Ethical issues and living unrelated donor kidney transplantation

Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 183-191

  Ghods, Ahad J ^a  

^a IRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

Ethics; Kidney transplantation; Tissue and organ procurement

Indexed keywords

ALTRUISM; ETHICAL DECISION MAKING; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; HEALTH CARE NEED; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE PRACTICE; HUMAN; KIDNEY DONOR; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LIVING DONOR; MEDICAL ETHICS; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; REVIEW;

ALTRUISM; FAMILY; HUMANS; IRAN; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LIVING DONORS; TISSUE AND ORGAN PROCUREMENT;

EID: 73949132432     PISSN: 17358582     EISSN: 17358604     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Spital A. Ethical issues in living related donors. In: Shelton W, Balint J, editors. The ethics of organ transplantation. Oxford: Elsevier; 2001. p. 89-123.
2. Moore FD. New Problems for surgery. Drugs that act on the cell nucleus affect the surgeon's work on cancer and on transplantation. Science. 1964;144:388-92.
3. Hamburger J, Crosnier J. Moral and ethical problems in transplantation. In: Rapaport F, Daussert J, editors. Human transplantation. New York: Grune and Stratton; 1968. p. 37-44.
4. McGeown MG. Ethics for the use of live donors in kidney transplantation. Am Heart J. 1968;75:711-4.
5. Merrill JP. Statement of the Committee on Morals and Ethics of the Transplantation Society. Ann Intern Med. 1971;75:631-3.
6. Spital A. When a stranger offers a kidney: ethical issues in living organ donation. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32:676-91.
7. Kries H. Why living related donors should not be used whenever possible. Transplant Proc. 1985;17:1510-4.
8. Starzl TE. Living donors: con. Transplant Proc. 1987;19:174-5.
9. Provoost AP, Brenner BM. Long-term follow-up of humans with single kidneys: the need for longitudinal studies to assess true changes in renal function. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 1993;2:521-6.
10. Kleinman I, Lowy FH. Ethical considerations in living organ donation and a new approach. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:1484-8.
11. Sutherland DER. Living related donors should be used whenever possible. Transplantation Proc. 1985;17:3-10.
12. Rapaport FT. Living donor kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1987;19:169-73.
13. Spital A. Living kidney donation: still worth the risk. Transplant Proc. 1988;20:1051-8.
14. Burley JA, Stiller CR. Emotionally related donors and renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1985;17:123-7.
15. Blake PG, Cardella CJ. Kidney donation by living unrelated donors. Cmaj. 1989;141:773-5.
16. Joralemon D. Shifting ethics: debating the incentive question in organ transplantation. J Med Ethics. 2001;27:30-5.
17. Ghods AJ. Governed financial incentives as an alternative to altruistic organ donation. Exp Clin Transplant. 2004;2:221-8.
18. World Health Organization. Guiding principles on human organ transplantation. World Health Organization. Lancet. 1991;337:1470-1.
19. Gjertson DW, Cecka JM. Living unrelated donor kidney transplantation. Kidney Int. 2000;58:491-9.
20. Rosendale JD. Organ donation in the United States: 1988- 2003. In: Cecka JM, Terasaki PI, editors. Clinical Transplants 2004. Los Angeles: UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory; 2005. p. 41-50.
21. Cecka JM. The OPTN/ UNOS Renal Transplant Registry. In: Cecka JM, Terasaki PI, editors. Clinical Transplants 2005. Los Angeles: UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory; 2006.
22. Mc Alister VC, Badovinac K, Fenton SSA, Greig PD. Transplantation in Canada: Review of the post decade from the Canadian organ replacement register. In: Cecka JM, Terasaki PI, editors. Clinical Transplants 2003. Los Angeles: UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory; 2004, p. 101-8.
23. Ghods AJ. Without legalized living unrelated donor renal transplantation many patients die or suffer - Is it ethical? In: Gutmann T, Daar AS, Sells RA, Land W. editors. Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues in Organ Transplantation. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers; 2004. p. 337-41.
24. Mahoney JD. Should we adopt a market strategy to organ donation. In: Shelton W, Balint J, editors. The Ethics of Organ Transplantation. Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd; 2004. p. 65- 88.
25. Daar AS. The case for a regulated system of living kidney sales. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2006;2:600-1.
26. Delmonico FL, McBride MA. Analysis of the wait list and deaths among candidates waiting for a kidney transplant. Transplantation. 2008;86:1678-83.
27. Naqvi SA, Ali B, Mazhar F, Zafar MN, Rizvi SA. A socioeconomic survey of kidney vendors in Pakistan. Transpl Int. 2007;20:934-9.
28. Budiani-Saberi DA, Delmonico FL. Organ trafficking and transplant tourism: a commentary on the global realities. Am J Transplant. 2008;8:925-9.
29. [No author listed]. The declaration of Istanbul on organ trafficking and transplant tourism. Exp Clin Transplant. 2008;6:171-9.
30. Ghods AJ, Savaj S. Iranian experience with live kidney donors outcome [Abstract]. Exp Clin Transplant. 2004;2:Suppl:64-5.
31. Sheehy E, Conrad SL, Brigham LE, et al. Estimating the number of potential organ donors in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:667-74.
32. Woodruff MFA. Transplantation: the ethical problem. In: Wolstenholme GEW, O'Connor M, editors. Ethics in medical progress: with special reference to transplantation. Boston: Little Brown; 1966. p. 15.
33. Harris J. Wonderwoman and superman. The ethics of human biotechnology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1992. p. 113.
34. Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of biomedical ethics. New York: Oxford University Press; 1994.
35. Caplan AL. Ethics and the use of living donors. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 1997. p. 115-26.
36. Ghods AJ. Renal transplantation in Iran. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:222-8.
37. Spital A. Evolution of attitudes at U.S. transplant centers toward kidney donation by friends and altruistic strangers. Transplantation. 2000;69:1728-31.
38. Biller-Andorno N, Schauenburg H. It's only love? Some pitfalls in emotionally related organ donation. J Med Ethics. 2001;27:162-4.
39. Matas AJ. Why we should develop a regulated system of kidney sales: a call for action! Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:1129-32.
40. Matas AJ. The case for living kidney sales: rationale, objections and concerns. Am J Transplant. 2004;4:2007-17.
41. Danovitch GM, Leichtman AB. Kidney vending: the "Trojan Horse" of organ transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:1133-5.
42. Ghods AJ, Savaj S. Iranian model of paid and regulated living-unrelated kidney donation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:1136-45.
43. Ghods AJ, Ossareh S, Khosravani P. Comparison of some socioeconomic characteristics of donors and recipients in a controlled living unrelated donor renal transplantation program. Transplant Proc. 2001;33:2626-7.
44. Ghods AJ, Mahdavi M. Organ transplantation in Iran. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2007;18:648-55.
45. Ghods AJ, Nasrollahzadeh D. Transplant tourism and the Iranian model of renal transplantation program: ethical considerations. Exp Clin Transplant. 2005;3:351-4.
46. Ghods AJ, Nasrollahzadeh D, Kazemeini M. Afghan refugees in Iran model renal transplantation program: ethical considerations. Transplant Proc. 2005;37:565-7.
47. Tober DM. Kidneys and controversies in the Islamic Republic of Iran: the case of organ sale. In: Tober D, Budiani D, editors. Islam, health and the body: science and religion in the modern Muslim World. University of California-San Francisco Sage Press; 2007. p. 23.
48. Renal transplantation for foreign nationals: Modarres hospital scandal. Doniaye Eghtesad. April 16th, 2008; 6 (1496), p. 29.