The radiative forcing due to clouds and water vapor

Frontiers of Climate Modeling

Volumn 9780521791328, Issue , 2006, Pages 119-151

  Ramanathan, V ^a   Inamdar, Anand ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION; CARBON DIOXIDE; EARTH ATMOSPHERE; GREENHOUSE GASES; GREENHOUSES; INTERPLANETARY FLIGHT; PLANETS; WATER VAPOR;

ABSORPTION AND EMISSIONS; ANALYTIC APPROACH; INFRARED RADIATIVE TRANSFER; LOWER ATMOSPHERE; NUMBER OF FACTORS; RADIATIVE FORCINGS; RADIATIVE PROCESS; SPECTROSCOPIC DATA;

GREENHOUSE EFFECT;

EID: 73849150311     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511535857.006     Document Type: Chapter

References (74)

1. Arrhenius, S. (1896). On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground. Phil. Mag. 41, 237-76.
2. Augustsson, T. and V. Ramanathan (1977). A radiative-convective model study of the CO2 climate problem. J. Atmos. Sci. 34, 448-51.
3. Barkstrom, B. R. (1984). The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 65, 1170-85.
4. Cess, R. D. (1971). A radiative transfer model for planetary atmospheres. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 11, 1699-710.
5. Cess, R. D. 1994. Radiative transfer due to atmospheric water vapor: global considerations of the Earth’s energy balance. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 14, 861-71.
6. Cess, R. D. 1995. Global climate change: an investigation of atmospheric feedback mechanisms. Tellus 27, 193-8.
7. Cess, R. D. 1996. Climate change: an appraisal of atmospheric feedback mechanisms employing zonal climatology, J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 1831-43.
8. Cess, R. D. (1982). The thermal structure within the stratospheres of Venus and Mars. Icarus 17, 561-9.
9. Cess, R. D. and S. Khetan (1973). Radiative transfer within the atmospheres of the major planets. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 13, 995-1009.
10. Cess, R. D. and V. Ramanathan (1972). Radiative transfer in the atmosphere of Mars and that of Venus above the cloud deck. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 12, 933-45.
11. Cess, R. D. and S. N. Tiwari (1972). Infrared radiative energy transfer in gases. In Advances in Heat Transfer, New York, NY, Vol. 8, pp. 229-82.
12. Cess, R. D., G. L. Potter, J. P. Blanchet et al. (1989). Interpretation of cloud-climate feedback as produced by 14 atmospheric general circulation models. Science 245, 513-16.
13. Cess, R. D., G. L. Potter, J. P. Blanchet et al. (1990). Intercomparison and interpretation of climate feedback processes in nineteen atmospheric general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 16, 601-16, 615.
14. Chamberlin, T. C. (1899). An attempt to frame a working hypothesis of the cause of glacial periods on an atmospheric basis. J. Geol. 7, 609-21.
15. Clough, S. A., F. X. Kneizys, and R. W. Davies (1989). Line shape and the water vapor continuum. In IRS‘88: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation.
16. Clough, S. A., F. X. Kneizys, and R. W. Davies (1992). Line shape and the water vapor continuum. Atmos. Res. 23, 229-41.
17. Collins, W. D., W. C. Conant, and V. Ramanathan (1994). Earth Radiation Budget, Clouds and Climate Sensitivity. In The Chemistry of the Atmosphere: its Impact on Global Change, ed. Jack, G. Calvert, Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publishers, pp. 207-15.
18. Drayson, S. R. (1967). Atmospheric transmission in the CO2 bands between 12 m and 18 m. Appl. Opt. 5, 385-91.
19. Elsaesser, W. M. (1942). Heat Transfer by Infrared Radiation in the Atmosphere. Harvard Meteorological Studies 6, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
20. Flohn, H. and A. Kapala (1989). Changes in tropical sea-air interaction processes over a 30-year period. Nature 338, 244-5.
21. Fourier, J.-B. J. (1827). Memoire sur les Temperatures du Globe Terrestre et des Espaces Planetaires. Mem. I’Inst. Fr. 7, 570-604.
22. Goody, R. M. (1964). Atmospheric Radiation I: Theoretical Basis. London, Clarendon Press.
23. Hallberg, R. and A. K. Inamdar (1993). Observation of seasonal variations of atmospheric greenhouse trapping and its enhancement at high sea surface temperature. J. Clim. 6, 920-31.
24. Harrison, E. F., P. Minnis, B. R. Barkstrom et al. (1990). Seasonal variation of cloud radiative forcing derived from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 18687-703.
25. Hartmann, D. L., V. Ramanathan, A. Berroir, and G. E. Hunt (1986). Earth radiation budget data and climate research. Rev Geophys. 24, 439-68.
26. Haywood, J. M., V. Ramaswamy, and B. J. Soden (1999). Tropospheric aerosol climate forcing in clear-sky satellite observations over the oceans. Science 283, 1299-303.
27. Hense, A., P. Krahe, and H. Flohn (1988). Recent fluctuations of tropospheric temperature and water vapor content in the tropics. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 38, 215-27.
28. Hitschfeld, W. and J. T. Houghton (1961). Radiative transfer in the lower stratosphere due to the 9.6 micron band of ozone. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 87, 562-77.
29. Inamdar, A. K. and V. Ramanathan (1994). Physics of greenhouse effect and convection in warm oceans. J. Climate 5, 715-31.
30. Inamdar, A. K. and V. Ramanathan (1998). Tropical and global scale interactions among water vapor, atmospheric greenhouse effect, and surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 177-94.
31. IPCC (1995). The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
32. Kaplan, L. D. (1959). A method for calculation of infrared flux for use in numerical models of atmospheric motion. The Atmosphere and the Sea in Motion. New York, NY, Rockfeller Institute Press, pp. 170-77.
33. Kaplan, L. D. (1960). The influence of CO2 variations on the atmosphere heat balance. Tellus 12, 204-8.
34. Kiehl, J. T. (1994). On the observed near cancellation between longwave and shortwave cloud forcing in tropical regions. J. Clim. 7, 559-65.
35. Kiehl, J. T. and B. P. Briegleb (1993). The relative roles of sulphate aerosols and greenhouse gases in climate forcing. Science 260, 311-14.
36. 2 radiative parameterization used in climate models: comparison with narrow band models and with laboratory data. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 5191-202.
37. Langley, S. P. (1884). Researches on solar heat and its absorption by the Earth’s atmosphere. A Report of the Mount Whitney Expedition. Professional Papers of the Signal Service No. 15, Washington, Government Printing Office.
38. Langley, S. P. (1889). The temperature of the moon. Mem. Nat’l. Acad. Sci. 4, Part II, 107-212.
39. Lindzen, R. S. (1990). Some coolness concerning global warming. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 71, 288-99.
40. Lindzen, R. S., B. Kirtman, D. Kirk-Davidoff, and E. K. Schneider (1995). Seasonal surrogate for climate. J. Clim. 8, 1681-4.
41. Luther, F. M., R. G. Ellingson, Y. Fourquart et al. (1988). Intercomparison of radiation codes in climate models (ICRCCM): longwave clear-sky results - A workshop summary. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 69, 40-8.
42. Manabe, S. and R. F. Strickler (1964). On the thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a convective adjustment. J. Atmos. Sci. 21, 361-85.
43. Manabe, S. and R. T. Wetherald (1967). Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a given distribution of relative humidity. J. Atmos. Sci. 24, 241-59.
44. McClatchey, R. A., W. S. Benedict, S. A. Clough et al. (1973). AFCRL atmospheric absorption line parameters compilation. Bedford, MA, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory, Report AFCRL-TR-73-0096.
45. Meehl, G. A. and W. M. Washington (1995). Cloud albedo feedback and the super greenhouse effect in a global coupled GCM. Clim. Dyn. 11, 399-411.
46. Michelson, A. A. (1895). On the broadening of spectral lines. Astrophys. J. 2, 251-61.
47. Mitchell, J. F. B. and W. J. Ingram (1992). Carbon dioxide and climate - mechanisms of changes in cloud. J. Clim. 5, 5-21.
48. Moller, F. (1963). On the influence of changes in CO2 concentration in air on the radiation balance of Earth’s surface and on climate. J. Geophys. Res. 68, 3877-86.
49. Ohmura, A. and H. Gilgen (1993). Re-evaluation of the global energy balance. Geophys. Monogr. 75, IUGG15: 93-110.
50. Ramanathan, V. (1981). The role of ocean-atmosphere interactions in the CO2 climate problem. J. Atmos. Sci. 38, 918-30.
51. Ramanathan, V. (1987). The role of Earth radiation budget studies in climate and general circulation research. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 4075-95.
52. Ramanthan, V. and W. Collins (1991). Thermodynamic regulation of ocean warming by cirrus clouds deduced from observations of the 1987 El Nino. Nature 351, 27-32.
53. Ramanathan, V., R. D. Cess, E. F. Harrison et al. (1989). Cloud-radiative forcing and climate: results from the earth radiation budget experiment. Science 243, 57-63.
54. Randel, D. L., T. H. Vonder Haar, M. A. Ringerud et al. (1996). A new global water vapor dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 77, 1233-46.
55. Raval, A. and V. Ramanathan (1989). Observational determination of the greenhouse effect. Nature 342, 758-61.
56. Revercomb, H. E., H. Buijs, H. B. Howell et al. (1988). Radiometric calibration of IR Fourier transform spectrometers: solution to a problem with the high-spectral resolution Interferometer Sounder. Appl. Opt. 27, 3210-18.
57. Roberts, R. E., L. M. Biberman, and J. E. A. Selby (1976). Infrared continuum absorption by atmospheric water vapor in the 8-10 q window. Appl. Opt. 15, 2085-90.
58. Rothman L. S., R. R. Gamache, A. Golman et al. (1987). The HITRAN database. Appl. Opt. 26, 4058-97.
59. Salisbury, J. W. and D. M. D’ Aria (1992). Emissivity of terrestrial materials in the 8-14 micron atmospheric window. Remote Sens. Environ. 42, 83-106.
60. Satheesh, S. K. and V. Ramanathan (2000). Large differences in tropical aerosol forcing at the top of the atmosphere and Earth’s surface. Nature 405, 60-3.
61. Schneider, E. K., B. P. Kirtman, and R. S. Lindzen (1999). Tropospheric water vapor and climate sensitivity. J. Atmos. Sci. 56, 1649-58.
62. Schneider, S. H. (1972). Cloudiness as a global climate feedback mechanism: the effects of a radiation balance and surface temperature of variations in cloudiness. J. Atmos. Sci. 29, 1413-22.
63. Schroeder, S. R. and J. P. McGuire (1998). Widespread tropical atmospheric drying from 1979 to 1995. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1301-4.
64. Shine, K. P. and A. Sinha (1991). Sensitivity of the Earth’s climate to height-dependent changes in the water vapour mixing ratio. Nature 354, 382-4.
65. Soden, B. J. (1997). Variations in the tropical greenhouse effect during El Nino. J. Climate 10, 1050-5.
66. Soden, B. J. and S. R. Schroeder (2000). Decadal variations in tropical water vapor: a comparison of observations and a model simulation. J. Clim. 13, 3337-41.
67. Spencer, R. W. and W. D. Braswell (1997). How dry is the tropical free troposphere? Implications for global warming theory. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 78, 1097-1106.
68. Stephens, G. L. (1990). On the relationship between water vapor over the oceans and sea surface temperature. J. Clim. 3, 634-45.
69. Stephens, G. L. and T. J. Greenwald (1991). The Earth’s radiation budget and its relation to atmospheric hydrology. 1. Observations of the clear sky greenhouse effect. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 15311-24.
70. Stephens, G. L. and P. J. Webster (1979). Sensitivity of radiative forcing to variable cloud and moisture. J. Atmos. Sci. 36, 1542-56.
71. Tyndall, J. (1861). On the absorption and radiation of heat by gases and vapours, and on the physical connexion of radiation, absorption, and conduction. Philosophical Magazine 22, 169-94, 273-85.
72. Waliser, D. E., N. E. Graham, and C. Gautier (1993). Comparison of the highly reflective cloud and outgoing longwave radiation datasets for use in estimating tropical deep convection. J. Clim. 6, 331-53.
73. Weaver, C. P. and V. Ramanathan (1997). Relationships between large-scale vertical velocity, static stability, and cloud radiative forcing over northern hemisphere extratropical oceans. J. Clim. 10, 2871-87.
74. Wetherald, R. T. and S. Manabe (1988). Cloud feedback processes in a general-circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci. 45, 1397-1415.