Melanoma biomarkers: Current status and vision for the future

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 105-117

  Alani, Rhoda M ^a   Larson, Allison R ^b   Konat, Eliz ^b  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Biomarker; Breslow thickness; Histology; Melanoma; Prognosis

Indexed keywords

BASIC FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; BETA CATENIN; BETA1 INTEGRIN; BETA3 INTEGRIN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN RELATED CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; CD146 ANTIGEN; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4; CYCLIN A; DYSADHERIN; EPHRIN A1; GELATINASE A; GROWTH ARREST AND DNA DAMAGE INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 153; HLA DQ ANTIGEN; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 2ALPHA; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; MELAN A; METALLOTHIONEIN; MICROPHTHALMIA ASSOCIATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; MICROTUBULE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 2; MINICHROMOSOME MAINTENANCE PROTEIN; P CADHERIN; PLEIOTROPHIN; POLO LIKE KINASE 1; PROTEIN BCL 6; PROTEIN KINASE B; PROTEIN P16; PUMA PROTEIN; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR;

CANCER INVASION; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER STAGING; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DISEASE COURSE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INDUSTRIALIZATION; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MELANOMA; MICROSCOPY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PATIENT IDENTIFICATION; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; TUMOR VOLUME;

EID: 73949120017     PISSN: 17594774     EISSN: 17594782     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Slingluff CL et al. (1988) Lethal "thin" malignant melanoma. Identifying patients at risk. Ann Surg 208: 150-161
2. Balch CM et al. (2001) Prognostic factors analysis of 17,600 melanoma patients: validation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging system. J Clin Oncol 19: 3622-3634
3. Bosserhoff AK (2006) Novel biomarkers in malignant melanoma. Clin Chim Acta 367: 28-35
4. Ilmonen S et al. (2005) Ki-67, Bcl-2, and p53 expression in primary and metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res 15: 375-381
5. Carlson JA et al. (2005) Molecular diagnostics in melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 52: 743-775
6. Alonso SR et al. (2004) Progression in cutaneous malignant melanoma is associated with distinct expression profiles. Am J Pathol 164: 193-203
7. Väisänen A et al. (1998) Prognostic value of MMP-2 immunoreactive protein (72 kD type IV collagenase) in primary skin melanoma. J Pathol 186: 51-58
8. Dai DL et al. (2005) Prognostic significance of activated Akt expression in melanoma: A clinicopathologic study of 292 cases. J Clin Oncol 23: 1473-1482
9. Thies A et al. (2002) CEACAM1 expression in cutaneous malignant melanoma predicts the development of metastatic disease. J Clin Oncol 20: 2530-2536
10. Scala S et al. (2005) Expression of CXCR4 predicts poor prognosis in patients with malignant melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 11: 1835-1841
11. Giatromanolaki A et al. (2003) Hypoxia-inducible factors 1á and 2á are related to vascular endothelial growth factor expression and a poor prognosis in nodular malignant melanomas of the skin. Melanoma Res 13: 493-501
12. Straume O et al. (2000) Loss of nuclear p16 protein expression correlates with increased tumor cell proliferation (Ki-67) and poor prognosis in patients with vertical growth phase melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 6: 1845-1853
13. Straume O and Akslen LA (1997) Alterations and prognostic significance of p16 and p53 protein expression in subgroups of cutaneous melanoma. Int J Cancer 74: 535-539
14. Hieken TJ et al. (1999) Molecular prognostic markers in intermediate-thickness cutaneous malignant melanoma. Cancer 85: 375-382
15. Salti GI et al. (2000) Micropthalmia transcription factor: a new prognostic marker in intermediate-thickness cutaneous malignant melanoma. Cancer Res 60: 5012-5016
16. Vereecken P et al. (2007) Significance of cell kinetic parameters in the prognosis of malignant melanoma: A review. J Cutan Pathol 34: 139-145
17. Fang D et al. (2001) Expression of microtubuleassociated protein 2 in benign and malignant melanocytes: implications for differentiation and progression of cutaneous melanoma. Am J Pathol 158: 2107-2115
18. Soltani MH et al. (2005) Microtubule-associated protein 2, a marker of neuronal differentiation, induces mitotic defects, inhibits growth of melanoma cells, and predicts metastatic potential of cutaneous melanoma. Am J Pathol 166: 1841-1850
19. Lehmann JM et al. (1987) Discrimination between benign and malignant cells of melanocytic lineage by two novel antigens, a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 113,000 and a protein with a molecular weight of 76,000. Cancer Res 47: 841-845
20. Pacifico et al. (2005) Development of a tissue array for primary melanoma with long-term follow-up: discovering melanoma cell adhesion molecule as an important prognostic marker. Plast Reconstr Surg 115: 367-375
21. Ostmeier H et al. (2001) Prognostic immunohistochemical markers of primary human melanomas. Br J Dermatol 145: 203-209
22. Danen EH et al. (1996) E-cadherin expression in human melanoma. Melanoma Res 6: 127-131
23. Nishizawa et al. (2005) Clinicopathologic significance of dysadherin expression in cutaneous malignant melanoma: immunohistochemical analysis of 115 patients. Cancer 103: 1693-1700
24. Curtin et al. (2005) Distinct sets of genetic alterations in melanoma. N Engl J Med 353: 2135-2147
25. Bachmann IM et al. (2005) Importance of P-cadherin, â-catenin, and Wnt5a/Frizzled for progression of melanocytic tumors and prognosis in cutaneous melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 11: 8606-8614
26. Kageshita T et al. (2001) Loss of â-catenin expression associated with disease progression in malignant melanoma. Br J Dermatol 145: 210-216 (Pubitemid 32955344)
27. Weinlich G et al. (2006) Metallothionein-overexpression as a highly significant prognostic factor in melanoma: A prospective study on 1,270 patients. Br J Cancer 94: 835-841
28. Winnepenninckx V et al. (2006) Gene expression profiling of primary cutaneous melanoma and clinical outcome. J Natl Cancer Inst 98: 472-482
29. Rangel J et al. (2006) Prognostic significance of nuclear receptor coactivator-3 overexpression in primary cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 24: 4565-4569
30. McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine (1985) Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/] (accessed September 2008)
31. McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine (1985) OMIM Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3 [http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id= 601937] (accessed 25 September 2008)
32. Barks JH et al. (1997) Increased chromosome 20 copy number detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in malignant melanoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 19: 278-285
33. Thies A et al. (2004) The developmentally regulated neural crest-associated glycotope HNK-1 predicts metastasis in cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Pathol 203: 933-939
34. Vincent M et al. (1984) A cell surface marker for neural crest and placodal cells: further evolution in peripheral and central nervous system. Dev Biol 103: 468-481
35. Hao H et al. (2007) E2F-1 induces melanoma cell apoptosis via PUMA up-regulation and Bax translocation. BMC Cancer 7: 24-35
36. Karst A et al. (2005) PUMA expression is significantly reduced in human cutaneous melanomas. Oncogene 24: 1111-1116
37. Hammock L et al. (2006) Chromogenic in situ hybridization analysis of melastatin mRNA expression in melanomas from American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I and II patients with recurrent melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 33: 599-607
38. Duncan LM et al. (2001) Melastatin expression and prognosis in cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 19: 568-576
39. Deeds J et al. (2000) Patterns of melastatin mRNA expression in melanocytic tumors. Hum Pathol 31: 1346-1356
40. Korabiowska M et al. (2002) GADD153 is an independent prognostic factor in melanoma: immunohistochemical and molecular genetic analysis. Histol Histopathol 17: 805-811
41. Korabiowska M (1997) Differential expression of growth arrest, DNA damage genes and tumour suppressor gene p53 in naevi and malignant melanoma. Anticancer Res 17: 3697-3700
42. Straume O and Akslen LA (2002) Importance of vascular phenotype by basic fibroblast growth factor, and influence of the angiogenic factors basic fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 and ephrin-A1/EphA2 on melanoma progression. Am J Pathol 160: 1009-1019
43. Wang Y and Becker D (1997) Antisense targeting of basic fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in human melanomas blocks intratumoral angiogenesis and tumor growth. Nat Med 3: 887-893
44. Tran TA et al. (1998) Mitotic cyclins and cyclindependent kinases in melanocytic lesions. Hum Pathol 20: 1085-1090
45. Florenes VA et al. (2001) Cyclin A expression in superficial spreading malignant melanomas correlates with clinical outcome. J Pathol 195: 530-536
46. Ostmeier H et al. (2001) Prognostic immunohistochemical markers of primary human melanomas. Br J Dermatol 145: 203-209
47. Ohno H (2006) Pathogenetic and clinical implications of non-immunoglobulin; BCL6 translocations in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Exp Hematop 46: 43-53
48. Massi D et al. (2006) Tumour lymphangiogenesis is a possible predictor of sentinel lymph node status in cutaneous melanoma: A case-control study. J Clin Pathol 59: 166-173
49. Dadras SS et al. (2003) Tumor lymphaniogenesis: a novel prognostic indicator for cutaneous melanoma metastasis and survival. Am J Pathol 162: 1951-1960
50. Dadras SS et al. (2005) Tumor lymphangiogenesis predicts melanoma metastasis to sentinel lymph nodes. Mod Pathol 18: 1232-1242
51. Straume O et al. (2003) Independent prognostic impact of lymphatic vessel density and presence of low-grade lymphangiogenesis in cutaneous melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 9: 250-256
52. Mariani G et al. (2002) Radioguided sentinel lymph node biopsy in malignant cutaneous melanoma. J Nuclear Med 43: 811-827
53. Brady MS et al. (1997) Sentinel lymph node evaluation in melanoma. Arch Dermatol 133: 1014-1020
54. Takeuchi H et al. (2004) Prognostic significance of molecular upstaging of paraffin-embedded sentinel lymph nodes in melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 22: 2671-2680
55. Li W et al. (2000) Clinical relevance of molecular staging for melanoma: comparison of RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry staining in sentinel lymph nodes of patients with melanoma. Ann Surg 231: 795-803
56. Wang X et al. (1994) Detection of submicroscopic lymph node metastases with polymerase chain reaction in patients with malignant melanoma. Ann Surg 220: 768-774
57. Blaheta HJ et al. (1999) Detection of melanoma micrometastasis in sentinel nodes by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction correlates with tumor thickness and is predictive of micrometastatic disease in the lymph node basin. Am J Surg Pathol 23: 822-828
58. Blaheta HJ et al. (1998) Lymph node micrometastases of cutaneous melanoma: increased sensitivity of molecular diagnosis in comparison to immunohistochemistry. Int J Cancer 79: 318-323
59. Blaheta HJ et al. (2000) Examination of regional lymph nodes by sentinel node biopsy and molecular analysis provides new staging facilities in primary cutaneous melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 114: 637-642
60. Shivers SC et al. (1998) Molecular staging of malignant melanoma: correlation with clinical outcome. JAMA 280: 1410-1415
61. Bostick PJ et al. (1999) Prognostic significance of occult metastases detected by sentinel lymphadenectomy and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in early-stage melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 17: 3238-3244
62. Hoashi T et al. (2005) MART-1 is required for the function of the melanosomal matrix protein PMEL17/ GP100 and the maturation of melanosomes. J Biol Chem 280: 14006-14016
63. Kuo CT et al. (2003) Prediction of disease outcome in melanoma patients by molecular analysis of paraffinembedded sentinel lymph nodes. J Clin Oncol 21: 3566-3572
64. Starz H et al. (2003) Tyrosinase RT-PCR as a supplement to histology for detecting melanoma and nevus cells in paraffin sections of sentinel lymph nodes. Mod Pathol 16: 920-929
65. Rad HH et al. (2004) Tyrosinase-related proteins suppress tyrosinase-mediated cell death of melanocytes and melanoma cells. Exp Cell Res 15: 317-328
66. Amersi F and Morton DL (2007) The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of melanoma. Adv Surg 41: 241-256
67. Gradilone A et al. (2003) Survivin, bcl-2, bax, and bcl-X gene expression in sentinel lymph nodes from melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 21: 306-312
68. Grossman D et al. (1999) Expression and targeting of the apoptosis inhibitor, survivin, in human melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 113: 1076-1081
69. Li Q et al. (2004) Skp2 and p27KIP1 expression in melanocytic nevi and melanoma: An inverse relationship. J Cutan Pathol 31: 633-642
70. Jørgensen K et al. (2006) Activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase is associated with cell proliferation and shorter relapse-free period in superficial spreading malignant melanoma. Mod Pathol 19: 1446-1455
71. Bachmann IM et al. (2006) EZH2 expression is associated with high proliferation rate and aggressive tumor subgroups in cutaneous melanoma and cancers of the endometrium, prostate, and breast. J Clin Oncol 24: 268-273
72. Straume O and Akslen LA (2005) Strong expression of ID1 protein is associated with decreased survival, increased expression of ephrin-A1/EPHA2, and reduced thrombospondin-1 in malignant melanoma. Br J Cancer 93: 933-938
73. Andersen K et al. (2004) Expression of S100A4 combined with reduced E-cadherin expression predicts patient outcome in malignant melanoma. Mod Pathol 17: 990-997
74. Streit S et al. (2006) FGFR Arg388 allele correlates with tumor thickness and FGFR4 protein expression with survival of melanoma patients. Br J Cancer 94: 1879-1886
75. Piras F et al. (2005) The predictive value of CD8, CD4, CD68, and human leukocyte antigen-d-related cells in the prognosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma with vertical growth phase. Cancer 104: 1246-1254
76. Kammula US et al. (2004) Serial follow-up and the prognostic significance of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-staged sentinel lymph nodes from melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 19: 3989-3996
77. Thies A et al. (2001) PAS-positive loops and networks as a prognostic indicator in cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Pathol 195: 537-542
78. Ricaniadis N et al. (2001) Long-term prognostic significance of HSP-70, c-myc and HLA-DR expression in patients with malignant melanoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 27: 88-93
79. Henrique R et al. (2000) Prognostic value of Ki-expression in localized cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 43: 991-1000
80. McDermott NC et al. (2000) Immunohistochemical expression of nm23 in primary invasive malignant melanoma is predictive of survival outcome. J Pathol 190: 157-162
81. Florenes VA et al. (2000) Levels of cyclin D1 and D3 in malignant melanoma: deregulated cyclin D3 expression is associated with poor clinical outcome in superficial melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 6: 3614-3620
82. Karjalainen JM et al. (1999) p21WAF1/CIP1 expression in stage I cutaneous malignant melanoma: its relationship with p53, cell proliferation and survival. Br J Cancer 79: 895-902
83. Chana JS et al. (1998) The clinical significance of c-myc oncogene expression in melanomas of the scalp. Br J Plast Surg 51: 191-194
84. Dietrich A et al. (1997) High CD44 surface expression on primary tumours of malignant melanoma correlates with increased metastatic risk and reduced survival. Eur J Cancer 33: 926-930
85. Strebhardt K et al. (2000) Prognostic value of pololike kinase expression in melanomas. JAMA 283: 479-480
86. Grover R et al. (1999) Measurement of c-myc oncogene expression provides an accurate prognostic marker for acral lentiginous melanoma. Br J Plas Surg 52: 122-126