Rheumatic manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 15, Issue 44, 2009, Pages 5517-5524

  Rodríguez Reyna, Tatiana Sofía ^a   Martínez Reyes, Cynthia ^a   Yamamoto Furusho, Jesús Kazúo ^a  

^a INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS MÉDICAS Y NUTRICIÓN SALVADOR ZUBIRÁN   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Inflammatory bowel disease; Rheumatic diseases; Spondylitis

Indexed keywords

ALPHA4 INTEGRIN; ALPHA4BETA7 INTEGRIN; AUTOANTIBODY; AZATHIOPRINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; DNA; HLA B27 ANTIGEN; INFLIXIMAB; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 11; INTERLEUKIN 6; LEFLUNOMIDE; MERCAPTOPURINE; MESALAZINE; METHOTREXATE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PROBIOTIC AGENT; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; STEROID; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 9; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; ARTHRITIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CLUBBING FINGERS; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DISEASE COURSE; ENTERITIS; ENTHESOPATHY; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GRANULOMATOSIS; HUMAN; INTESTINE MUCOSA PERMEABILITY; MOLECULAR MIMICRY; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; NONHUMAN; OSTEOMALACIA; OSTEOPOROSIS; PATHOGENESIS; PERIOSTITIS; PHYSIOTHERAPY; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC DISEASE; SACROILIITIS; SPONDYLITIS; SPONDYLOARTHROPATHY; TENDINITIS; TRANSGENIC RAT;

EID: 74049153885     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.5517     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Bargen JA, Jackman RJ, Kerr JG. Complications and sequelae of chronic ulcerative colitis. Ann Intern Med 1929; 3: 335-352
2. Bywaters EG, Ansell BM. Arthritis associated with ulcerative colitis; a clinical and pathological study. Ann Rheum Dis 1958; 17: 169-183
3. Ford DK, Vallis DG. The clinical course of arthritis associated with ulcerative colitis and regional ileitis. Arthritis Rheum 1959; 2: 526-536
4. Wright V, Watkinson G. The arthritis of ulcerative colitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1959; 38: 243-262
5. Wright V. Seronegative polyarthritis: a unified concept. Arthritis Rheum 1978; 21: 619-633
6. Mielants H, Veys EM, Cuvelier C, de Vos M. Ileocolonoscopic findings in seronegative spondylarthropathies. Br J Rheumatol 1988; 27 Suppl 2: 95-105
7. Mielants H, Veys EM, De Vos M, Cuvelier C, Goemaere S, De Clercq L, Schatteman L, Elewaut D. The evolution of spondyloarthropathies in relation to gut histology. I. Clinical aspects. J Rheumatol 1995; 22: 2266-2272
8. De Vos M, Mielants H, Cuvelier C, Elewaut A, Veys E. Long-term evolution of gut inflammation in patients with spondyloarthropathy. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 1696-1703
9. Mielants H, Veys EM, Cuvelier C, De Vos M, Goemaere S, De Clercq L, Schatteman L, Gyselbrecht L, Elewaut D. The evolution of spondyloarthropathies in relation to gut histology. III. Relation between gut and joint. J Rheumatol 1995; 22: 2279-2284
10. Leirisalo-Repo M, Turunen U, Stenman S, Helenius P, Seppälä K. High frequency of silent inflammatory bowel disease in spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 23-31
11. Repiso A, Alcántara M, Muñoz-Rosas C, Rodríguez-Merlo R, Pérez-Grueso MJ, Carrobles JM, Martínez-Potenciano JL. Extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease: prevalence and related factors. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2006; 98: 510-517
12. Paredes JM, Barrachina MM, Román J, Moreno-Osset E. [Joint disease in inflammatory bowel disease] Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 28: 240-249
13. Scarpa R, del Puente A, D'Arienzo A, di Girolamo C, della Valle G, Panarese A, Lubrano E, Oriente P. The arthritis of ulcerative colitis: clinical and genetic aspects. J Rheumatol 1992; 19: 373-377
14. Turkcapar N, Toruner M, Soykan I, Aydintug OT, Cetinkaya H, Duzgun N, Ozden A, Duman M. The prevalence of extraintestinal manifestations and HLA association in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Rheumatol Int 2006; 26: 663-668
15. Podswiadek M, Punzi L, Stramare R, D'Incà R, Ferronato A, Lo Nigro A, Sturniolo GC. [The prevalence of radiographic sacroiliitis in patients affected by inflammatory bowel disease with inflammatory low back pain] Reumatismo 2004; 56: 110-113
16. Steer S, Jones H, Hibbert J, Kondeatis E, Vaughan R, Sanderson J, Gibson T. Low back pain, sacroiliitis, and the relationship with HLA-B27 in Crohn's disease. J Rheumatol 2003; 30: 518-522
17. Salvarani C, Vlachonikolis IG, van der Heijde DM, Fornaciari G, Macchioni P, Beltrami M, Olivieri I, Di Gennaro F, Politi P, Stockbrügger RW, Russel MG. Musculoskeletal manifestations in a population-based cohort of inflammatory bowel disease patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001; 36: 1307-1313
18. Queiro R, Maiz O, Intxausti J, de Dios JR, Belzunegui J, González C, Figueroa M. Subclinical sacroiliitis in inflammatory bowel disease: a clinical and follow-up study. Clin Rheumatol 2000; 19: 445-449
19. Baeten D, De Keyser F, Van Damme N, Veys EM, Mielants H. Influence of the gut and cytokine patterns in spondyloarthropathy. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002; 20: S38-S42
20. Demetter P, De Vos M, Van Damme N, Baeten D, Elewaut D, Vermeulen S, Mareel M, Bullock G, Mielants H, Verbruggen G, De Keyser F, Veys EM, Cuvelier CA. Focal up-regulation of E-cadherin-catenin complex in inflamed bowel mucosa but reduced expression in ulcer-associated cell lineage. Am J Clin Pathol 2000; 114: 364-370
21. Demetter P, Baeten D, De Keyser F, De Vos M, Van Damme N, Verbruggen G, Vermeulen S, Mareel M, Elewaut D, Mielants H, Veys EM, Cuvelier CA. Subclinical gut inflammation in spondyloarthropathy patients is associated with upregulation of the E-cadherin/catenin complex. Ann Rheum Dis 2000; 59: 211-216
22. Van Damme N, Elewaut D, Baeten D, Demetter P, Cuvelier C, Verbruggen G, Mielants H, Veys EM, De Vos M, De Keyser F. Gut mucosal T cell lines from ankylosing spondylitis patients are enriched with alphaEbeta7 integrin. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001; 19: 681-687
23. Elewaut D, De Keyser F, Cuvelier C, Lazarovits AI, Mielants H, Verbruggen G, Sas S, Devos M, Veys EM. Distinctive activated cellular subsets in colon from patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998; 33: 743-748
24. Korn T, Bettelli E, Oukka M, Kuchroo VK. IL-17 and Th17 Cells. Annu Rev Immunol 2009; 27: 485-517
25. Seiderer J, Elben I, Diegelmann J, Glas J, Stallhofer J, Tillack C, Pfennig S, Jürgens M, Schmechel S, Konrad A, Göke B, Ochsenkühn T, Müller-Myhsok B, Lohse P, Brand S. Role of the novel Th17 cytokine IL-17F in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): upregulated colonic IL-17F expression in active Crohn's disease and analysis of the IL17F p.His161Arg polymorphism in IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14: 437-445
26. Jandus C, Bioley G, Rivals JP, Dudler J, Speiser D, Romero P. Increased numbers of circulating polyfunctional Th17 memory cells in patients with seronegative spondylarthritides. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58: 2307-2317
27. Singh R, Aggarwal A, Misra R. Th1/Th17 cytokine profiles in patients with reactive arthritis/undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy. J Rheumatol 2007; 34: 2285-2290
28. Sanchez-Munoz F, Dominguez-Lopez A, Yamamoto-Furusho JK. Role of cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 4280-4288
29. Mielants H, Veys EM, De Vos M, Cuvelier C. Increased intestinal permeability in ankylosing spondylitis. Gut 1992; 33: 1150
30. De Rycke L, Vandooren B, Kruithof E, De Keyser F, Veys EM, Baeten D. Tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade treatment down-modulates the increased systemic and local expression of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 in spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 2146-2158
31. Yang ZX, Liang Y, Zhu Y, Li C, Zhang LZ, Zeng XM, Zhong RQ. Increased expression of Toll-like receptor 4 in peripheral blood leucocytes and serum levels of some cytokines in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 149: 48-55
32. Muratov V, Ulfgren AK, Engström M, Elvin K, Winqvist O, Löfberg R, Lundahl J. Decreased numbers of FoxP3-positive and TLR-2-positive cells in intestinal mucosa are associated with improvement in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease following selective leukocyte apheresis. J Gastroenterol 2008; 43: 277-282
33. Frolova L, Drastich P, Rossmann P, Klimesova K, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, and CD14 in biopsy samples of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: upregulated expression of TLR2 in terminal ileum of patients with ulcerative colitis. J Histochem Cytochem 2008; 56: 267-274
34. Szebeni B, Veres G, Dezsõfi A, Rusai K, Vannay A, Mraz M, Majorova E, Arató A. Increased expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 in the colonic mucosa of children with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 151: 34-41
35. Arseneau KO, Tamagawa H, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F. Innate and adaptive immune responses related to IBD pathogenesis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2007; 9: 508-512
36. Snelgrove T, Lim S, Greenwood C, Peddle L, Hamilton S, Inman R, Rahman P. Association of toll-like receptor 4 variants and ankylosing spondylitis: a case-control study. J Rheumatol 2007; 34: 368-370
37. Adam R, Sturrock RD, Gracie JA. TLR4 mutations (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) are not associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65: 1099-1101
38. Baumgart DC, Buning C, Geerdts L, Schmidt HH, Genschel J, Fiedler T, Gentz E, Molnar T, Nagy F, Lonovics J, Lochs H, Wiedenmann B, Nickel R, Witt H, Dignass A. The c.1-260C>T promoter variant of CD14 but not the c.896A>G (p.D299G) variant of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) genes is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Digestion 2007; 76: 196-202
39. Yamamoto-Furusho JK, Podolsky DK. Innate immunity in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 5577-5580
40. Tiwana H, Walmsley RS, Wilson C, Yiannakou JY, Ciclitira PJ, Wakefield AJ, Ebringer A. Characterization of the humoral immune response to Klebsiella species in inflammatory bowel disease and ankylosing spondylitis. Br J Rheumatol 1998; 37: 525-531
41. Ebringer A, Rashid T, Tiwana H, Wilson C. A possible link between Crohn's disease and ankylosing spondylitis via Klebsiella infections. Clin Rheumatol 2007; 26: 289-297
42. Reveille JD, Ball EJ, Khan MA. HLA-B27 and genetic predisposing factors in spondyloarthropathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2001; 13: 265-272
43. Hammer RE, Maika SD, Richardson JA, Tang JP, Taurog JD. Spontaneous inflammatory disease in transgenic rats expressing HLA-B27 and human beta 2m: an animal model of HLA-B27-associated human disorders. Cell 1990; 63: 1099-1112
44. Taurog JD, Richardson JA, Croft JT, Simmons WA, Zhou M, Fernández-Sueiro JL, Balish E, Hammer RE. The germfree state prevents development of gut and joint inflammatory disease in HLA-B27 transgenic rats. J Exp Med 1994; 180: 2359-2364
45. Yamamoto-Furusho JK. Genetic factors associated with the development of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 5594-5597
46. Orchard TR, Thiyagaraja S, Welsh KI, Wordsworth BP, Hill Gaston JS, Jewell DP. Clinical phenotype is related to HLA genotype in the peripheral arthropathies of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2000; 118: 274-278
47. Núñez C, Alecsandru DM, Mendoza JL, Urcelay E, Díaz-Rubio M, de la Concha EG, Martinez A. Genetic markers linked to rheumatoid arthritis are also strongly associated with articular manifestations in ulcerative colitis patients. Hum Immunol 2006; 67: 324-330
48. Laukens D, Peeters H, Marichal D, Vander Cruyssen B, Mielants H, Elewaut D, Demetter P, Cuvelier C, Van Den Berghe M, Rottiers P, Veys EM, Remaut E, Steidler L, De Keyser F, De Vos M. CARD15 gene polymorphisms in patients with spondyloarthropathies identify a specific phenotype previously related to Crohn's disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64: 930-935
49. Manguso F, Sanges M, Staiano T, Gargiulo S, Nastro P, Gargano D, Somma P, Mansueto G, Peluso R, Scarpa R, D'Armiento FP, Astarita C, Ayala F, Renda A, Mazzacca G, D'Arienzo A. Cigarette smoking and appendectomy are risk factors for extraintestinal manifestations in ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 327-334
50. Holden W, Orchard T, Wordsworth P. Enteropathic arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2003; 29: 513-530, viii
51. Gravallese EM, Kantrowitz FG. Arthritic manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1988; 83: 703-709
52. Orchard TR, Wordsworth BP, Jewell DP. Peripheral arthropathies in inflammatory bowel disease: their articular distribution and natural history. Gut 1998; 42: 387-391
53. de Vlam K, Mielants H, Cuvelier C, De Keyser F, Veys EM, De Vos M. Spondyloarthropathy is underestimated in inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and HLA association. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 2860-2865
54. Mielants H, Veys EM, Goethals K, Van Der Straeten C, Ackerman C. Destructive lesions of small joints in seronegative spondylarthropathies: relation to gut inflammation. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1990; 8: 23-27
55. Balbir-Gurman A, Schapira D, Nahir M. Arthritis related to ileal pouchitis following total proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2001; 30: 242-248
56. Frayha R, Stevens MB, Bayless TM. Destructive monarthritis and granulomatous synovitis as the presenting manifestations of Crohn's disease. Johns Hopkins Med J 1975; 137: 151-155
57. Dekker-Saeys BJ, Meuwissen SG, Van Den Berg-Loonen EM, De Haas WH, Agenant D, Tytgat GN. Ankylosing spondylitis and inflammatory bowel disease. II. Prevalence of peripheral arthritis, sacroiliitis, and ankylosing spondylitis in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Rheum Dis 1978; 37: 33-35
58. Palm O, Moum B, Ongre A, Gran JT. Prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis and other spondyloarthropathies among patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population study (the IBSEN study). J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 511-515
59. Dougados M, van der Linden S, Juhlin R, Huitfeldt B, Amor B, Calin A, Cats A, Dijkmans B, Olivieri I, Pasero G. The European Spondylarthropathy Study Group preliminary criteria for the classification of spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34: 1218-1227
60. Wordsworth P. Arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2000; 2: 87-88
61. De Keyser F, Elewaut D, De Vos M, De Vlam K, Cuvelier C, Mielants H, Veys EM. Bowel inflammation and the spondyloarthropathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1998; 24: 785-813, ix-x
62. Török HP, Glas J, Gruber R, Brumberger V, Strasser C, Kellner H, Märker-Hermann E, Folwaczny C. Inflammatory bowel disease-specific autoantibodies in HLA-B27-associated spondyloarthropathies: increased prevalence of ASCA and pANCA. Digestion 2004; 70: 49-54
63. Desplat-Jégo S, Johanet C, Escande A, Goetz J, Fabien N, Olsson N, Ballot E, Sarles J, Baudon JJ, Grimaud JC, Veyrac M, Chamouard P, Humbel RL. Update on Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies, anti-nuclear associated anti-neutrophil antibodies and antibodies to exocrine pancreas detected by indirect immunofluorescence as biomarkers in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases: results of a multicenter study. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 2312-2318
64. Mokrowiecka A, Daniel P, S?omka M, Majak P, Malecka-Panas E. Clinical utility of serological markers in inflammatory bowel disease. Hepatogastroenterology 2009; 56: 162-166
65. Riente L, Chimenti D, Pratesi F, Delle Sedie A, Tommasi S, Tommasi C, Bombardieri S, Migliorini P. Antibodies to tissue transglutaminase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol 2004; 31: 920-924
66. Urlep D, Mamula P, Baldassano R. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 2005; 51: 147-163
67. Helliwell PS, Hickling P, Wright V. Do the radiological changes of classic ankylosing spondylitis differ from the changes found in the spondylitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, and reactive arthritis? Ann Rheum Dis 1998; 57: 135-140
68. Rhew EY, Ramsey-Goldman R, Buchman AL. Sjogren's syndrome in association with Crohn's disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 37: 312-314
69. Toussirot E, Wendling D. Crohn's disease associated with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1997; 15: 307-311
70. Aoyagi S, Akashi H, Kawara T, Ishihara K, Tanaka A, Kanaya S, Koga Y, Ishikawa R. Aortic root replacement for Takayasu arteritis associated with ulcerative colitis and ankylosing spondylitis--report of a case. Jpn Circ J 1998; 62: 64-68
71. Hilàrio MO, Terreri MT, Prismich G, Len C, Kihara EN, Goldenberg J, Solé D. Association of ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease and Takayasu's arteritis in a child. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998; 16: 92-94
72. Palm O, Moum B, Jahnsen J, Gran JT. Fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a cross sectional population survey. J Rheumatol 2001; 28: 590-594
73. Rodríguez-Bores L, Barahona-Garrido J, Yamamoto-Furusho JK. Basic and clinical aspects of osteoporosis in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 6156-6165
74. Juillerat P, Mottet C, Froehlich F, Felley C, Vader JP, Burnand B, Gonvers JJ, Michetti P. Extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease. Digestion 2005; 71: 31-36
75. Kaufmann HJ, Taubin HL. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs activate quiescent inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107: 513-516
76. Bjarnason I, Hayllar J, MacPherson AJ, Russell AS. Side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the small and large intestine in humans. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 1832-1847
77. Kaufman HL, Fischer AH, Carroll M, Becker JM. Colonic ulceration associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Report of three cases. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39: 705-710
78. Dissanayake AS, Truelove SC. A controlled therapeutic trial of long-term maintenance treatment of ulcerative colitis with sulphazalazine (Salazopyrin). Gut 1973; 14: 923-926
79. Dick AP, Grayson MJ, Carpenter RG, Petrie A. Controlled trial of sulphasalazine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Gut 1964; 5: 437-442
80. Van Hees PA, Van Lier HJ, Van Elteren PH, Driessen M, Van Hogezand RA, Ten Velde GP, Bakker JH, Van Tongeren JH. Effect of sulphasalazine in patients with active Crohn's disease: a controlled double-blind study. Gut 1981; 22: 404-409
81. Malchow H, Ewe K, Brandes JW, Goebell H, Ehms H, Sommer H, Jesdinsky H. European Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study (ECCDS): results of drug treatment. Gastroenterology 1984; 86: 249-266
82. Wenckert A, Kristensen M, Eklund AE, Barany F, Jarnum S, Worning H, Folkenborg O, Holtz A, Bonnevie O, Riis P. The long-term prophylactic effect of salazosulphapyridine (Salazopyrin) in primarily resected patients with Crohn's disease. A controlled double-blind trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 1978; 13: 161-167
83. Ferraz MB, Tugwell P, Goldsmith CH, Atra E. Meta-analysis of sulfasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 1990; 17: 1482-1486
84. Mielants H, Veys EM, Cuvelier C, De Vos M. Course of gut inflammation in spondylarthropathies and therapeutic consequences. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1996; 10: 147-164
85. Padovan M, Castellino G, Govoni M, Trotta F. The treatment of the rheumatological manifestations of the inflammatory bowel diseases. Rheumatol Int 2006; 26: 953-958
86. De Keyser F, Van Damme N, De Vos M, Mielants H, Veys EM. Opportunities for immune modulation in the spondyloarthropathies with special reference to gut inflammation. Inflamm Res 2000; 49: 47-54
87. Chen J, Liu C. Methotrexate for ankylosing spondylitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; CD004524
88. Haibel H, Rudwaleit M, Braun J, Sieper J. Six months open label trial of leflunomide in active ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64: 124-126
89. Van den Bosch F, Kruithof E, De Vos M, De Keyser F, Mielants H. Crohn's disease associated with spondyloarthropathy: effect of TNF-alpha blockade with infliximab on articular symptoms. Lancet 2000; 356: 1821-1822
90. Rudwaleit M, Baeten D. Ankylosing spondylitis and bowel disease. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006; 20: 451-471
91. Behm BW, Bickston SJ. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; CD006893
92. Van Assche G, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P. Focus on mechanisms of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease sites of inhibition: current and future therapies. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2006; 35: 743-756
93. D'Haens G, Daperno M. Advances in biologic therapy for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2006; 8: 506-512
94. Nakamura K, Honda K, Mizutani T, Akiho H, Harada N. Novel strategies for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: Selective inhibition of cytokines and adhesion molecules. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 4628-4635
95. Cario E. Therapeutic impact of toll-like receptors on inflammatory bowel diseases: a multiple-edged sword. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14: 411-421
96. Karimi O, Peña AS. Indications and challenges of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in the management of arthralgias and spondyloarthropathies in inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 42 Suppl 3 Pt 1: S136-S141
97. Lee J, Rachmilewitz D, Raz E. Homeostatic effects of TLR9 signaling in experimental colitis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1072: 351-355