Shock metamorphism of quartz in nature and experiment: II. Significance in geoscience

Meteoritics and Planetary Science

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 6-35

  Grieve, Richard A F ^a   Langenhorst, Falko ^b   Stöffler, Dieter ^b  

^a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA   (Canada)

^b HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IMPACT; QUARTZ; SHOCK METAMORPHISM; SHOCK PRESSURE;

EID: 0029774158     PISSN: 10869379     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.1996.tb02049.x     Document Type: Review

References (214)

1. AHRENS T. J. AND GREGSON J. V. G. (1964) Shock compression of crustal rocks: Data for quartz, calcite, and plagioclase rocks. J. Geophys. Res. 69, 4839-4874.
2. AHRENS T. J. AND O'KEEFE J. D. (1977) Equations of state and impact-induced shock-wave attenuation on the moon. In Impact and Explosion Cratering (eds. D. J. Roddy, R. O. Pepin and R. B. Merrill), pp. 639-656. Pergamon Press, New York, New York.
3. ALVAREZ L. W., ALVAREZ W., ASARO F. AND MICHEL H. V. (1980) Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction. Science 208, 1095-1108.
4. ASHWORTH J. R. AND SCHNEIDER H. (1985) Deformation and transformation in experimentally shock-loaded quartz. Phy. Chem. Min. 11, 241-249.
5. BADJUKOV D. D., NAZAROV M. A. AND SUPONEVA I. V. (1986) Shocked quartz grains from K/T boundary sediments (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 17, 18-19.
6. BADJUKOV D. D., LOBITZER H. AND NAZAROV M. A. (1987) Quartz grains with planar features in the Triassic-Jurassic boundary sediments from northern Limestone Alps, Austria (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 18, 38-39.
7. BANHOLZER G. AND HÖRZ F. (1979) Distribution and shock metamorphism of crystalline clasts in the continuous deposits of the Ries crater, Germany (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 10, 167-169.
8. BAVARIAN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1970) The Ries: Geology, Geophysics and Origin of the Crater (in German). Geol. Bav. 61. 478 pp.
9. BAVARIAN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1972) The Research Drill Hole Nördlingen 1973 (in German). Geol. Bav. 72. 98 pp.
10. BAVARIAN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1977) Ries Results-Research Drill Hole 1973: Crater Structure and Development of the Crater Lake (in German). Geol. Bav. 75. 470 pp.
11. BERTSCH W. (1968) Plastic deformation in shocked quartz from the breccias of the Nördlinger, Ries and Steinheim basins (in German). Ph.D Thesis, Univ. Tübingen, Germany. 58 pp.
12. BICE D. M., NEWTON C. R., MCCAULEY S., REINERS P. W. AND MCROBERTS C. A. (1992) Shocked quartz at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary in Italy. Science 255, 443-446.
13. BISCHOFF A. AND STÖFFLER D. (1984) Chemical and structural changes induced by thermal annealing of shocked feldspar inclusions in impact melt rocks from Lappajärvi crater, Finland. J. Geophys. Res., Suppl., 89, B645-B656.
14. BLANK M. YA. AND VAL'TER A. A. (1983) On peculiarities in the genesis and age of the Kamensk astrobleme (Northeastern Donbass) (in Russian). Geol. Zhurn. 5, 92-99.
15. BLENKINSOP T. G. AND DRURY M. R. (1988) Stress estimates and fault history from quartz microstructures. J. Struct. Geol. 10, 673-684.
16. BOHOR B. F. (1990) Shock-induced microdeformations in quartz and other mineralogical indications of an impact event at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Tectonophysics 171, 359-372.
17. BOHOR B. F. AND IZETT G. A. (1986) Worldwide size distribution of shocked quartz at the K/T boundary: Evidence for a North American impact site (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 16, 79-80.
18. BOHOR B. F., FOORD E. E., MODRESKI P. J. AND TRIPLEHORN D. M. (1984) Mineralogic evidence for an impact event at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Science 224, 867-869.
19. BOHOR B. F., MODRESKI P. J. AND FOORD E. E. (1987) Shocked quartz in the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clays: Evidence for a global distribution. Science 236, 705-709.
20. BORG I. Y. (1972) Some shock effects in granodiorite at 270 kilobars at Piledriver site. Am. Geophys. Union Mono. 16, 293-311.
21. BOSLOUGH M. B. AND ASAY J. R. (1993) Basic principles of shock compression. In High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids (eds. J. R. Asay and M. Shahinpoor), pp. 7-42. Springer, New York, New York.
22. 29Si NMR spectroscopy of naturally-shocked quartz from Meteor Crater, Arizona: Correlation to Kieffer's classification scheme (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 24, 149.
23. BOSLOUGH M. B., CYGAN R. T. AND IZETT G. A. (1995) NMR spectroscopy of quartz from the K/T boundary: Shock-induced peak broadening, dense glass and coesite (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 26, 149-150.
24. BUNCH T. E. AND COHEN A. J. (1964) Shock deformation of quartz from two meteorite craters. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 75, 1263-1266.
25. CAILLEUX A., GUILLEMAUT A. AND POMEROL C. (1964) Presence of coesite, indicator of high pressures, at the Richat circular structure (in French). Acad. Sci. Comp. Rend. 258, 5488-5490.
26. CARSTENS H. (1975) Thermal history of impact melt rocks in the Fennoscandian shield. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 50, 145-155.
27. CARTER N. L. (1965) Basal quartz deformation lamellae - a criterion for recognition of impactites. Am. J. Sci. 263, 786-806.
28. CARTER N. L. (1968) Dynamic deformation of quartz. In Shock Metamorphism of Natural Materials (eds. B. M. French and N. M. Short), pp. 453-474. Mono Book Corp., Baltimore, Maryland.
29. CARTER N. L. AND FRIEDMAN M. (1965) Dynamic analyses of deformed quartz and calcite from Dry Creek Ridge Anticline, Montana. Am. J. Sci. 263, 747-785.
30. CARTER N. L., CHRISTIE J. M. AND GRIGGS D. T. (1964) Experimental deformation and recrystallization of quartz. J. Geol. 72, 687-733.
31. CARTER N. L., OFFICER C. B., CHESNER C. A. AND ROSE W. I. (1986) Dynamic deformation of volcanic ejecta from the Toba caldera: Possible relevance to the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary phenomena. Geology 14, 380-383.
32. CARTER N. L., OFFICER C. B. AND DRAKE C. L. (1990) Dynamic deformation of quartz and feldspar: Clues to causes of some natural crises. Tectonophysics 171, 373-391.
33. CHAO E. C. T. (1967) Impact metamorphism. In Researches in Geochemistry (ed. P. H. Abelson), pp. 204-233. J. Wiley and Sons, New York, New York.
34. CHAO E. C. T. (1968) Pressure and temperature histories of impact metamorphosed rocks - based on petrographic observations. In Shock Metamorphism of Natural Materials (eds. B. M. French and N. M. Short), pp. 135-158. Mono Book Corp., Baltimore, Maryland.
35. CHAO E. C. T., SHOEMAKER E. M. AND MADSEN B. M. (1960) First natural occurrence of coesite. Science 132, 220-222.
36. CHAO E. C. T., FAHEY J. J. AND LITTLER J. (1961) Coesite from Wabar crater, near Al Hadida, Arabia. Science 133, 882-883.
37. 2, a very high pressure new mineral from Meteor Crater, Arizona. J. Geophys. Res. 67, 419-421.
38. CHRISTIE J. M. AND ARDELL A. J. (1974) Substructures of deformation lamellae in quartz. Geology 2, 405-408.
39. CHRISTIE J. M. AND ARDELL A. J. (1976) Deformation structures in minerals. In Electron Microscopy in Mineralogy (ed. H. R. Wenk), pp. 405-408. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
40. CHRISTIE J. M. AND RALEIGH C. B. (1959) The origin of deformation lamellae in quartz. Am. J. Sci. 257, 385-407.
41. CHRISTIE J. M., HEARD H. C. AND LAMORI P. N. (1964a) Experimental deformation of single quartz crystals at 27 to 30 kilobars confining pressure and 24 °C. Am. J. Sci. 262, 26-55.
42. CHRISTIE J. M., GRIGGS D. T. AND CARTER N. L. (1964b) Experimental evidence of basal slip in quartz. J. Geol. 72, 734-756.
43. CORDIER P. AND DOUKHAN J.-C. (1989) Water solubility in quartz and its influence on ductility. Eur. J. Mineral. 1, 221-237.
44. CORDIER P. AND GRATZ A. J. (1995) TEM study of shock metamorphism in quartz from the Sedan nuclear test site. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 129, 163-170.
45. 4 at high pressure and room temperature: A transmission electron microscopy study. Phys. Chem. Min. 20, 176-189.
46. CORDIER P., VRÁNA S. AND DOUKHAN J. C. (1994) Shock metamorphism in quartz at Sevetin and Susice (Bohemia)? A TEM investigation. Meteoritics 29, 98-99.
47. CROFT S. K. (1980) Cratering flow fields: Implications for the excavation and transient expansion stages of crater formation. Proc. Lunar Planet. Science Conf. 11th, 2347-2378.
48. CROFT S. K. (1981) The excavation stage of basin formation: A qualitative model. In Multi-Ring Basins (eds. P. H. Schultz and R. B. Merrill), pp. 207-225. Pergamon Press, New York, New York.
49. CROOK K. A. W. AND COOK P. J. (1966) Gosses Bluff - Diapir, cryptovolcanic structure or astrobleme? Geol. Soc. Austr. J. 13, 495-515.
50. CYGAN R. T., BOSLOUGH M. B. AND KIRKPATRICK R. J. (1990) NMR spectroscopy of experimentally shocked quartz: Shock wave barometry. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 20th, 451-457.
51. CYGAN R. T., BOSLOUGH M. B. AND KIRKPATRICK R. J. (1992) NMR spectroscopy of experimentally shocked quartz and plagioclase feldspar powders. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 22nd, 127-136.
52. CYGAN R. T., BOSLOUGH M. B. AND KIRKPATRICK R. J. (1994) NMR spectroscopy of experimentally shocked Coconino sandstone and the effect of pore water (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 25, 309-310.
53. DACHILLE F., ZETO R. J. AND ROY R. (1963) Coesite and stishovite: Stepwise reversal transformations. Science 140, 991-993.
54. DACHILLE F., GIGL P. AND SIMONS P. Y. (1968) Experimental and analytical studies of crystalline damage useful for the recognition of impact structures. In Shock Metamorphism of Natural Materials (eds. B. M. French and N. M. Short), pp. 555-570. Mono Book Corp., Baltimore, Maryland.
55. DE SILVA S. L., WOLFF J. A. AND SHARPTON V. L. (1990) Explosive volcanism and associated pressures: Implications for models of endogenically shocked quartz. Geol. Soc. Am. Sp. Pap. 247, 139-145.
56. DELL'ANGELO L. N. (1993) Defect structures in a quartz-tremolite rock under high stresses: Evidence for amorphization. In Defects and Processes in the Solid State: Geoscience Application, The McLaren Volume (eds. J. N. Boland and J. D. F. FitzGerald), pp. 99-119. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
57. DENCE M. R. (1968) Shock zoning at Canadian craters: Petrography and structural implications. In Shock Metamorphism of Natural Materials (eds. B. M. French and N. M. Short), pp. 169-184. Mono Book Corp., Baltimore, Maryland.
58. DENCE M. R., GRIEVE R. A. F. AND ROBERTSON P. B. (1977) Terrestrial impact structures: Principal characteristics and energy considerations. In Impact and Explosion Cratering (eds. D. J. Roddy, R. O. Pepin and R. B. Merrill), pp. 247-275. Pergamon Press, New York, New York.
59. 2 powders (in Russian). Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 168, 127-130.
60. DEUTSCH A. AND GRIEVE R. A. F. (1994) The Sudbury Structure: Constraints on its genesis from Lithoprobe results. Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 963-966.
61. DIETZ R. S. AND LAMBERT P. (1980) Shock metamorphism at Crooked Creek cryptoexplosion structure, MO (abstract). Meteorilics 15, 281-282.
62. DRESSLER B. (1990) Shock metamorphic features and their zoning and orientation in the Precambrian rocks of the Manicouagan Structure, Quebec, Canada. Tectonophysics 171, 229-245.
63. ENGELHARDT W. V. (1972) Shock produced rock glasses from the Ries Crater. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 36, 265-292.
64. ENGELHARDT W. V. AND BERTSCH W. (1969) Shock induced planar deformation structures in quartz from the Ries Crater, Germany. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 20, 203-234.
65. ENGELHARDT W. V. AND GRAUP G. (1977) Shock metamorphism in crystalline rocks for the research borehole Nördlingen 1973 (in German). Geol. Bav. 75, 255-271.
66. ENGELHARDT W. V., BERTSCH W., STOFFLER D., GROSCHOPF P. AND REIFF W. (1967) Evidence for the meteoritic origin of the Steinheim Basin (in German). Naturwissen. 54, 198-199.
67. ENGELHARDT W. V., HÖRZ F., STÖFFLER D. AND BERTSCH W. (1968) Observations on quartz deformation in breccias of West Clearwater Lake, Canada, and the Ries Basin, Germany. In Shock Metamorphism of Natural Materials (eds. B. M. French and N. M. Short), pp. 475-482. Mono Book Corp., Baltimore, Maryland.
68. ERNSTSON K., HAMMANN W., FIEBAG J. AND GRAUP G. (1985) Evidence of an impact origin for the Azuara structure (Spain). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 74, 361-370.
69. FAHEY J. J. (1964) Recovery of coesite and stishovite from Coconino sandstone of Meteor crater, Arizona. Am. Mineral. 49, 1643-1647.
70. FEL'DMAN V. I. (1994) The conditions of shock metamorphism. Geol. Soc. Am. Sp. Pap. 293, 121-132.
71. FEL'DMAN V. I., GRANOVSKY L. B. AND NIKISHINA N. N. (1978) Shock metamorphism of rock-forming minerals (at the Janisjärvi astrobleme) (in Russian). Kosmich. Mineral. 11, 86-91.
72. FEL'DMAN V. I., GRANOVSKY L. B., SAZONOVA L. V., NIKISHINA N. N., BUTENKO T. G. AND NAUMOVA I. G. (1979) Some peculiarities of geochemistry of impactites of Janisjärvi, south-west Karelia, and Kara, polar Ural, astroblemes (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 10, 382-384.
73. FLORAN R. J., GRIEVE R. A. F., PHINNEY W. C., WARNER J. L., SIMONDS C. H., BLANCHARD D. P. AND DENCE M. R. (1978) Manicouagan impact melt, Quebec. 1. Stratigraphy, petrology, and chemistry. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 2737-2759.
74. FÖRSTNER, U. (1967) Petrographic study of suevite in the Deiningen and Wörnitzostheim drill holes at the Nördlingen Ries (in German). Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 15, 281-307.
75. FRENCH B. M. AND SHORT N. M., EDS. (1968) Shock Metamorphism of Natural Materials. Mono Book Corp., Baltimore, Maryland. 644 pp.
76. FRENCH B. M., UNDERWOOD J. R. AND FISK E. P. (1974) Shock metamorphic features in two meteorite impact structures, southeastern Libya. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 85, 1425-1428.
77. FRICKE A., MEDENBACH O. AND SCHREYER W. (1990) Fluid inclusions, planar elements and pseudotachylites in the basement rocks on the Vredefort structure, South Africa. Tectonophysics 171, 169-183.
78. GANAPATHY R. (1980) A major meteorite impact on the Earth 65 million years ago: Evidence from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clay. Science 209, 921-923.
79. GIGL P. AND DACHILLE F. (1968) Effects of pressure and temperature on the reversal transitions of stishovite. Meteoritics 4, 123-136.
80. GLASS B. P. (1989) North American tektite debris and impact ejecta from DSDP site 612. Meteoritics 34, 209-218.
81. GLASS B. P. AND WU J. (1992) Impact ejecta associated with the Australasian and North America microtektite layers (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 23, 415-416.
82. GOLTRANT O., CORDIER P. AND DOUKHAN J. (1991) Planar deformation features in shocked quartz: A transmission electron microscopy investigation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 106, 103-115.
83. GOLTRANT O., LEROUX H., DOUKHAN J. AND CORDIER P. (1992) Formation mechanisms of planar deformation features in naturally shocked quartz. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 74, 219-240.
84. GORTER J. D., GOSTIN V. A. AND PLUMMER P. S. (1989) The enigmatic subsurface Tookoonooka complex in south-west Queensland: Its impact origin and implications for hydrocarbon accumulations. In The Cooper and Eromanga Basins, Australia (ed. B. J. O'Neil), pp. 441-456. Petrol. Explor. Soc. Aust., Soc. Pet. Eng. and Aust. Soc. Exp. Geophys, Adelaide, Australia.
85. GOSTIN V. A., HAINES P. W., JENKINS R. J. F., COMPSTON W. AND WILLIAMS I. S. (1986) Impact ejecta horizon within late Precambrian shales, Adelaide geosycline, South Australia. Science 233, 198-200.
86. GOSTIN V. A., KEAYS R. R. AND WALLACE M. W. (1989) Iridium anomaly from the Acraman impact ejecta horizon: Impact can produce sedimentary iridium peaks. Nature 340, 542-544.
87. GRATZ A. J., TYBURCZY J., CHRISTIE J., AHRENS T. AND PONGRATZ P. (1988a) Shock metamorphism of deformed quartz. Phys. Chem. Min. 16, 221-233.
88. GRATZ A., PONGRATZ P., PRESINGER A., CHRISTY J., BOHOR B. AND FREY I. (1988b) Optical microscopy and TEM of shocked material from the Clear Creek, Colorado K/T "magic layer" (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 19, 419-420.
89. GRATZ A. J., NELLIS W. J., CHRISTIE J. M., BROCIOUS W., SWEGLE J. AND CORDIER P. (1992a) Shock metamoprhism of quartz with initial temperatures -170 to +1000 °C. Phys. Chem. Min. 19, 267-288.
90. GRATZ A. J., NELLIS W. J. AND HINSEY N. A. (1992b) Laboratory simulation of explosive volcanic loading and implications for the cause of the K/T boundary. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 1391-1394.
91. GRIEVE R. A. F. (1975) Petrology and chemistry of the impact melt at Mistastin Lake crater, Labrador. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 86, 1617-1629.
92. GRIEVE R. A. F. (1978) The melt rocks at Brent crater, Ontario, Canada. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 9th, 2579-2608.
93. GRIEVE R. A. F. (1996) Extraterrestrial impact events: The record in the rocks and the stratigraphic column. Paleogeo., Paleoclim., Paleoecol. 104, in press.
94. GRIEVE R. A. F. AND ALEXOPOULOS J. (1988) Microscopic planar features in quartz from Scollard Canyon, Alberta, and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary event. Can. J. Earth Sci. 25, 1530-1534.
95. GRIEVE R. A. F. AND BER T. (1994) Shocked lithologies at the Wanapitei impact structure, Ontario, Canada. Meteoritics 29, 621-631.
96. GRIEVE R. A. F. AND CINTALA M. J. (1992) An analysis of differential impact melt-crater scaling and implications for the terrestrial impact record. Meteoritics 27, 526-538.
97. GRIEVE R. A. F. AND ROBERTSON P. B. (1976) Variations in shock deformation at the Slate Islands impact structure, Lake Superior, Canada. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 58, 37-49.
98. GRIEVE R. A. F. AND THERRIAULT A. M. (1995) Planar deformation features in quartz: Target effects (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 26, 515-516.
99. GRIEVE R. A. F., DENCE M. R. AND ROBERTSON P. B. (1977) Cratering processes: As interpreted from the occurrence of impact melts. In Impact and Explosion Cralering (eds. D. J. Roddy, R. O. Pepin and R. B. Merrill), pp. 791-814. Pergamon Press, New York, New York.
100. GRIEVE R. A. F., ROBERTSON P. B. AND DENCE M. R. (1981) Constraints on the formation of ring impact structures, based on terrestrial data. In Multi-Ring Basins (eds. P. H. Schultz and R. B. Merrill), pp. 37-57. Pergamon Press, New York, New York.
101. GRIEVE R. A. F., CODERRE J. M., ROBERTSON P. B. AND ALEXOPOULOS J. S. (1990) Microscopic planar deformation features in quartz of the Vredefort structure: Anomalous but still suggestive of an impact origin. Tectonophysics 171, 185-200.
102. GRIEVE R. A. F., STÖFFLER D. AND DEUTSCH A. (1991) The Sudbury Structure: Controversial or misunderstood? J. Geophys. Res. 96, 22 753-22 764.
103. GUROV E. P. AND GUROVA E. P. (1991) Geological Structure and Composition of Rocks in Impact Craters (in Russian). Nauk Press, Kiev, Ukraine. 160 pp.
104. HALLS H. C. AND GRIEVE R. A. F. (1976) The Slate Islands: A probable complex meteorite impact structure in Lake Superior. Can. J. Earth Sci. 13, 1301-1309.
105. HANSS R. E., MONTAGUE B. R., DAVIS M. K., GALINDO C. AND HÖRZ F. (1978) X-ray diffractometer studies of shocked materials. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 9th, 2773-2787.
106. HART R. J., ANDREOLI M. A. G., REIMOLD W. U. AND TREDOUX M. (1991) Aspects of the dynamic and thermal history of the Vredefort cryptoexplosion structure: Implications for its origin. Tectonophysics 192, 313-331.
107. HEMLEY R. J., JEPHCOAT A. P., MAO H. K., MING L. C. AND MANGHNANI M. H. (1988) Pressure-induced amorphization of crystalline silica. Nature 334, 52-54.
108. HILDEBRAND A. R., PENFIELD G. T., KRING D. A., PILKINGTON M., CAMARGO A. Z., JACOBSEN S. B. AND BOYNTON W. V. (1991) Chicxulub crater: A possible Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary impact crater on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Geology 19, 867-871.
109. HÖRZ F. (1968) Statistical measurements of deformation structures and refractive indices in experimentally shock loaded quartz. In Shock Metamorphism of Natural Materials (eds. B. M. French and N. M. Short), pp. 243-253. Mono Book Corp., Baltimore, Maryland.
110. HÖRZ F. AND QUAIDE W. L. (1973) Debye-Scherrer investigations of experimentally shocked silicates. The Moon 6, 45-82.
111. HÖRZ F., SEE T. H., MURALI A. V. AND BLANCHARD D. P. (1989) Heterogeneous dissemination of projectile materials in the impact melts from Wabar crater, Saudi Arabia. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 19th, 697-709.
112. HUFFMAN A. R., BROWN J. M., CARTER N. L. AND REIMOLD W. U. (1993) The microstructural response of quartz and feldspar under shock loading at variable temperatures. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 22 171-22 197.
113. IVANOV B. A. (1994) Geochemical models of impact cratering: PuchezhKatunki structure. Geol. Soc. Am. Sp. Pap. 293, 81-91.
114. IZETT G. A. (1987) The Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary interval, Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico, and its content of shock-metamorphosed minerals: Implications concerning the K-T boundary impact-extinction theory. U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-file Rpt. 87-606, 1-125.
115. KIEFFER S. W. (1971) Shock metamorphism of the Coconino sandstone at Meteor Crater, Arizona. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 5449-5473.
116. KIEFFER S. W. (1975) From regolith to rock by shock. The Moon 13, 301-320.
117. KIEFFER S. W., PHAKEY P. P. AND CHRISTIE J. M. (1976) Shock processes in porous quartzite: Transmission electron microscope observations and theory. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 59, 41-93.
118. KINGMA K. J., MEADE C., HEMLEY R. J., MAO H. AND VEBLEN D. R. (1993) Microstructural observations of α-quartz amorphization. Science 259, 666-669.
119. KLEEMANN J. D. AND AHRENS T. J. (1973) Shock-induced transition of quartz to stishovite. J. Geophys. Res. 78, 5954-5960.
120. LAKOMY R. (1990) Distribution of impact induced phenomena in complex terrestrial impact structures: Implications for transient cavity dimensions (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 21, 676-677.
121. LAMBERT P. (1981) Reflectivity applied to peak pressure estimates in silicates of shocked rocks. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 6187-6204.
122. LAMBERT P. AND GRIEVE R. A. F. (1984) Shock experiments on maskelynite-bearing anorthosite. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 68, 159-171.
123. LAMBERT P., MCHONE J. F., DIETZ R. S. AND HOUFANI M. (1980) Impact and impact-like stuctures in Algeria. Part I. Four bowl-shaped depressions. Meteoritics 15, 157-179.
124. LAMBERT P., MCHONE J. F., DIETZ R. S., BRIEDJ M. AND DJENDER M. (1981) Impact and impact-like structures in Algeria. Part II. Multiringed structures. Meteoritics 16, 203-227.
125. LANGENHORST F. (1994) Shock experiments on pre-heated α- and β-quartz: II. X-ray and TEM investigations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 128, 683-698.
126. LANGENHORST F. AND CLYMER A. (1995) TEM examination of quartz from Massignano (Ancona, Italy): Evidence for impact in the Late Eocene (abstract). ESF Worksh. Impact and Evolution of Planet Earth, Ancona, Italy 4th, 107-108.
127. LANGENHORST F. AND DEUTSCH A. (1994) Shock experiments on preheated α- and β-quartz: I. Optical and density data. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 125, 407-420.
128. LANGENHORST F., DEUTSCH A., HORNEMANN U. AND STÖFFLER D. (1992) Effect of temperature on shock metamorphism of single crystal quartz. Nature 356, 507-509.
129. LEROUX H. AND DOUKHAN J.-C. (1995) A transmission electron microscope study of shocked quartz from the Manson impact structure. Geol. Soc. Am. Sp. Pap., in press.
130. LEROUX H., REIMOLD W. U. AND DOUKHAN J.-C. (1994) A TEM investigation of shock metamorphism in quartz from the Vredefort dome, South Africa. Tectonophysics 230, 223-239.
131. LEROUX H., ROCCHIA R., FROGET L., ORRUE-ETXEBARIA X., DOUKHAM J.-C. AND ROBIN E. (1995) The K/T boundary of Beloc (Haiti): Compared stratigraphic distributions of the boundary markers. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 131, 255-268.
132. LIDDELL N. A., PHAKEY P. P. AND WENK H. R. (1974) TEM-investigation of some quartzites from the Bergell Alps (abstract). Proc. Int. Congr. Electron Microscopy 8th, 476-477.
133. LYONS J. B., OFFICER C. B., BORELLA P. E. AND LAHODYNSKY R. (1993) Planar lamellar substructures in quartz. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 119, 434-440.
134. 2 at high pressures. Geophys. Res. Lett. 7, 141.
135. 2 and their geophysical implications. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 2431-2444.
136. MARTINEZ I., SCIIÄRER U. AND GUYOT F. (1993) Impact-induced phase transformations at 50-60 GPa in continental crust: An EPMA and ATEM study. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 119, 207-223.
137. MARTINI J. E. J. (1978) Coesite and stishovite in the Vredefort Dome, South Africa. Nature 272, 715-717.
138. MARTINI J. E. J. (1991) The nature, distribution and genesis of the coesite and stishovite associated with the pseudotachylite of the Vredefort Dome, South Africa. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 103, 285-300.
139. MARTINI J. E. J. (1992) The metamorphic history of the Vredefort dome at approximately 2 Ga as revealed by coesite-stishovite-bearing pseudotachylites. J. Metam. Geol. 10, 517-527.
140. MASAITIS V. L., DANILIN A. I., MASHCHAK M. S., RAIKHLIN A. I., SELIVANOVSKAYA T. V. AND SHADENKOV E. M. (1980) The Geology of Astroblemes (in Russian). Nedra Press, Leningrad. 231 pp.
141. 2 synthesized by shock compression of α-quartz. Phy. Chem. Min. 5, 367-377.
142. MCHONE J. F. AND NIEMAN R. A. (1988) Vredefort stishovite confirmed using solid-state silicon-29 nuclear magnetic resonance (abstract). Meteoritics 23, 289.
143. MCHONE J. F., NIEMAN R. A., LEWIS C. F. AND YATES A. M. (1989) Stishovite at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Raton, New Mexico. Science 243, 1182-1184.
144. MCLAREN A. C. (1991) Transmission Electron Microscopy of Minerals and Rocks. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K. 387 pp.
145. MCLAREN A. C. AND HOBBS B. E. (1972) Transmission electron microscope investigation of some naturally deformed quartzites. In Flow and Fracture of Rocks (eds. H. C. Heard, I. Y. Borg, N. L. Carter and C. B. Raleigh), pp. 55-66. Geophys. Mono. 16, A.G.U.
146. MCLAREN A. C., RETCHFORD J. A., GRIGGS D. T. AND CHRISTIE J. M. (1967) Transmission electron microscope study of Brazil twins and dislocations experimentally produced in natural quartz. Phys. Stat. Sol. 19, 631-644.
147. MCLAREN A. C., COOK R. F., HYDE S. T. AND TOBIN R. C. (1983) The mechanisms of the formation and growth of water bubbles and associated dislocation loops in synthetic quartz. Phys. Chem. Min. 9, 79-94.
148. 2 glass: A note on infrared and Raman spectra. Amer. Mineral. 71, 772-778.
149. MELOSH H. J. (1989) Impact Cratering: A Geologic Process. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, New York. 245 pp.
150. MILTON D. J., BARLOW C. B., BRETT R., BROWN A. R., GLIKSON A. Y., MANWARING E., MOSS F. J., SEDMIK E. C. E., SON J. V. AND YOUNG G. A. (1972) Gosses Bluff impact structure, Australia. Science 175, 1199-1207.
151. MITSJUK B. M. AND GOROGOTSKAJA L. I. (1980) Physico-Chemical Transformation of Silica Under Conditions of Metamorphism (in Russian). Nauk Press, Kiev, Ukraine. 236 pp.
152. MÜLLER W. F. (1969) Electron microscopic evidence for amorphous regions in shock damaged quartz (in German). Naturwiss. 56, 2-19.
153. MÜLLER W. F. AND DÉFOURNEAUX W. (1968) Deformation structures in quartz as an indicator for shock: An experimental study on crystalline quartz (in German). Zeits. Geophys. 34, 483-504.
154. NOVGORODOV P. G., BULANOV G. P., PAVLOVA L. A., MIKHAYLOV V. N., UGAROV V. V., SHEBANIN A. P. AND ARGUNOV K. P. (1990) Inclusions of potassic phases, coesite and omphacite in coated diamond crystals from the Mir pipe (in Russian). Dok. Acad. Nauk SSSR 10, 439-443.
155. O'KEEFE J. D. AND AHRENS T. J. (1993) Planetary cratering mechanics. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 17 011-17 028.
156. OFFICER C. B. (1992) The relevance of indium and microscopic dynamic deformation features toward understanding the Cretaceous/Tertiary transition. Terra Nova 4, 394-404.
157. OKAY A. I. (1993) Petrology of a diamond and coesite-bearing metamorphic terrain; Dobie Shan, China. Eur. J. Mineral. 5, 659-675.
158. ORPHAL D. L., BORDEN W. F., LARSON S. A. AND SCHULTZ P. H. (1980) Impact melt generation and transport. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 11th, 2309-2323.
159. PEVZNER L. A., KIRJAKOV A. F., VORONTSOV A. K., MASAITIS V. L., MASHCHAK M. S. AND IVANOV B. A. (1992) Vorotilovskaya drillhole: First deep drilling in the central uplift of a large terrestrial impact crater (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 23, 1063-1064.
160. POHL J., STÖFFLER D., GALL H. AND ERNSTON K. (1977) The Ries impact crater. In Impact and Explosion Cratering (eds. D. J. Roddy, R. O. Pepin and R. B. Merrill), pp. 343-404. Pergamon Press, New York, New York.
161. RAIKES S. A. AND AHRENS T. J. (1979) Post-shock temperatures in minerals. J. Roy. Astron. Soc. 58, 717-747.
162. REHFELDT-OSKIERSKI A. AND STÖFFLER D. (1986) Deformation, transformation, and thermal annealing of experimentally shocked single crystal quartz (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 17, 697-698.
163. REIMOLD W. U. (1987) Fracture density statistics along radial traverses through the crystalline basement of the Vredefort dome, South Africa (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 18, 826-827.
164. REIMOLD W. U. (1988) Shock experiments with preheated Witwatersrand quartzite and the Vredefort microdeformation controversy (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 19, 970-971.
165. REIMOLD W. U. (1990) The controversial microdeformations in quartz from the Vredefort Structure, South Africa - a discussion. S. Afr. J. Geol. 93, 645-663.
166. REIMOLD W. U. AND WALLMACH T. (1991) The Vredefort structure under discussion. S. Afr. J. Sci. 87, 412-417.
167. RICE A. (1987) Shocked minerals at the K/T boundary: Explosive volcanism as a source. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors 48, 167-174.
168. ROBERTSON P. B. (1975) Zones of shock metamorphism at the Charlevoix impact structure, Quebec. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 86, 1630-1638.
169. ROBERTSON P. B. (1980) Anomalous development of planar deformation features in shocked quartz of porous lithologies (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 11, 938-940.
170. ROBERTSON P. B. AND GRIEVE R. A. F. (1977) Shock attenuation at terrestrial impact structures. In Impact and Explosion Cratering (eds. D. J. Roddy, R. O. Pepin and R. B. Merrill), pp. 687-702. Pergamon Press, New York, New York.
171. ROBERTSON P. B., DENCE M. R. AND Vos M. A. (1968) Deformation in rock-forming minerals from Canadian craters. In Shock Metamorphism of Natural Materials (eds. B. M. French and N. M. Short), pp. 433-452. Mono Book Corp., Baltimore, Maryland.
172. SAGE R. P. (1991) Precambrian Geology, Slate Islands. Ontario Geol. Surv., Rep. 264, 111 pp.
173. SAZONOVA L. V. (1981) Planar deformations in quartz from authigenic breccia from the central uplift of the Kara meteorite crater (in Russian). Dok. Acad. USSR 261, 731-734.
174. SAZONOVA L. V., KAROTAYEVA N. N., PONOMAREV G. Y. AND DABIZUA A. I. (1981) The Kara meteorite crater (in Russian). In Impactites (ed. A. A. Marakusheva), pp. 93-135. Izd. Mosk. Univ., Moscow, Russia.
175. SCHERTL H. P., SCHREYER W. AND CHOPIN C. (1993) The pyrope-coesite rocks and their country rocks at Parigi, Dora Maria Massif, Western Alps: Detailed petrography, mineral chemistry and PT path. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 108, 1-21.
176. SCHMITZ B., JEPPSSON L. AND EKVALL J. (1994) A search for shocked quartz grains and impact ejecta in early Silurian sediments on Gotland, Sweden. Geol. Mag. 131, 361-367.
177. SCHNEIDER W. (1971) Petrologic study of the Bunte breccia at the Nördlingen Ries (in German). Neues. Jahrb. Miner., Abh. 114, 136-174.
178. SCHNEIDER H. AND HORNEMANN U. (1976) X-ray investigations on the deformation of experimentally shock-loaded quartzes. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 55, 205-215.
179. SCHNEIDER H., VASUDEVAN R. AND HORNEMANN U. (1984) Deformation of experimentally shock-loaded quartz powders: X-ray line broadening studies. Phys. Chem. Min. 10, 142-147.
180. SELF S., WILSON L. AND NAIM I. A. (1979) Vulconian eruption mechanisms. Nature 277, 440-443.
181. SHARPTON V. L., BURKE K., CAMARGO-ZANOGUERA A., HALL S. A., LEE D. S., MARIN L. E., SUAREZ-REYNOSO G., QUEZADA-MUNETON J. M., SPUDIS P. D. AND URRUTIA-FUCUGAUCHI J. (1993) Chicxulub multiring impact basin: Size and other characteristics derived from gravity analysis. Science 261, 1564-1567.
182. SHORT N. M. (1966a) Shock-lithification of unconsolidated rock materials. Science 154, 382-384.
183. SHORT N. M. (1966b) Effects of shock pressures from a nuclear explosion on mechanical and optical properties of granodiorite. J. Geophys. Res. 71, 1195-1216.
184. SHORT N. M. (1968) Nuclear-explosion-induced microdeformation of rocks: An aid to the recognition of meteorite impact structures. In Shock Metamorphism of Natural Materials (eds. B. M. French and N. M. Short), pp. 185-210. Mono Book Corp., Baltimore, Maryland.
185. SHORT N. M. (1970a) Anatomy of a meteorite impact crater: West Hawk Lake, Manitoba, Canada. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 81, 609-648.
186. SHORT N. M. (1970b) Progressive shock metamorphism of quartzite ejecta from the Sedan nuclear explosion crater. J. Geol. 78, 705-732.
187. SKINNER B. J. AND FAHEY J. J. (1963) Observations on the inversion of stishovite to silica glass. J. Geophys. Res. 68, 5595-5604.
188. SPRAY J. G. (1992) A physical basis for the frictional melting of some rockforming minerals. Tectonophysics 204, 205-221.
189. STÖFFLER D. (1971a) Coesite and stishovite in shocked crystalline rocks. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 5474-5488.
190. STÖFFLER D. (1971b) Progressive metamorphism and classification of shocked and brecciated crystalline rocks in impact craters. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 5541-5551.
191. STÖFFLER D. (1972) Deformation and transformation of rock-forming minerals by natural and experimental shock processes. I. Behavior of minerals under shock compression. Fortschr. Mineral. 49, 50-113.
192. STÖFFLER D. (1974) Deformation and transformation of rock-forming minerals by natural and experimental shock processes. II. Physical properties of shocked minerals. Fortschr. Mineral. 51, 256-289.
193. STÖFFLER D. (1984) Glasses formed by hypervelocity impact. J. Non-Crystal. Solids 67, 465-502.
194. STÖFFLER D. AND HORNEMANN U. (1972) Quartz and feldspar glasses produced by natural and experimental shock. Meteoritics 7, 371-394.
195. STÖFFLER D. AND LANGENHORST F. (1994) Shock metamorphism of quartz in nature and experiment: 1. Basic observation and theory. Meteoritics 29, 155-181.
196. STÖFFLER D., GAULT D. E., WEDEKIND F. J. AND POLKOWSKI G. (1975) Experimental hypervelocity impact into quartz sand: Distribution and shock metamorphism of ejecta. J. Geophys. Res. 80, 4062-4077.
197. STÖFFLER D., BISCHOFF L., OSKIERSKI W. AND WIEST B. (1988) Structural deformation, breccia formation, and shock metamorphism in the basement of complex terrestrial impact craters: Implications for the cratering process. In Deep Drilling in Crystalline Bedrock 1 (eds. A. Bodén and K. G. Eriksson), pp. 277-297. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
198. STÖFFLER D., KEIL K. AND SCOTT E. R. D. (1991) Shock metamorphism of ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 3845-3867.
199. STÖFFLER D., DEUTSCH A., AVERMANN M., BISCHOFF L., BROCKMEYER P., BUHL D., LAKOMY R. AND MÜLLER-MOHR V. (1994) The formation of the Sudbury Structure, Canada: Towards a unified impact model. Geol. Soc. Am. Sp. Pap. 293, 303-318.
200. SUGIURA H., KONDO K. AND SAWOAKA A. (1982) Shock temperature measurement of fused quartz. In Proceedings High Pressure Research in Research and Industry (eds. C. M. Backman, T. Johannisson and L. Tegner), pp. 707-710. Univ. Uppsala, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala, Sweden.
201. SUTTON S. R. (1985a) Thermoluminescence measurements on shock-metamorphosed sandstone and dolomite from Meteor Crater, Arizona. I. Shock dependence of thermoluminescence properties. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 3683-3689.
202. SUTTON S. R. (1985b) Thermoluminescence measurements on shock-metamorphosed sandstone and dolomite from Meteor crater, Arizona. 2 Thermoluminescence age of Meteor crater. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 3690-3700.
203. THERRIAULT A. M., REID A. M. AND REIMOLD W. U. (1993) Original size of the Vredefort structure, South Africa (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 24, 1419-1420.
204. VISHNEVSKY S. A. (1989) Chilyi Dome, An Eroded Impact Structure In Western Primugodzharye (in Russian). Akad. Nauk SSSR, Siberian Branch, Institute of Geology and Geophysics 13. 55 pp.
205. VRÁNA S. (1987) The Sevetin astrobleme, southern Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. Geol. Rundsch. 76, 505-528.
206. WACKERLE J. (1962) Shock wave compression of quartz. J. Appl. Phys. 33, 922-937.
207. WALLACE M. A., GOSTIN V. A. AND KEAYS R. R. (1990) Acraman impact ejecta and host shales: Evidence for low-temperature mobilization of iridium and other platinoids. Geology 18, 132-135.
208. WALZEBUCK J. P. AND ENGELHARDT W. V. (1979) Shock deformation of quartz influenced by grain size and shock direction: Observations on quartz-plagioclase rocks from the basement of the Ries crater, Germany. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 70, 267-271.
209. WALTER L. S. (1965) Coesite found in tektites. Science 147, 1029-1032.
210. WHITE J. C. (1993) Shock-induced melting and silica polymorph formation, Vredefort Structure, South Africa. In Defects and Processes in the Solid State: Geoscience Applications (eds. J. N. Boland and J. D. FitzGerald), pp. 69-84. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
211. WHITE S. (1971) Natural creep deformation of quartzites. Nature Phys. Sci. 22, 175-177.
212. WHITE S. (1973) The dislocation structures responsible for the optical effects in some naturally-deformed quartzes. J. Mat. Sci. 8, 490-499.
213. WILSHIRE H. G., OFFIELD T. W., HOWARD K. A. AND CUMMINGS D. (1972) Geology of the Sierra Madera cryptoexplosion structure, Pecos County, Texas. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof Pap. 599-H, 1-42.
214. WILSON L., SPARKS R. S. J. AND WALKER G. P. L. (1980) Explosive volcanic eruptions: 4. The control of magma properties and conduit geometry in eruption column behaviour. Geophys. J. Roy. Astron. Soc. 6, 117-148.