The trackmaker of Apatopus (Late Triassic, North America): Implications for the evolution of archosaur stance and gait

Palaeontology

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 175-189

  Padian, Kevin ^a   Li, Cheng ^a   Pchelnikova, Julia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Archosauria; Dinosauria; Functional morphology; Locomotion; Paleoichnology

Indexed keywords

ANATOMY; DINOSAUR; FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY; ICHNOLOGY; LOCOMOTION; PALEONTOLOGY; POSTURE; TRIASSIC;

NORTH AMERICA;

ARCHOSAURIA; ARCHOSAUROMORPHA; DINOSAURIA; PHYTOSAURIA; REPTILIA;

EID: 74749106468     PISSN: 00310239     EISSN: 14754983     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00924.x     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Avanzini M, Dalla Vecchia F M, Mietto P, Piubelli D, Preto N, Rigo M, Roghi G. A vertebrate nesting site in Northeastern Italy reveals unexpectedly complex behavior for late Carnian reptiles. Palaios 2007, 22:465-475.
2. Baird D. Triassic reptile footprint faunules from Milford, New Jersey. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 1957, 117:449-520.
3. Bakker R T. Dinosaur physiology and the origin of mammals. Evolution 1971, 25:636-658.
4. Benton M J. The Triassic reptile Hyperodapedon from Elgin: functional morphology and relationships. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 1983, 302:605-720.
5. Benton M J. The species of Rhynchosaurus, a rhynchosaurian (Reptilia, Diapsida) from the Middle Triassic of England. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 1990, 320:213-306.
6. Bock W. Triassic reptilian tracks and trends of locomotive evolution. Journal of Paleontology 1952, 26:395-433.
7. Bonaparte J F. Los tetrapodos del sector superior de la Formacion Los Colorados, La Rioja, Argentina (Triasico Superior). I. Parte. Opera Geologica Lilloana 1971, 22:3-185.
8. Bonaparte J F. Nuevos materiales de Lagosuchus talampayensis Romer (Thecodontia - Pseudosuchia) y su significado en el origen de los Saurischia. Chañarense inferior, Triasico Medio de Argentina. Acta Geologica Lilloana 1975, 13:5-90.
9. Bonaparte J F. Locomotion in rauisuchid thecodonts. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1984, 3:210-218.
10. Brinkman D. The hind limb step cycle of Caiman sclerops and the mechanics of the crocodile tarsus and metatarsus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1980, 58:2187-2200.
11. Carrano M T, Wilson J A. Taxon distributions and the tetrapod track record. Paleobiology 2001, 27:564-582.
12. Charig A J, Joysey K A, Kemp T S. The evolution of the archosaur pelvis and hind-limb: an explanation in functional terms. Studies in vertebrate evolution: Essays presented to Dr. F. R. Parrington, FRS 1972, 121-155. eds, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, pp
13. Chatterjee S. A primitive parasuchid (phytosaur) reptile from the Upper Triassic Maleri Formation of India. Palaeontology 1978, 21:83-128.
14. Coombs W P. Theoretical aspects of cursorial adaptations in dinosaurs. Quarterly Review of Biology 1978, 53:393-418.
15. Desojo J B. Los aetosaurios (Amniota: Diapsida) de America Del Sur: sus relaciones y aportes a la biogeografia y bioestratigrafia del Triasico continental. 2004, PhD Dissertation, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, pp
16. Foster J R, Hamblin A H, Lockley M G. Apatopus trackway and other footprints from the Chinle Group of southern Utah: an update. Ichnos 2003, 10:165-167.
17. Gatesy S M. Hind limb movements of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and postural grades. Journal of Zoology (London) 1991a, 224:577-588.
18. Gatesy S M. Hind-limb scaling in birds and other theropods - implications for terrestrial locomotion. Journal of Morphology 1991b, 209:83-96.
19. Gatesy S M, Thomason J J. Functional evolution of the hindlimb and tail from basal theropods to birds. Functional morphology in vertebrate evolution 1995, 219-234. ed, Cambridge University Press, New York, pp
20. Gauthier J A. A cladistic analysis of the higher systematic categories of the Diapsida. 1984, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, pp
21. Gauthier J A. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 1986, 8:1-55.
22. Gower D J. Rauisuchian archosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida): an overview. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 2000, 218:447-488.
23. Gower D J, Nesbitt S J. The braincase of Arizonasaurus babbitti- further evidence for the non-monophyly of " rauisuchian" archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2006, 26:79-87.
24. Gregory J T. Osteology and relationships of Trilophosaurus. University of Texas Contributions to Geology 1945, 4401:273-361.
25. Haubold H. Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 18: Ichnia Amphibiorum et Reptiliorum Fossilium 1971, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp
26. Haubold H. Saurierfährten 1984, A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg, pp
27. Haubold H, Padian K. Archosaur footprints at the terrestrial Triassic-Jurassic transition. The beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs: Faunal change across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary 1986, 190-201. ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp
28. Hutchinson J R. The evolution of locomotion in archosaurs. Comptes Rendus PalEvol 2006, 5:519-530.
29. Hutchinson J R, Gatesy S M. Adductors, abductors, and the evolution of archosaur locomotion. Paleobiology 2000, 26:734-751.
30. Hutchinson J R, Gatesy S M. Beyond the bones. Nature 2006, 440:292-294.
31. Irmis R B, Nesbitt S J, Padian K, Smith N D, Turner A H, Woody D, Downs A. A Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage from New Mexico and the rise of dinosaurs. Science 2007, 317:358-361.
32. Krebs B. Ticinosuchus ferox nov. gen., nov. sp., Ein neuer Pseudosuchier aus der Trias der Monte San Giorgio. Schweizerische Palaeontologische Abhandlungen 1965, 81:1-140.
33. Kubo T, Benton M J. Evolution of hindlimb posture in archosaurs: limb stresses in extinct vertebrates. Palaeontology 2007, 50:1-11.
34. Kuhn O. Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 13: Thecodontia 1976, ed, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp
35. Lockley M J, Meyer C. Dinosaur tracks and other fossil footprints of Europe 2000, Columbia University Press, New York, pp
36. Nesbitt S J. The anatomy of Effigia okeeffeae (Archosauria, Suchia), theropod-like convergence, and the distribution of related taxa. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2007, 302:1-84.
37. Olsen P E, Huber P. The oldest Late Triassic footprint assemblage from North America (Pekin Formation, Deep River Basin, North Carolina, USA). Southeastern Geology 1998, 38:77-90.
38. Olsen P E, Padian K, Padian K. Earliest records of Batrachopus from the Southwest U.S., and a revision of some early Mesozoic crocodilomorph ichnogenera. The beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs: Faunal change across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary 1986, 259-274. ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp
39. Padian K. A functional analysis of flying and walking in pterosaurs. Paleobiology 1983, 9:218-239.
40. Padian K, Currie P J, Padian K. Bipedality. The encyclopedia of dinosaurs 1997, 68-70. eds, Academic Press, San Diego, pp
41. Padian K. Cross-testing adaptive hypotheses: phylogenetic analysis and the origin of bird flight. American Zoologist 2001, 41:598-607.
42. Padian K. Pterosaur stance and gait, and the interpretation of trackways. Ichnos 2003, 10:115-126.
43. Padian K, Olsen P E. The track of Pteraichnus: not pterosaurian, but crocodilian. Journal of Paleontology 1984a, 58:178-184.
44. Padian K, Olsen P E. Footprints of the Komodo dragon and the trackways of fossil reptiles. Copeia 1984b, 1984:662-671.
45. Padian K, Olsen P E, Gillette D D, Lockley M. Ratite footprints and the stance and gait of Mesozoic theropods. Dinosaur tracks and traces: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Dinosaur Tracks and Traces 1989, 231-241. eds, Cambridge University Press, New York, pp
46. Parker W G. Description of new material of the aetosaur Desmatosuchus spurensis (Archosauria: Suchia) from the Chinle Formation of Arizona and a revision of the genus Desmatosuchus. PaleoBios 2008, 28:1-40.
47. Parrish J M. Locomotor adaptations in the hindlimb and pelvis of the Thecodontia. Hunteria 1986a, 1:2-35.
48. Parrish J M, Padian K. Structure and function of the tarsus in the phytosaurs (Reptilia: Archosauria). The beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs: Faunal change across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary 1986b, 35-43. ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp
49. Parrish J M. The origin of crocodilian locomotion. Paleobiology 1987, 13:396-414.
50. Parrish J M. Phylogeny of the Crocodylotarsi, with reference to archosaurian and crurotarsal monophyly. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1993, 13:287-308.
51. Peyer K, Carter J, Sues H-D, Novak S, Olsen P. A new suchian archosaur from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2008, 28:363-381.
52. Rainforth E C, Rainforth E C. Ichnotaxonomic updates from the Newark Supergroup. Field Guide and Proceedings of the XXIV Annual Conference and Fieldtrip of the Geological Association of New Jersey, Contributions to the Paleontology of New Jersey (II) 2007, 49-59. ed, Geological Association of New Jersey, New Jersey Geological Survey, Trenton, pp
53. Rewcastle S. Form and function in lacertilian knee and mesotarsal joints: a contribution to the anaysis of sprawling locomotion. Journal of Zoology 1980, 191:147-170.
54. Romer A S. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. X. Two new but incompletely known long-limbed pseudosuchians. Breviora 1971, 378:1-10.
55. Romer A S. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XV. Further remains of the thecodonts Lagerpeton and Lagosuchus. Breviora 1972, 394:1-7.
56. Schoch R R. Osteology of the small archosaur Aetosaurus from the Upper Triassic of Germany. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 2007, 246:1-35.
57. Sullivan C S. Function and evolution of the hind limb in Triassic archosaurian reptiles. 2007, PhD Dissertation, Harvard University, pp
58. Szalay F. Arboreality: is it homologous in metatherian and eutherian mammals? Evolutionary Biology 1984, 18:215-258.
59. Walker A D. Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Stagonolepis, Dasygnathus and their allies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 1961, 244:103-204.
60. Walker A D. Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 1964, 248:53-134.
61. Weinbaum J C, Hungerbuehler A. A revision of Poposaurus gracilis (Archosauria: Suchia) based on two new specimens from the Late Triassic of the southwestern USA. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 2007, 81:131-145.
62. Woodward A S. On Rhynchosaurus articeps (Owen). Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1907, 1906:293-329.