Shock pressure distribution in the Vredefort impact structure, South Africa

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 384, Issue , 2005, Pages 329-349

  Gibson, Roger L ^a   Reimold, Wolf Uwe ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Impact; Impact heating; Shock metamorphism; Vredefort dome

Indexed keywords

DOMES; FELDSPAR; MELTING; ROCKS; TEXTURES;

ANNEALING EFFECTS; FRICTIONAL HEATING; IMPACT; IMPACT HEATING; LOCALIZED MELTING; MICRODEFORMATIONS; PETROGRAPHIC STUDIES; SHOCK METAMORPHISM;

METEOR IMPACTS;

ANNEALING; ARCHEAN; DOME; FELDSPAR; HETEROGENEITY; IMPACT STRUCTURE; MELTING; MOBILIZATION; PRESSURE GRADIENT; QUARTZ; SHOCK METAMORPHISM; UPLIFT;

FREE STATE; SOUTH AFRICA; VREDEFORT DOME;

EID: 73949093063     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/0-8137-2384-1.329     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Arndt, J., Hummel, W., and Gonzalez-Cabeza, I., 1982, Diaplectic labradorite glass from the Manicouagan impact crater, I: Physical properties, crystallization, structural and genetic implications: Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, v. 8, p. 230-239, doi: 10.1007/BF00309482.
2. Ashley, A.J., Gibson, R.L., Koeberl, C., Reimold, W.U., and Greshake, A., 1999, A new type of melt rock and first evidence of shock deformation in plagioclase from the Vredefort impact structure, South Africa: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, v. 34 (supplement), p. A9-A10.
3. Baratoux, D., and Melosh, H.J., 2003, The formation of shatter cones by shock wave interference during impacting: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 6817, p. 1-12.
4. th : Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, p. B645-B656.
5. Bischoff, A., and Stöffler, D., 1992, Shock metamorphism as a fundamental process in the evolution of planetary bodies: Information from meteorites: European Journal of Mineralogy, v. 4, p. 707-755.
6. Bohor, B.F., Betterton, W.J., and Krogh, T.E., 1993, Impact-shocked zircons: Discovery of shock-induced textures reflecting increasing degrees of shock metamorphism: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 119, p. 419-424, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(93)90149-4.
7. Carstens, H., 1975, Thermal history of impact melt rocks in the Fennoscandian Shield: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 50, p. 145-155.
8. De Carli, P.S., Bowden, E., Jones, A.P., and Price, G.D., 2002, Laboratory impact experiments versus natural impacts, in Koeberl, C., and MacLeod, K.G., eds., Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond, Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America Special Paper 356, p. 595-605.
9. Dressler, B.O., 1990, Shock metamorphic features and their zoning and orientation in the Precambrian rocks of the Manicouagan structure, Quebec, Canada: Tectonophysics, v. 171, p. 229-245, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(90)90101-D.
10. Dressler, B.O., and Reimold, W.U., 2004, Order or chaos? Origin and mode of emplacement of breccias in floors of large impact structures: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 67, p. 1-54.
11. Dressler, B.O., Sharpton, V.L., and Schuraytz, B.C., 1998, Shock metamorphism and shock barometry at a complex impact structure, Slate Islands, Canada: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 130, p. 275-287, doi: 10.1007/S004100050365. (Pubitemid 29085701)
12. Fel'dman, V.I., 1994, The conditions of shock metamorphism, in Dressler, B.O., Grieve, R.A.F., and Sharpton, V.L., eds., Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution: Geological Society of America Special Paper 293, p. 121-132.
13. French, B.M., 1998, Traces of catastrophe: Houston, Lunar and Planetary Institute, 120 p.
14. Fricke, A., Medenbach, O., and Schreyer, W., 1990, Fluid inclusions, planar elements and pseudotachylites in the basement rocks of the Vredefort structure, South Africa: Tectonophysics, v. 171, p. 169-183, doi: 10.1016/ 0040-1951(90)90097-R.
15. Gibson, R.L., 2002, Impact-induced melting of Archaean granulites in the Vredefort Dome, South Africa, I: Anatexis of metapelitic granulites: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 20, p. 57-70, doi: 10.1046/J.0263- 4929.2001.00358.X.
16. Gibson, R.L., and Jones, M.Q.W., 2002, Late Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic geotherms in the Kaapvaal craton, South Africa: Constraints on the thermal evolution of the Witwatersrand Basin: Basin Research, v. 14, p. 169-181, doi: 10.1046/J.1365-2117.2002.00168.X. (Pubitemid 34657850)
17. Gibson, R.L., and Reimold, W.U., 2000, Deeply exhumed impact structures: A case study of the Vredefort Structure, South Africa, in Gilmour, I., and Koeberl, C., eds., Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 91: Impacts and the Early Earth: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 249-277.
18. Gibson, R.L., and Reimold, W.U., 2001, The Vredefort Impact Structure, South Africa: The scientific evidence and a two-day excursion guide: Memoir of the Council for Geoscience, v. 92, 111 p.
19. Gibson, R.L., Reimold, W.U., and Wallmach, T., 1997, Origin of pseudotachylite in the lower Witwatersrand Supergroup, Vredefort Dome (South Africa): Constraints from metamorphic studies: Tectonophysics, v. 283, p. 241-262, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00072-3.
20. Gibson, R.L., Reimold, W.U., and Stevens, G., 1998, Thermal-metamorphic signature of an impact event in the Vredefort Dome, South Africa: Geology, v. 26, p. 787-790, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)0262.3.CO;2.
21. Gibson, R.L., Reimold, W.U., Ashley, A.J., and Koeberl, C., 2002, Metamorphism on the Moon: A terrestrial analogue in the Vredefort Dome, South Africa?: Geology, v. 30, p. 475-478, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)0302.0.CO;2.
22. Grieve, R.A.F., and Robertson, P.B., 1976, Variations in shock metamorphism at the Slate Islands impact structure, Lake Superior, Canada: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 58, p. 37-49.
23. Grieve, R.A.F., and Therriault, A.M., 2000, Vredefort, Sudbury, Chicxulub: Three of a kind?: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 28, p. 305-338, doi: 10.1146/ANNUREV.EARTH.28.1.305. (Pubitemid 30783835)
24. Grieve, R.A.F., Coderre, J.M., Robertson, P.B., and Alexopoulos, J., 1990, Microscopic planar deformation features in quartz of the Vredefort structure: Anomalous but still suggestive of an impact origin: Tectonophysics, v. 171, p. 185-200, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(90)90098-S.
25. Grieve, R.A.F., Langenhorst, F., and Stöffler, D., 1996, Shock metamorphism of quartz in nature and experiment: II. Significance in geoscience: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, v. 31, p. 6-35.
26. Gucsik, A., Koeberl, C., Brandstätter, F., Libowitsky, E., and Reimold, W.U., 2003, Cathodoluminescence, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy of experimentally shock metamorphosed zircon crystals and naturally shocked zircon from the Ries impact crater, in Dypvik, H., Burchell, M., and Claeys, P, eds., Cratering in Marine Environments and on Ice Impact Studies Series: Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, v. 5, p. 281-322.
27. Hargraves, R.B., 1961, Shatter cones in the rocks of the Vredefort Ring: Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, v. 64, p. 147-161.
28. Hart, R.J., Welke, H.J., and Nicolaysen, L.O., 1981, Geochronology of the deep profile through the Archaean Basement of Vredefort, with implications for early crustal evolution: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 10663-10680.
29. Hart, R.J., Andreoli, M.A.G., Smith, C.B., Otter, M.L., and Durrheim, R., 1990, Ultramafic rocks in the centre of the Vredefort Structure: Possible exposure of the upper mantle: Chemical Geology, v. 83, p. 233-248, doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(90)90282-C.
30. Hart, R.J., Andreoli, M.A.G., Reimold, W.U., and Tredoux, M., 1991, Aspects of the dynamic and thermal metamorphic history of the Vredefort cryptoexplosion structure: Implications for its origin: Tectonophysics, v. 192, p. 313-331, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90106-3.
31. Hart, R.J., Moser, D., and Andreoli, M.A.G., 1999, Archaean age for the granulite facies metamorphism near the center of the Vredefort structure, South Africa: Geology, v. 27, p. 1091-1094, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)0272.3.CO;2.
32. Henkel, H., and Reimold, W.U., 1998, Integrated geophysical modelling of a giant, complex impact structure: Anatomy of the Vredefort Structure, South Africa: Tectonophysics, v. 287, p. 1-20, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(98)80058-9.
33. Hörz, F., and Ahrens, T.J., 1969, Deformation of experimentally shocked biotite: American Journal of Science, v. 267, p. 1213-1229.
34. Huffman, A.R., and Reimold, W.U., 1996, Experimental constraints on shockinduced microstructures in naturally deformed silicates: Tectonophysics, v. 256, p. 165-217, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(95)00162-X.
35. Huffman, A.R., Brown, J.M., Carter, N.L., and Reimold, W.U., 1993, The microstructural response of quartz and feldspar under shock loading at variable temperatures: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, p. 22171-22197.
36. Ivanov, B.A., and Deutsch, A., 1999, Sudbury impact event: Cratering mechanics and thermal history, in Dressler, B.O. and Sharpton, V.L., eds., Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution II: Geological Society of America Special Paper 339, p. 389-397.
37. Kamo, S.L., Reimold, W.U., Krogh, T.E., and Colliston, W.P., 1996, A 2.023 Ga age for the Vredefort impact event and a first report of shock metamorphosed zircons in pseudotachylitic breccias and granophyre: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 144, p. 369-388, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(96)00180- X.
38. Kieffer, S.W., Phakey, P.P., and Christie, J.M., 1976, Shock processes in porous quartzite: Transmission electron microscope observations and theory: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 59, p. 41-93.
39. Koeberl, C., Reimold, W.U., and Shirey, S.B., 1996, Re-Os isotope and geochemical study of the Vredefort Granophyre: Clues to the origin of the Vredefort Structure, South Africa: Geology, v. 24, p. 913-916, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)0242.3.CO;2.
40. Lambert, P., and Mackinnon, I.D.R., 1984, Micas in experimentally shocked gneiss: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89 (supplement), p. B685-B699.
41. Lana, C., 2004, Structural and petrogenetic studies related to the geological evolution of the Archaean basement complex of the Vredefort dome, South Africa, [unpublished Ph.D. thesis]: Johannesburg, University of the Witwatersrand, 328 p.
42. Lana, C., Gibson, R.L., Kisters, A.F.M., and Reimold, W.U., 2003a, Archean crustal structure of the Kaapvaal craton, South Africa-evidence from the Vredefort dome: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 206, p. 133-144, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01086-5. (Pubitemid 36137963)
43. Lana, C., Gibson, R.L., and Reimold, W.U., 2003b, Impact tectonics in the core of the Vredefort dome, South Africa: Implications for central uplift formation in very large impact structures: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, v. 38, p. 1093-1107.
44. Lana, C., Gibson, R.L., Reimold, W.U., and Minnitt, R.C.A., 2003c, Geology and geochemistry of a granite-greenstone association in the southeastern Vredefort dome, South Africa: South African Journal of Geology, v. 107, p. 291-314.
45. Lana, C., Reimold, W.U., Gibson, R.L., Koeberl, C., and Siegesmund, S., 2004, Nature of the Archaean mid-crust in the central Kaapvaal craton, South Africa-evidence from the Vredefort dome: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, p. 623-642, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00447-2.
46. Langenhorst, F., and Deutsch, A., 1994, Shock experiments on pre-heated α- and β-quartz: I. Optical and density data: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 125, p. 407-420, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(94)90229-1.
47. Leroux, H., Reimold, W.U., and Doukhan, J.-C., 1994, A TEM investigation of shock metamorphism in quartz from the Vredefort Dome, South Africa: Tectonophysics, v. 230, p. 223-239, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(94)90137-6.
48. Lilly, P.A., 1981, Shock metamorphism in the Vredefort collar: Evidence for internal shock sources: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 10689- 10700.
49. Martini, J.E.J., 1991, The nature, distribution and genesis of the coesite and stishovite associated with the pseudotachylite of the Vredefort Dome, South Africa: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 103, p. 285-300, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(91)90167-G.
50. Masaitis, V.L., and Pevzner, L.A., eds., 1999, Deep drilling in the Puchezh- Katunki Impact Structure: Saint Petersburg, VSEGEI Press, 392 p.
51. McCarthy, T.S., Stanistreet, I.G., and Robb, L.J., 1990, Geological studies related to the origin of the Witwatersrand Basin and its mineralization- an introduction and a strategy for research and exploration: South African Journal of Geology, v. 93, p. 1-4.
52. McIntyre, D.B., 1968, Impact metamorphism at Clearwater Lake, Quebec, in French, B.M., and Short, N.M., eds., Shock Metamorphism of Natural Materials: Baltimore, Mono Book Corporation, p. 363-366.
53. Melosh, H.J., 1989, Impact Cratering-A Geologic Process: New York, Oxford University Press, 245 p.
54. Ogilvie, P., Gibson, R.L., Reimold, W.U., and Deutsch, A., 2004a, Experimental investigation of shock effects in a pelitic granulite, in Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV [abs.]: Houston, Lunar and Planetary Institute,(CD-ROM).
55. Ogilvie, P., Gibson, R.L., and Stevens, G., 2004b, Rates and scales of chemical and textural equilibration during impact-induced thermal metamorphism in the Vredefort dome, South Africa [abs.]: Johannesburg, Geoscience Africa, p. 500-501.
56. Ostertag, R., 1981, Annealing experiments on experimentally shocked feldspar single crystals: Meteoritics, v. 16, p. 373.
57. Ostertag, R., and Stöffler, D., 1982, Thermal annealing of experimentally shocked feldspar crystals: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 87, p. A457-A463.
58. Raikes, S.A., and Ahrens, T.S., 1979, Post-shock temperatures in minerals: Royal Astronomical Society Geophysical Journal, v. 58, p. 717-747.
59. Reimold, W.U., 1990, The controversial microdeformations in quartz from the Vredefort Structure, South Africa: South African Journal of Geology, v. 93, p. 645-663.
60. Reimold, W.U., and Colliston, W.P., 1994, Pseudotachylites of the Vredefort Dome and the surrounding Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa, in Dressler, B.O., Grieve, R.A.F., and Sharpton, V.L., eds., Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution: Geological Society of America Special Paper 293, p. 177-196.
61. Reimold, W.U., and Gibson, R.L., 1996, Geology and evolution of the Vredefort Impact Structure, South Africa: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 23, p. 125-162, doi: 10.1016/S0899-5362(96)00059-0. (Pubitemid 126378843)
62. Reimold, W.U., Leroux, H., and Gibson, R.L., 2002, Shocked and thermally metamorphosed zircon from the Vredefort impact structure, South Africa: A transmission electron microscopic study: European Journal of Mineralogy, v. 14, p. 859-868, doi: 10.1127/0935-1221/2002/0014-0859.
63. Schreyer, W., 1983, Metamorphism and fluid inclusions in the basement of the Vredefort Dome, South Africa: Guidelines to the origin of the structure: Journal of Petrology, v. 24, p. 26-47.
64. Schreyer, W., and Abraham, K., 1978, Symplectitic cordierite- orthopyroxenegarnet assemblages as products of contact metamorphism of pre-existing basement granulites in the Vredefort structure, South Africa: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 68, p. 53-62.
65. 2 -rich fluid inclusions along planar elements in quartz in basement rocks of the Vredefort dome, South Africa: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 77, p. 93-100.
66. Schreyer, W., Stepto, D., Abraham, K., and Mueller, W.F., 1978, Clinoeulite (magnesian clinoferrosilite) in a eulysite of a metamorphosed iron formation in the Vredefort structure, South Africa: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 65, p. 351-361.
67. Shand, S.J., 1916, The pseudotachylyte of Parijs (Orange Free State), and its relation to "trap-schotten gneiss" and "flinty crush-rock": Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society London, v. 72, p. 198-221
68. Spray, J.G., 1998, Localized shock- and friction-induced melting in response to hypervelocity impact, in Grady, M.M., Hutchinson, R., McCall, G.J.H., Rothery, D.A., eds., Meteorites: Flux with Time and Impact Effects: Geological Society of London Special Publication 140, p. 195-204.
69. Stähle, V., 1975, Natural shock behaviour of almandite in metamorphic rocks from the Ries crater, Germany: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 25, p. 71-81, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(75)90212-5.
70. Stepto, D., 1990, The geology and gravity field in the central core of the Vredefort structure: Tectonophysics, v. 171, p. 75-103, doi: 10.1016/0040- 1951(90)90091
71. L. Stevens, G., Gibson, R.L., and Droop, G.T.R., 1997, Mid-crustal granulite facies metamorphism in the central Kaapvaal Craton: The Bushveld Complex connection: Precambrian Research, v. 82, p. 113-132, doi: 10.1016/S0301- 9268(96)00043-5.
72. Stöffler, D., 1966, Zones of impact metamorphism in the crystalline rocks at the Nördlinger Ries Crater: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 12, p. 15-24.
73. Stöffler, D., 1972, Deformation and transformation of rock-forming minerals by nature and experimental shock processes: I. Behaviour of minerals under shock compression: Fortschritte der Mineralogie, v. 49, p. 50-113.
74. Stöffler, D., 1984, Glasses formed by hypervelocity impact: Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, v. 67, no. 1-3, p. 465-502, doi: 10.1016/0022- 3093(84)90171-6.
75. Stöffler, D., and Langenhorst, F., 1994, Shock metamorphism of quartz in nature and experiment: I. Basic observation and theory: Meteoritics, v. 29, p. 155-181.
76. Therriault, A.M., Grieve, R.A.F., and Reimold, W.U., 1997, The Vredefort Structure: Original size and significance for geological evolution of the Witwatersrand Basin: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, v. 32, p. 71-77.
77. Wieland, F., Gibson, R.L., and Reimold, W.U., 2004, Field studies in the central uplift of the Vredefort impact structure, in Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV, Abstract: Houston, Lunar and Planetary Institute (CD-ROM).
78. Wilshire, H.G., 1971, Pseudotachylite from the Vredefort Ring, South Africa: Journal of Geology, v. 79, p. 195-206.