Developmental anatomy of lampreys

Biological Reviews

Volumn 85, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 1-33

  Richardson, Michael K ^a   Admiraal, Jeroen ^a   Wright, Glenda M ^b  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND   (Canada)

Author keywords

Ammocoetes; Development; Embryo; Lampetra; Lamprey; Petromyzon

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; EVOLUTION; GENETICS; HISTOLOGY; LAMPREY; PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT;

ANIMALS; EVOLUTION; LAMPREYS;

ANIMALIA; CHORDATA; GNATHOSTOMATA (VERTEBRATE); HAGFISH; LAMPETRA; MYXINIDAE; PETROMYZON; PETROMYZONTIDAE; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 74549125421     PISSN: 14647931     EISSN: 1469185X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00092.x     Document Type: Article

References (163)

1. Abalo, X. M., Villar-Cheda, B., Melendez-Ferro, M., Perez-Costas, E., Anadon, R. & Rodicio, M. C. (2007). Development of the serotonergic system in the central nervous system of the sea lamprey. J Chem. Neuroanat 34, 29 46.
2. Ahlborn, F. (1883). Untersuchungen über das Gehirn der Petromyzonten. Zeit. wiss. Zool 39, 191 294.
3. Ahlborn, F. (1884). Über den Ursprung und Austritt der Hirnnerven von Petromyzon. Zeit. wiss. Zool 40, 286 308.
4. Alcock, R. (1898). The peripheral distribution of the cranial nerves of Ammocœtes. J. Anat. Physiol 33, 131 153.
5. Armstrong, L. A., Wright, G. M. & Youson, J. H. (1987). Transformation of mucocartilage to a definitive cartilage during metamorphosis in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. J. Morphol 194, 1 21.
6. Balfour, F. M. (1882). A Treatise on Comparative Embryology. London, Macmillan and Co.
7. Barrington, E. J. W. & Sage, M. (1972). The Endostyle and Thyroid Gland. In: Hardisty, M. W. and Potter, I. C. The Biology of Lampreys, Vol. 2. 105 134. London, Academic Press.
8. Battle, H. I. & Hayashida, K. (1965). Comparative study of the intraperitoneal alimentary tract of parasitic and nonparasitic lampreys from the Great Lakes Region. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can 22, 289 306.
9. Beamish, F. W. H. & Potter, I. C. (1975). The biology of the anadromous sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in New Brunswick. J. zool 177, 57 72.
10. Beard, J. (1888). Morphological studies. I. The parietal eye of the cyclostome fishes. Q. J. micr. sci 29, 55 74.
11. Calberla, E. (1877). Zur Entwicklung des Medullarrohres und der Chorda dorsalis der Teleostier und der Petromyzonten. Morph. Jahrb 3, 227 270.
12. Cohn, M. J. (2002). Evolutionary biology: Lamprey Hox genes and the origin of jaws. Nature 416, 386 387.
13. Cori, C. I. (1906). Das Blutgefäßsystem des jungen Ammocoetes. Arbeiten aus den Zoologischen Instituten der Universität Wien 16, 217 312.
14. Criley, B. B. (1969). Analysis of embryonic sources and mechanims of development of posterior levels of chick neural tubes. J Morphol 128, 465 501.
15. Damas, H. (1944). Recherches sur le développement de Lampetra fluviatilis L. : contribution à l'étude de la cé phalogenèse des vertébrés. Arch. Biol 55, 1 284.
16. Daniel, J. F. (1934). The circulation of blood in ammocoetes. Univ. Calif. Pubs Zool 39, 311 340.
17. Davison, I. G., Wright, G. M. & Demont, M. E. (1995). The structure and physical properties of invertebrate and primitive vertebrate arteries. J Exp Biol 198, 2185 2196.
18. De Beer, G. R. (1937). The Development of the Vertebrate Skull. 552 pp. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
19. Demont, M. E. & Wright, G. M. (1993). Elastic arteries in a primitive vertebrate: mechanics of the lamprey ventral aorta. Experientia 49, 43 46.
20. Dendy, A. (1907). Memoirs: On the parietal sense-organs and associated structures in the New Zealand lamprey (Geotria australis). Quart J Microscop Sci s2-51, 1 30.
21. Dickson, D. H. & Graves, D. A. (1981). The Ultrastructure and Development of the Eye. In: Hardisty, M. W. & Potter, I. C. The Biology of Lampreys, Vol. 3. 43 94. London, Academic Press.
22. Dohrn, A. (1885a). Studien zur Urgeschichte des Wirbelthierk örpers: VII, Entstehung und Differenzirung des Zungenbein- und Kiefer-Apparates der Selachier: VIII, Die Thyroidea bei Petromyzon, Amphioxus und den Tunicaten. Mitt. Zool. Stat. Naepel 6, 1 92.
23. Dohrn, A. (1885b). Studien zur Urgeschichte des Wirbelthierkörpers IX: Die Bedeutung der unpaaren Flosse für die Beurtheilung der genealogischen Stellung der Tunicaten und des Amphioxus, und die Reste der Beckenflosse bei Petromyzon. Mitt. Zool. Stat. Naepel 6, 399 480.
24. Dubowik, J. A. (1928). Zur Frage der Entstehung des Blutgefäß systems der Wirbeltiere. Anat. embryo 85, 178 212.
25. Duméril, A. M. C. (1812). Dissertation sur les Poissons qui se Rapprochent le Plus des Animaux Sans Vertèbres. Didot Paris.
26. Eddy, J. M. P. (1972). The Pineal Complex. In: Hardisty, M. W. & Potter, I. C. The Biology of Lampreys, Vol. 2. 91 103. London, Academic Press.
27. Elliott, W. M. & Youson, J. H. (1987). Immunohistochemical demonstration of the development of the endocrine pancreas during metamorphosis of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. Cell Tissue Res 247, 351 357.
28. Elliott, W. M. & Youson, J. H. (1993a). Development of the adult endocrine pancreas during metamorphosis in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. I. Light microscopy and autoradiography. Anat. Rec 237, 259 270.
29. Elliott, W. M. & Youson, J. H. (1993b). Development of the adult endocrine pancreas during metamorphosis in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. II. Electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry. Anat. Rec 237, 271 290.
30. Follett, W.I. & Dempster, L.J. (1977). Comments on the revised application for a ruling on the stem of the Family-group name based on the type-genus Petromyzon Linnaeus, 1758. Bull. Zool. Nomenclature 33, 142.
31. Freud, S. (1877). Über den Ursprung der hinteren Nervenwurzeln im Rückenmarke von Ammocoetes (Petromyzon Planeri). S. B. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Abt. III 75, 15 27.
32. Freud, S. (1878). Über Spinalganglien und Rückenmark des Petromyzon. S. B. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Abt. III 78, 81 167.
33. Fritzsch, B. & Northcutt, R. G. (1993). Cranial and spinal nerve organization in amphioxus and lampreys: evidence for an ancestral craniate pattern. Acta Anat. (Basel) 148, 96 109.
34. Fürbringer, M. (1900). Zur systematischen Stellung der Myxinoiden und zur Frage des alten en neuen Mundes. Morph. Jahrb 28, 478 482.
35. Garcia-Fernandez, J. M., Jimenez, A. J., Gonzalez, B., Pombal, M. A. & Foster, R. G. (1997). An immunocytochemical study of encephalic photoreceptors in three species of lamprey. Cell Tissue Res 288, 267 278.
36. Gegenbaur, C. (1866). Zur vergleichenden Anatomie des Herzens. Jenaische. Zeit. Med. Naturw 2, 365 383.
37. Gelman, S., Ayali, A., Tytell, E. D. & Cohen, A. H. (2007). Larval lampreys possess a functional lateral line system. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol 193, 271 277.
38. Gilland, E. & Baker, R. (2005). Evolutionary patterns of cranial nerve efferent nuclei in vertebrates. Brain Behav. Evol 66, 234 254.
39. Glaesner, L. (1910). Studien zur Entwicklungsgeschichte von Petromyzon fluviatilis. Zool. Jahrb. (Anat.) 24, 139 190.
40. Good, R. A., Finstad, J. & Litman, G. W. (1972). Immunology. In: Hardisty, M. W. & Potter, I. C. The Biology of Lampreys, Vol. 2. 405 432. London, Academic Press.
41. Goodrich, E. S. (1909). Vertebrata Craniata. In: Lankester, R. A Treatise on Zoology: Part IX first fascicle: Cyclostomes and Fishes. 518 pp. London, Adam & Charles Black.
42. Handrigan, G. R. (2003). Concordia discors: duality in the origin of the vertebrate tail. J Anat 202, 255 267.
43. Hardisty, M. W. (1971). Gonadogenesis, sex differentiation and gametogenesis. In: Hardisty, M. W. & Potter, I. C. The Biology of Lampreys, Vol. 1. 295 359. London, Academic Press.
44. Hardisty, M. W. (1981). The skeleton. In: Hardisty, M. W. & Potter, I. C. The Biology of Lampreys, Vol. 3. 334 376. London, Academic Press.
45. Hardisty, M. W. (2006). Lampreys: Life without Jaws. Ceredigion, Forrest Text. 272 pp.
46. Hardisty, M. W. & Potter, I. C. (1971a). The general biology of adult lampreys. In: Hardisty, M. W. & Potter, I. C. The Biology of Lampreys Vol. 1. 127 206. London, Academic Press.
47. Hardisty, M. W. & Potter, I. C. (ed.) (1971b). The Biology of Lampreys Vol. 1. pp. 1 423. London, Academic Press.
48. Hardisty, M. W. & Potter, I. C. (ed.) (1972). The Biology of Lampreys Vol. 2. pp. 1 466. London, Academic Press.
49. Hardisty, M. W. & Potter, I. C. (ed.) (1981). The Biology of Lampreys Vol. 3. pp. 1 469. London, Academic Press.
50. Hardisty, M. W. & Potter, I. C. (ed.) (1982a). The Biology of Lampreys Vol. 4A. pp. 1 305. London, Academic Press.
51. Hardisty, M. W. & Potter, I. C. (ed.) (1982b). The Biology of Lampreys Vol. 4B. pp. 1 275. London, Academic Press.
52. Hardisty, M. W., Potter, I. C. & Sturge, R. (1970). A comparison of the metamorphosing and macrophthalmic stages of the lampreys, Lampetra fluviatilis and Lampetra planeri. J. zool 162, 383 400.
53. Hatta, S. (1900). Contributions to the morphology of Cyclostomata. II: the development of pronephros and segmental duct in Petromyzon. J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Japan 13, 311 425.
54. Hatta, S. (1923). Über die Entwicklung des Gefäßsytems des Neunauges, Lampetra mitsukurii Hatta. Zool. Jahrb. (Anat.) 44, 1 264.
55. Icardo, J. M. (2006). Conus arteriosus of the teleost heart: dismissed, but not missed. Anat Rec. A Discov. Mol. Cell Evol. Biol 288, 900 908.
56. Jacobson, A. G. (1988). Somitomeres: mesodermal segments of vertebrate embryos. Development 104, Suppl: 209 220.
57. Johnels, A. F. (1948). On the development and morphology of the skeleton of the head of Petromyzon. Acta. Zool 29, 140 279.
58. Johnston, J. B. (1905). The cranial nerve components of Petromyzon. Morphol. Jahrb 34, 149 203.
59. Jordan, D.S. & Evermann, B.E. (1917). The Genera of Fishes. Stanford University, California.
60. Julin, C. (1887). Des origines de l'aorta et des carotides chez les poissons Cyclostomes. Anat. Anz 1887, 228 238.
61. Keibel, F. (1906). Die Entwickelung der äusseren Körperform der Wirbeltierembryonen, insbesondere der menschlichen Embryonen aus den ersten 2 Monaten. In: Hertwig, O. Handbuch der vergleichenden und experimentellen Entwickelungslehre der Wirbelthiere. 176 pp. Jena, Gustav Fischer.
62. Keibel, F. (1928). Beiträge zur Anatomie, zur Entwicklungsgeschichte und zur Stammesgeschichte der Sehorgane der Cyklostomen. Z. Mikrosk. Anat. Forsch 12, 391 456.
63. Keiser, W. (1914). Untersuchungen über die erste Anlage des Herzens, der beiden Längsgefäßstämme und des Blutes bei Embryonen von Petromyzon planeri. Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich 58, 269 275.
64. Kieckebusch, H. -H. (1928). Bau und Entwicklung der Schildrüse bei Neunaugenlarven (Lampetra fluviatilis L. und Lampetra planeri Bl.). Z. Morph. Ökol. Tiere 11, 247 360.
65. Kingsbury, B. F. & Adelmann, H. B. (1924). The morphological plan of the head. Q. J. micr. sci 68, 239 286.
66. Kleerekoper, H. (1972). The Sense Organs. In: Hardisty, M. W. & Potter, I. C. The Biology of Lampreys, Vol. 2. 373 404. London, Academic Press.
67. Koltzoff, N. K. (1901). Entwickelungsgeschichte des Kopfes von Petromyzon Planeri. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou. (Nouv. Ser.) 15, 259 589.
68. Kupffer, C. (1868). Beobachtungen über die Entwicklung der Knochenfische. Arch. Mik. Anat 4, 209 272.
69. Kupffer, C. (1890). Entwicklung von Petromyzon Planeri. Arch. Mik. Anat 35, 469 558.
70. Kuraku, S. & Kuratani, S. (2006). Time scale for cyclostome evolution inferred with a phylogenetic diagnosis of hagfish and lamprey cDNA sequences. Zoolog. Sci 23, 1053 1064.
71. Kuratani, S. (2003). Evolutionary developmental biology and vertebrate head segmentation: a perspective from developmental constraint. Theory Biosci 122, 230 251.
72. Kuratani, S., Horigome, N. & Hirano, S. (1999). Developmental morphology of the head mesoderm and reevaluation of segmental theories of the vertebrate head: evidence from embryos of an agnathan vertebrate, Lampetra japonica. Dev. Biol 210, 381 400.
73. Kuratani, S., Kuraku, S. & Murakami, Y. (2002). Lamprey as an evo-devo model: lessons from comparative embryology and molecular phylogenetics. Genesis 34, 175 183.
74. Kuratani, S., Nobusada, Y., Horigome, N. & Shigetani, Y. (2001). Embryology of the lamprey and evolution of the vertebrate jaw: insights from molecular and developmental perspectives. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 356, 1615 1632.
75. Kuratani, S., Ueki, T., Aizawa, S. & Hirano, S. (1997). Peripheral development of cranial nerves in a cyclostome, Lampetra japonica: morphological distribution of nerve branches and the vertebrate body plan. J. Comp. Neurol 384, 483 500.
76. Lanteigne, J. (1988). Identification of lamprey larvae of the genus Ichthyomyzon. (Petromyzontidae). Env. Biol. Fishes 23, 55 63.
77. Larsen, L. O. (1980). Physiology of adult lampreys, with special regard to natural starvation, reproduction and death after spawning. Canad. J Fish. Aquat. Sci 37, 1762 1779.
78. Larsen, L. O. & Rothwell, B. (1972). Adenohypophysis. In: Hardisty, M. W. and Potter, I. C. The Biology of Lampreys, Vol. 2. 1 67. London, Academic Press.
79. Lintlop, S. P. & Youson, J. H. (1983). Concentration of triiodothyronine in the sera of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, and the brook lamprey, Lampetra lamottenii, at various phases of the life cycle. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol 49, 187 194.
80. Mallatt, J. (1979). Surface morphology and functions of pharyngeal structures in the larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus. J. Morphol 162, 249 274.
81. Mallatt, J. (1996). Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth. Zool. J Linn. Soc 117, 329 404.
82. Mallatt, J. & Ridgway, R. L. (1984). Ultrastructure of a complex epithelial system: the pharyngeal lining of the larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus. J Morphol 180, 271 296.
83. Mcburney, K. M., Keeley, F. W., Kibenge, F. S. B. & Wright, G. M. (1996a). Detection of lamprin mRNA in the anadromous sea lamprey using in situ hybridization. Biotech. Histochem 71, 44 53.
84. Mcburney, K. M., Keeley, F. W., Kibenge, F. S. B. & Wright, G. M. (1996b). Spatial and temporal distribution of lamprin mRNA during chondrogenesis of trabecular cartilage in the sea lamprey. Anat. embryol 193, 419 426.
85. Mcburney, K. M. & Wright, G. M. (1996). Chondrogenesis of a non-collagen-based cartilage in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. Can. J. Zool 74, 2118 2130.
86. Mccauley, D. W. & Bronner-fraser, M. (2002). Conservation of Pax gene expression in ectodermal placodes of the lamprey. Gene 287, 129 139.
87. Meeuwig, M. H., Bayer, J. M. & Reiche, R. A. (2006). Morphometric discrimination of early life stage Lampetra tridentata and L. richardsoni (Petromyzonidae) from the Columbia River Basin. J. Morphol 267, 623 633.
88. Mehnert, E. (1898). Biomechanik. 177 pp. Jena, Gustav Fischer.
89. Melendez-Ferro, M., Villar-Cheda, B., Manoel, A., X, Perez-Costas, E., Rodriguez-Munoz, R., Degrip, W. J., Yanez, J., Rodicio, M. C. & Anadon, R. (2002). Early development of the retina and pineal complex in the sea lamprey: comparative immunocytochemical study. J. Comp. Neurol 442, 250 265.
90. Morrison, C. M., Miyake, T. & Wright, J. R. (2001). Histological study of the development of the embryo and early larva of Oreochromis niloticus (Pisces: Cichlidae). J. Morphol 247, 172 195.
91. Morrison, S. L., Campbell, C. K. & Wright, G. M. (2000). Chondrogenesis of the branchial skeleton in embryonic sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus. Anat. Rec 260, 252 267.
92. Müller, A. (1856). Ueber die Entwickelung der Neunaugen. Ein vorläufiger Bericht. Arch. Anat. Physiol. Wiss. Med 323 339.
93. Murakami, Y., Uchida, K., Rijli, F. M. & Kuratani, S. (2005). Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Dev. Biol 280, 249 259.
94. Nakao, T. & Ishizawa, A. (1984). Light- and electron-microscopic observations of the tail bud of the larval lamprey (Lampetra japonica), with special reference to neural tube formation. Am. J. Anat 170, 55 71.
95. Nestler, K. (1890). Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte von Petromyzon Planeri. Arch. Naturgesch. Jahrg 1, 81 112.
96. Nuel, J. P. (1881). Quelques phases du développement du Petromyzon planeri. Arch. Biol 2, 403 454.
97. Okkelberg, P. (1921). The early history of the germ cells in the brook lamprey, Entosphenus wilderi (Gage) up to and including the period of sex differentiation. J. Morphol 35, 1 151.
98. Olsson, L., Ericsson, R. & Cerny. R. (2005). Vertebrate head development: Segmentation, novelties, and homology. Theory Biosci 124, 145 153.
99. Ooi, E. C. & Youson, J. H. (1979). Regression of the larval opisthonephros during metamorphosis of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. Am. J. Anat 154, 57 79.
100. Parker, W. K. (1883). On the skeleton of the marsipobranch fishes. Part I. - the myxinoids (Myxine and Bdellostoma) Part II. - Petromyzon. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond 373 457.
101. Parsons, C. W. (1929). The conus arteriosus in fishes. Q. J. Microscop. Sci 73, 145 176.
102. Percy, R. & Potter, I. C. (1991). Aspects of the development and functional morphology of the pericardia, heart and associated blood vessels of lampreys. J. Zool 223, 49 66.
103. Piavis, G. W. (1961). Embryological stages in the sea lamprey and effects of temperature on development. 111 143. Washington DC, US Fish and Wildlife Service. Fishery Bulletin 182.
104. Piavis, G. W. (1971). Embryology. In: Hardisty, M. W. & Potter, I. C. The Biology of Lampreys. 361 400. London, Academic Press.
105. Pietschmann, V. (1933). Cyclostoma. In: Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. Handbuch der Zoologie. 6 (1): 127 547. Berlin & Leipzig, Walter de Gruyter.
106. Potter, I. C. (1980). The Petromyzoniformes with particular reference to paired species. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci 37, 1595 1615.
107. Potter, I. C., Percy, R., Barber, D. L. & Macey, D. J. (1982). The Morphology, Development and Physiology of Blood Cells. In: Hardisty, M. W. & Potter, I. C. The Biology of Lampreys, Vol. 4A. London, Academic Press.
108. Potter, I. C. & Welsch, U. (1992). Arrangement, histochemistry and fine structure of the connective tissue architecture of lampreys. J. zool. (London) 225, 1 30.
109. Richardson, M. K. & Wright, G. M. (2003). Developmental transformations in a normal series of embryos of the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus (Linnaeus). J. Morphol 257, 348 363.
110. Robson, P., Wright, G. M., Sitarz, E., Maiti, A., Rawat, M., Youson, J. H. & Keeley, F. W. (1993). Characterization of lamprin, an unusual matrix protein from lamprey cartilage. Implications for evolution, structure, and assembly of elastin and other fibrillar proteins. J. Biol. Chem 268, 1440 1447.
111. Robson, P., Wright, G. M., Youson, J. H. & Keeley, F. W. (1997). A family of non-collagen-based cartilages in the skeleton of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol 118B, 71 78.
112. Robson, P., Wright, G. M., Youson, J. H. & Keeley, F. W. (2000). The structure and organization of lamprin genes: multiple-copy genes with alternative splicing and convergent evolution with insect structural proteins. Mol. Biol. Evol 17, 1739 1752.
113. Schaffer, J. (1896). Über das knorpelige Skelett van Ammocoetes branchialis nebst Bemerkungen über das knorpelgewebe im Allgemeinen. Zeit. wiss. Zool 61, 606 659.
114. Schultze, M. S. (1856). Die Entwickelungs-Geschichte von Petromyzon planeri. 49 pp. Haarlem, Loosjes.
115. Scott, W. B. (1880). Vorläufige Mittheilung über die Entwickelungsgeschichte der Petromyzonten. Zool. Anz 1880 (64 443 449.
116. Scott, W. B. (1882). Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Petromyzonten. Morph. Jahrb 7, 101 172.
117. Scott, W. B. (1887). Notes on the development of Petromyzon. J. Morphol 1, 253 310.
118. Shipley, A. E. (1885). On the formation of the mesoblast, and the persistence of the blastopore in the lamprey. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 39, 244 248.
119. Shipley, A. E. (1887). On some points in the development of Petromyzon fluvatilis. Q. J. Microscop. Sci. (N. S.) 27, 1 46.
120. Sidon, E. W. & Youson, J. H. (1983a). Morphological changes in the liver of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., during metamorphosis: I. Atresia of the bile ducts. J Morphol 177, 109 124.
121. Sidon, E. W. & Youson, J. H. (1983b). Morphological changes in the liver of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., during metamorphosis. II. Canalicular degeneration and transformation of the hepatocytes. J Morphol 178, 225 246.
122. Simoes-costa, M. S., Vasconcelos, M., Sampaio, A. C., Cravo, R. M., Linhares, V. L., Hochgreb, T., Yan, C. Y., Davidson, B. & Xavier-NETO, J. (2005). The evolutionary origin of cardiac chambers. Dev. Biol 277, 1 15.
123. Smith, A. J., Howell, J. H. & Piavis, G. W. (1968). Comparative embryology of five species of lampreys of the upper Great Lakes. Copeia 1968, 461 469.
124. Smith, B. R. (1971). Sea lampreys in the Great Lakes of North America. In: Hardisty, M. W. and Potter, I. C. The Biology of Lampreys, Vol. 1. 207 247. London, Academic Press.
125. Tahara, Y. (1988). Normal stages of development in the lamprey, Lampetra reissneri (Dybowski). Zool. Sci 5, 109 118.
126. Takio, Y., Pasqualetti, M., Kuraku, S., Hirano, S., Rijli, F. M. & Kuratani, S. (2004). Lamprey Hox genes and the evolution of jaws. Nature 429.
127. Tretjakoff, D. (1915). Die Parietalorgane van Petromyzon fluviatilis. Zeit. wiss. Zool 113, 1 112.
128. Tretjakoff, D. (1926a). Das Skelett und die Muskulatur im Kopfe des Flussneunauges. Zeit. wiss. Zool 128, 267 304.
129. Tretjakoff, D. (1926b). Die Wirbelsäule des Neunauges. Anat. Anz 61, 387 396.
130. Tretjakoff, D. (1927). Das periphere Nervensystem de Flussneunauges. Zeit. wiss. Zool 129, 359 452.
131. Tretjakoff, D. (1929). Die schleimknorpeligen Bestandteile im Kopfskelet von Ammocoetes. Zeit. wiss. Zool 133, 470 516.
132. Uchida, K., Murakami, Y., Kuraku, S., Hirano, S. & Kuratani, S. (2003). Development of the adenohypophysis in the lamprey: evolution of epigenetic patterning programs in organogenesis. J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol 300, 32 47.
133. Veit, O. (1939). Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Kopfes der Wirbelthiere. Morph. Jahrb 84, 86 107.
134. Villar-Cheda, B., Perez-Costas, E., Melendez-FERRO, M., Manoel, A., X, Rodriguez-MUNOZ, R., Anadon, R. & Celina, R. M. (2002). Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity and development of the pineal complex and habenula of the sea lamprey. Brain Res. Bull 57, 285 287.
135. Webb, S., Qayyum, S. R., Anderson, R. H., Lamers, W. H. & Richardson, M. K. (2003). Septation and separation within the outflow tract of the developing heart. J Anat 202, 327 342.
136. Wedin, B. (1949). The Anterior Mesoblast in Some Lower Vertebrates. 225 pp. Lund, Håkan Ohlssons Boktryckeri.
137. Wheeler, W. M. (1900). The development of the urogenital organs of the lamprey. Zool. Jahrb. (Anat.) 13, 1 88.
138. Wright, G. M. (1984). Structure of the conus arteriosus and ventral aorta in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, and the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa: microfibrils, a major component. Can. J. Zool 62, 2445 2456.
139. Wright, G. M. (1989). Ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis in the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, during metamorphosis. J. Morphol 202, 205 223.
140. Wright, G. M., Armstrong, L. A., Jacques, A. M. & Youson, J. H. (1988). Trabecular, nasal, branchial, and pericardial cartilages in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus: fine structure and immunohistochemical detection of elastin. Am. J Anat 182, 1 15.
141. Wright, G. M., Filosa, M. F. & Youson, J. H. (1978). Immunocytochemical localization of thyroglobulin in the endostyle of the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. Am. J Anat 152, 263 268.
142. Wright, G. M., Filosa, M. F. & Youson, J. H. (1980). Immunocytochemical localization of thyroglobulin in the transforming endostyle of anadromous sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus L., during metamorphosis. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol 42, 187 194.
143. st Century. 11 36. Enfield, N. H, Science Publishers, Inc.
144. Wright, G. M., Keeley, F. W. & Robson, P. (2001). The unusual cartilaginous tissues of jawless craniates, cephalochordates and invertebrates. Cell Tissue Res 304, 165 174.
145. Wright, G. M., Keeley, F. W. & Youson, J. H. (1983). Lamprin, a new vertebrate protein comprising the major structural protein of adult lamprey cartilage. Experientia 39, 495 497.
146. Wright, G. M. & Mcburney, K. M. (1992). Changes in the ventral dermis and development of iridophores in the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, during metamorphosis: an ultrastructural study. Histol. Histopathol 7, 237 250.
147. Wright, G. M. & Youson, J. H. (1976). Transformation of the endostyle of the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., during metamorphosis. I. Light microscopy and autoradiography with 125I1. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol 30, 243 257.
148. Wright, G. M. & Youson, J. H. (1977). Serum thyroxine concentrations in larval and metamorphosing anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. J Exp. Zool 202, 27 32.
149. Wright, G. M. & Youson, J. H. (1980). Transformation of the endostyle of the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. during metamorphosis. II. Electron microscopy. J. Morphol 160, 231 257.
150. Wright, G. M. & Youson, J. H. (1982). Ultrastructure of mucocartilage in the larval anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. Am. J. Anat 165, 39 51.
151. Wright, G. M. & Youson, J. H. (1983). Ultrastructure of cartilage from young adult sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L: A new type of vertebrate cartilage. Am. J Anat 167, 59 70.
152. Yew, D. T. (1982). Development of the eyes in Agnatha and Chondrichthyes (Elasmobranchia). Anat. Anz 151, 231 239.
153. Youson, J. H. (1980). Morphology and physiology of lamprey metamorphosis. Can. J. zool 37, 1687 1710.
154. Youson, J. H. (1981a). The Alimentary Canal. In: Hardisty, M. W. & Potter, I. C. The Biology of Lampreys Vol. 3. 95 189. London, Academic Press.
155. Youson, J. H. (1981b). The Kidneys. In: Hardisty, M. W. & Potter, I. C. The Biology of Lampreys. 192 261. London, Academic Press.
156. Youson, J. H. (1981c). The Liver. In: Hardisty, M. W. & Potter, I. C. The Biology of Lampreys. 263 332. London, Academic Press.
157. Youson, J. H. (1997). Is lamprey metamorphosis regulated by thyroid hormones? Am. Zool 37, 441 460.
158. Youson, J. H. & Al Mahrouki, A. A. (1999). Ontogenetic and phylogenetic development of the endocrine pancreas (islet organ) in fish. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol 116, 303 335.
159. Youson, J. H. & Freeman, P. A. (1976). Morphology of the gills of larval and parasitic adult sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. J. Morphol 149, 73 104.
160. Youson, J. H. & Ooi, E. C. (1979). Development of the renal corpuscle during metamorphosis in the lamprey. Am. J. Anat 155, 201 221.
161. Youson, J. H. & Potter, I. C. (1979). A description of stages in the metamorphosis of the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. Can. J. zool 57, 1808 1817.
162. Youson, J. H., Wright, G. M. & Ooi, E. C. (1977). The timing of changes in several internal organs during metamorphosis of anadromous larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus, L. Can. J. zool 55, 469 473.
163. Zhang, G., Miyamoto, M. M. & Cohn, M. J. (2006). Lamprey type II collagen and Sox9 reveal an ancient origin of the vertebrate collagenous skeleton. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 103, 3180 3185.