydrogen production via methane decomposition. Int J Hydrogen Energy 33 21 (2008) 6172-6177
126. Abbas H.F., and Daud W.M.A.W. Thermocatalytic decomposition of methane for hydrogen production using activated carbon catalyst: regeneration and characterization studies. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34 19 (2009) 8034-8045
127. 2. J Power Sources 169 1 (2007) 103-109
128. 2 over supported Ni catalysts. J Catal 219 1 (2003) 176-185
129. Otsuka K., Takenaka S., and Ohtsuki H. Production of pure hydrogen by cyclic decomposition of methane and oxidative elimination of carbon nanofibers on supported-Ni-based catalysts. Appl Catal A 273 1-2 (2004) 113-124
130. Ammendola P, Chirone R, Ruoppolo G, Russo G. Production of hydrogen from thermo-catalytic decomposition of methane in a fluidized bed reactor. Chem Eng J, in press, doi:10.1016/j.cej.2009.03.048.
131. Ammendola P., Chirone R., Ruoppolo G., Russo G., and Solimene R. Some issues in modeling methane catalytic decomposition in fluidized bed reactors. Int J Hydrogen Energy 33 11 (2008) 2679-2694
132. Reshetenko T.V., Avdeeva L.B., Ismagilov Z.R., Ushakov V.A., Chuvilin A.L., and Pavlyukhin Y.T. Promoted iron catalysts of low-temperature methane decomposition. Chem Sustain Devel 11 1 (2003) 239-247
133. Pinilla J.L., Suelves I., Lázaro M.J., Moliner R., and Palacios J.M. Influence of nickel crystal domain size on the behaviour of Ni and NiCu catalysts for the methane decomposition reaction. Appl Catal A 363 1-2 (2009) 199-207
134. Avdeeva L.B., Kochubey D.I., and Shaikhutdinov S. Cobalt catalysts of methane decomposition: accumulation of filamentous carbon. Appl Catal A 177 1 (1999) 43-51