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Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 803-833

The future of the WTO: The case for institutional reform

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EID: 73849096786     PISSN: 13693034     EISSN: 14643758     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jiel/jgp032     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (14)

References (125)
  • 1
    • 73849114345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Struggle for Legitimacy in the WTO
    • Cameron May Ltd, London
    • Debra P Steger, 'The Struggle for Legitimacy in the WTO' in Peace Through Trade: Building the WTO (Cameron May Ltd, London 2004) 287.
    • (2004) Peace Through Trade: Building the WTO , pp. 287
    • Steger, D.P.1
  • 2
    • 73849112444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report of the First Warwick Commission, University of Warwick, UK
    • Report of the First Warwick Commission, The Multilateral Trade Regime: Which Way Forward? (University of Warwick, UK 2007) 11.
    • (2007) The Multilateral Trade Regime: Which Way Forward , pp. 11
  • 4
    • 73849138390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warwick Report, above (n 2).
    • Warwick Report, above (n 2).
  • 5
    • 73849096698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robert Wolfe, Richard Blackhurst, Petros Mavroidis, Robert Lawrence, Allan Sykes and most trade economists seem to hold this view
    • Robert Wolfe, Richard Blackhurst, Petros Mavroidis, Robert Lawrence, Allan Sykes and most trade economists seem to hold this view.
  • 6
    • 73849115063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • John Jackson, Thomas Cottier, Marco Bronckers, Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, Deborah Cass, Pieter-Jan Kuijper and, of course, the author fits within this group. Notably, experts holding this view are mainly lawyers
    • John Jackson, Thomas Cottier, Marco Bronckers, Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, Deborah Cass, Pieter-Jan Kuijper and, of course, the author fits within this group. Notably, experts holding this view are mainly lawyers.
  • 7
    • 34548454143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Debra P Steger, 'The Culture of the WTO: Why It Needs to Change' (2007) 10 JIEL 483.
    • Debra P Steger, 'The Culture of the WTO: Why It Needs to Change' (2007) 10 JIEL 483.
  • 8
    • 26844514814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Although he opposes changing the consensus rule in decision making and is not in favour of a Management Board, he does support greater transparency in the WTO, including allowing participation of NGOs in decision making. He also would encourage WTO panels and the Appellate Body to examine other international law as well as WTO law in making their decisions. Joost Pauwelyn, The Transformation of World Trade, 2007 104 MLR 1
    • Although he opposes changing the consensus rule in decision making and is not in favour of a Management Board, he does support greater transparency in the WTO, including allowing participation of NGOs in decision making. He also would encourage WTO panels and the Appellate Body to examine other international law as well as WTO law in making their decisions. Joost Pauwelyn, 'The Transformation of World Trade' (2007) 104 MLR 1.
  • 9
    • 24144476680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Claus-Dieter Ehlermann and Lothar Ehring, 'Decision-Making in the World Trade Organization: Is the Consensus Practice of the World Trade Organization Adequate for Making, Revising and Implementing Rules on International Trade?' (2005) 8 JIEL 51;
    • Claus-Dieter Ehlermann and Lothar Ehring, 'Decision-Making in the World Trade Organization: Is the Consensus Practice of the World Trade Organization Adequate for Making, Revising and Implementing Rules on International Trade?' (2005) 8 JIEL 51;
  • 10
    • 73849114345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Struggle for Legitimacy in the WTO
    • Cameron May Ltd, London
    • Debra P Steger, 'The Struggle for Legitimacy in the WTO' in Peace Through Trade: Building the WTO (Cameron May Ltd, London 2004);
    • (2004) Peace Through Trade: Building the WTO
    • Steger, D.P.1
  • 11
    • 0037780143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marco CEJ Bronckers, 'Better Rules for a New Millennium: A Warning Against Undemocratic Developments in the WTO' (1999) 2 JIEL 547.
    • Marco CEJ Bronckers, 'Better Rules for a New Millennium: A Warning Against Undemocratic Developments in the WTO' (1999) 2 JIEL 547.
  • 12
    • 73849145210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marco CEJ Bronckers, ibid 551-2.
    • Marco CEJ Bronckers, ibid 551-2.
  • 14
    • 0035588927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The WTO "Constitution" and Proposed Reforms: Seven "Mantras" Revisited
    • 4 JIEL 67, 74
    • John H Jackson, 'The WTO "Constitution" and Proposed Reforms: Seven "Mantras" Revisited' (2001) 4 JIEL 67, 74.
    • (2001)
    • Jackson, J.H.1
  • 16
    • 73849092131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision-Making and the Balance of Powers in WTO Negotiations: Towards Supplementary Weighted Voting
    • Stefan Griller ed, Springer, Vienna
    • Thomas Cottier and Satoko Takenoshita, 'Decision-Making and the Balance of Powers in WTO Negotiations: Towards Supplementary Weighted Voting' in Stefan Griller (ed), At the Crossroads: The World Trading System and the Doha Round (vol 8 Springer, Vienna 2008) 181.
    • (2008) At the Crossroads: The World Trading System and the Doha Round , vol.8 , pp. 181
    • Cottier, T.1    Takenoshita, S.2
  • 17
    • 26644436741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inconsistency Between Diagnosis and Treatment
    • 8 JIEL 291, 296
    • Gary Clyde Hufbauer, 'Inconsistency Between Diagnosis and Treatment' (2005) 8 JIEL 291, 296.
    • (2005)
    • Clyde Hufbauer, G.1
  • 18
    • 73849146288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warwick Report, above (n 2) 29-32.
    • Warwick Report, above (n 2) 29-32.
  • 19
    • 73849139124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sutherland Report, above (n 3) 2.
    • Sutherland Report, above (n 3) 2.
  • 22
    • 73849150032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A short history of the Uruguay Round institutional negotiation is provided in Debra P Steger, 'The World Trade Organization: A New Constitution for the World Trading System' in Marco Bronckers and Reinhard Quick (eds), New Directions in International Economic Law: Essays in Honour of John H. Jackson (Kluwer International, The Hague 2000) 135-54;
    • A short history of the Uruguay Round institutional negotiation is provided in Debra P Steger, 'The World Trade Organization: A New Constitution for the World Trading System' in Marco Bronckers and Reinhard Quick (eds), New Directions in International Economic Law: Essays in Honour of John H. Jackson (Kluwer International, The Hague 2000) 135-54;
  • 23
    • 73849088160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WTO Institutional Aspects
    • See also, Daniel Bethlehem, Donald McRae, Rodney Neufeld and Isabelle Van Damme eds, OUP, Oxford
    • See also Pieter-Jan Kuijper, 'WTO Institutional Aspects' in Daniel Bethlehem, Donald McRae, Rodney Neufeld and Isabelle Van Damme (eds), The Oxford Handbook of International Trade Law (OUP, Oxford, 2009) 79-129.
    • (2009) The Oxford Handbook of International Trade Law , pp. 79-129
    • Kuijper, P.-J.1
  • 24
    • 73849147372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Jackson, above (n 12);
    • See Jackson, above (n 12);
  • 25
    • 73849089690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see Ehlermann and Ehring, above (n 9) 65-9;
    • see Ehlermann and Ehring, above (n 9) 65-9;
  • 26
    • 26944485092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective Global Economic Governance by the World Trade Organization
    • 8 JIEL 667, 671;
    • Peter Van den Bossche and Iveta Alexovičová, 'Effective Global Economic Governance by the World Trade Organization' (2005) 8 JIEL 667, 671;
    • (2005)
    • Van den Bossche, P.1    Alexovičová, I.2
  • 28
    • 73849092325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Cottier and Takenoshita, above (n 14) 181;
    • See Cottier and Takenoshita, above (n 14) 181;
  • 29
    • 73849088892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see Ehlermann and Ehring, above (n 9) 73.
    • see Ehlermann and Ehring, above (n 9) 73.
  • 30
    • 73849115558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (adopted 15 April 1994) 1867 UNTS 154, 33 ILM 1144.
    • Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (adopted 15 April 1994) 1867 UNTS 154, 33 ILM 1144.
  • 31
    • 73849124769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WTO Agreement
    • WTO Agreement, Article IX:1, n 1.
    • Article IX , vol.1 , Issue.1
  • 34
    • 73849090718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WTO, General Council, Accession of Ecuador, WT/ACC/ECU/5 (22 August 1996). The accession of Ecuador was the first accession approved under the WTO, and it was done according to GATT practice of majority voting using a mail ballot within 30 days. There was a demand for a vote in the Dispute Settlement Body in the implementation of the EC- Bananas dispute and several proposals to vote in the General Council relating to the selection of a successor for Director-General Renato Ruggiero, but no vote was ever taken in those cases; see also Ehlermann and Ehring, above (n 9) 63.
    • WTO, General Council, Accession of Ecuador, WT/ACC/ECU/5 (22 August 1996). The accession of Ecuador was the first accession approved under the WTO, and it was done according to GATT practice of majority voting using a mail ballot within 30 days. There was a demand for a vote in the Dispute Settlement Body in the implementation of the EC- Bananas dispute and several proposals to vote in the General Council relating to the selection of a successor for Director-General Renato Ruggiero, but no vote was ever taken in those cases; see also Ehlermann and Ehring, above (n 9) 63.
  • 36
    • 73849113186 scopus 로고
    • WTO, Statement by the Chairman as Agreed by the General Council on 15 November, 24 November
    • WTO, Statement by the Chairman as Agreed by the General Council on 15 November 1995, Decision-Making Procedures Under Articles IX and XII, WT/L/93 (24 November 1995).
    • (1995) Decision-Making Procedures Under Articles IX and XII, WT/L/93
  • 37
    • 73849100491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WTO Agreement, Article IX:1, n 2; under Article 2:4 of the DSU, decisions of the Dispute Settlement Body are to be taken by consensus, except for decisions on establishment of panels (Article 6:1), adoption of panel and Appellate Body reports (Articles 16:4 and 17:14), and authorization of suspension of concessions or other obligations (Article 22:6) which are to be taken automatically unless the DSB decides by consensus against such decisions (reverse consensus).
    • WTO Agreement, Article IX:1, n 2; under Article 2:4 of the DSU, decisions of the Dispute Settlement Body are to be taken by consensus, except for decisions on establishment of panels (Article 6:1), adoption of panel and Appellate Body reports (Articles 16:4 and 17:14), and authorization of suspension of concessions or other obligations (Article 22:6) which are to be taken automatically unless the DSB decides by consensus against such decisions (reverse consensus).
  • 38
    • 73849121983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WTO Agreement
    • WTO Agreement, Article IX:3, n 3.
    • Article IX , vol.3 , Issue.3
  • 42
    • 29144483557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Claus-Dieter Ehlermann and Lothar Ehring, 'The Authoritative Interpretation Under Article IX:2 of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization: Current Law, Practice and Possible Improvements' (2005) 8 JIEL 803, 806.
    • Claus-Dieter Ehlermann and Lothar Ehring, 'The Authoritative Interpretation Under Article IX:2 of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization: Current Law, Practice and Possible Improvements' (2005) 8 JIEL 803, 806.
  • 44
    • 73849088159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exceptions have been some negotiations that were mandated as part of the 'built-in' agenda of the legal texts of the Uruguay Round agreements, including on agriculture, trade in services (including information technology, telecommunications and financial services) and dispute settlement. However, with the exception of some trade in services decisions, the rest of those negotiations have been subsumed in the Doha Round.
    • Exceptions have been some negotiations that were mandated as part of the 'built-in' agenda of the legal texts of the Uruguay Round agreements, including on agriculture, trade in services (including information technology, telecommunications and financial services) and dispute settlement. However, with the exception of some trade in services decisions, the rest of those negotiations have been subsumed in the Doha Round.
  • 45
    • 73849089307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ministerial Conference
    • WTO, WT/MIN(01)/Dec/1 20 November, para 46
    • WTO, Ministerial Conference, Ministerial Declaration adopted on 14 November 2001, WT/MIN(01)/Dec/1 (20 November 2001) para 46.
    • (2001) Ministerial Declaration adopted on 14 November 2001
  • 47
    • 73849122927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WTO, Trade Negotiations Committee, Minutes of the Meeting Held on 26 July 2007, TN/C/M/27 (30 October 2007).
    • WTO, Trade Negotiations Committee, Minutes of the Meeting Held on 26 July 2007, TN/C/M/27 (30 October 2007).
  • 52
    • 71549168080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Independent Evaluation Office of the International Monetary Fund, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC
    • Independent Evaluation Office of the International Monetary Fund, Governance of the IMF: An Evaluation (International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC 2008) 4.
    • (2008) Governance of the IMF: An Evaluation , pp. 4
  • 54
    • 73849150845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Independent Evaluation Office of the International Monetary Fund; ibid 4.
    • See Independent Evaluation Office of the International Monetary Fund; ibid 4.
  • 58
    • 73849146988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Havana Charter for an International Trade Organization - Final Act and Related Documents, UN Doc. E/Conf. 2/78 (1948).
    • United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, Havana Charter for an International Trade Organization - Final Act and Related Documents, UN Doc. E/Conf. 2/78 (1948).
  • 60
    • 73849145916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The IMF Interim Committee of the Board of Governors was made up of top financial officials who would meet a few times a year to discuss policies related to the international monetary system. It functioned in a way that respected the role of the Board of Executive Directors. When confronted with divisive policy issues, the Board consulted with the Committee, which provided the solution and referred back to the Board for further work on technical aspects. Its informal sessions with the Managing Director, the Executive Directors and IMF staff proved to be effective in contributing to consensus. See James M Boughton, Silent Revolution: The International Monetary Fund 1979-1989 (International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC 2001) 864-5
    • The IMF Interim Committee of the Board of Governors was made up of top financial officials who would meet a few times a year to discuss policies related to the international monetary system. It functioned in a way that respected the role of the Board of Executive Directors. When confronted with divisive policy issues, the Board consulted with the Committee, which provided the solution and referred back to the Board for further work on technical aspects. Its informal sessions with the Managing Director, the Executive Directors and IMF staff proved to be effective in contributing to consensus. See James M Boughton, Silent Revolution: The International Monetary Fund 1979-1989 (International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC 2001) 864-5.
  • 61
    • 73849133092 scopus 로고
    • it was to be called the 'Management Group', but with the insistence of the GATT contracting parties on the limited authority of this group (the CG 18 was not to adopt binding decisions), its title was changed to the 'Consultative Group'. See GATT
    • 24 June
    • Originally, it was to be called the 'Management Group', but with the insistence of the GATT contracting parties on the limited authority of this group (the CG 18 was not to adopt binding decisions), its title was changed to the 'Consultative Group'. See GATT, Management of GATT: Note by the Secretariat, L/4048 (24 June 1974);
    • (1974) Management of GATT: Note by the Secretariat , vol.L 4048
    • Originally1
  • 63
    • 4544307931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving the Capacity of WTO Institutions to Fulfill Their Mandate
    • 7 JIEL 705
    • Richard Blackhurst and David Hartridge, 'Improving the Capacity of WTO Institutions to Fulfill Their Mandate' (2004) 7 JIEL 705, 713-4.
    • (2004) , pp. 713-714
    • Blackhurst, R.1    Hartridge, D.2
  • 64
    • 73849128293 scopus 로고
    • Negotiating Group on the Functioning of the GATT System
    • GATT, Group of Negotiations on Goods, MTN.GNG/NG14/W/45 18 October
    • GATT, Group of Negotiations on Goods, Negotiating Group on the Functioning of the GATT System, Proposal by the United States, MTN.GNG/NG14/W/45 (18 October 1990).
    • (1990) Proposal by the United States
  • 65
    • 73849147371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid 2.
  • 66
    • 73849086376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WTO, Ministerial Conference, Ministerial Declaration adopted on 14 November 2001, WT/ MIN(01)/DEC/1 (20 November 2001) at para 10.
    • WTO, Ministerial Conference, Ministerial Declaration adopted on 14 November 2001, WT/ MIN(01)/DEC/1 (20 November 2001) at para 10.
  • 67
    • 73849109618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In particular, David Hartridge states '[t]he WTO, and the GATT before it, have always needed, and for the past 17 years have lacked, a steering committee or management body. This need grows more urgent as the membership and the difficulty of managing the daily business of the Organization increase. So, a formal consultative body should be established'. See Blackhurst and Hartridge, above (n 54) 711.
    • In particular, David Hartridge states '[t]he WTO, and the GATT before it, have always needed, and for the past 17 years have lacked, a steering committee or management body. This need grows more urgent as the membership and the difficulty of managing the daily business of the Organization increase. So, a formal consultative body should be established'. See Blackhurst and Hartridge, above (n 54) 711.
  • 68
    • 26944449653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Robert Wolfe, 'Decision-Making and Transparency in the Medieval WTO: Does the Sutherland Report Have the Right Prescription?' (2005) 8 JIEL 631, 641. In particular, he considers that '[t]he effort to crystallize the informal bodies that are emerging organically might be needlessly divisive without accomplishing much'. Joost Pauwelyn also opposes the idea of a small management body.
    • See Robert Wolfe, 'Decision-Making and Transparency in the "Medieval" WTO: Does the Sutherland Report Have the Right Prescription?' (2005) 8 JIEL 631, 641. In particular, he considers that '[t]he effort to crystallize the informal bodies that are emerging organically might be needlessly divisive without accomplishing much'. Joost Pauwelyn also opposes the idea of a small management body.
  • 69
    • 73849110345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sutherland Report, above (n 3) paras 321-7.
    • Sutherland Report, above (n 3) paras 321-7.
  • 70
    • 73849142574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 71
    • 73849090045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid 325-6.
  • 72
    • 73849096360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blackhurst and Hartridge, above (n 54) 708-9.
    • Blackhurst and Hartridge, above (n 54) 708-9.
  • 74
    • 73849127228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The proposal made by the United States does not implicitly suggest vesting the Management Board with supervisory functions
    • The proposal made by the United States does not implicitly suggest vesting the Management Board with supervisory functions.
  • 75
    • 73849148479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leonardo Martinez-Diaz notes that '[f]or a board to play its role as strategic thinker, it must provide an environment that supports frank and constructive deliberation among board directors. In practice, this means relatively small boards. Corporate governance experts suggest that executive boards should have no more than ten members, with twelve as the absolute maximum (Carter and Lorsch, 2003, 89-91)'. See Martinez-Diaz, above (n 45) para 16.
    • Leonardo Martinez-Diaz notes that '[f]or a board to play its role as strategic thinker, it must provide an environment that supports frank and constructive deliberation among board directors. In practice, this means relatively small boards. Corporate governance experts suggest that executive boards should have no more than ten members, with twelve as the absolute maximum (Carter and Lorsch, 2003, 89-91)'. See Martinez-Diaz, above (n 45) para 16.
  • 76
    • 73849152293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • With respect to the WTO informal process of decision making, Richard Blackhurst notes that, once the active participation in a group/committee exceeds a certain number (say 25 or 30, discussions, debates and negotiations become increasingly cumbersome, inefficient and ultimately impossible, See Blackhurst and Hartridge, above (n 54) 707
    • With respect to the WTO informal process of decision making, Richard Blackhurst notes that '. . . once the active participation in a group/committee exceeds a certain number (say 25 or 30), discussions, debates and negotiations become increasingly cumbersome, inefficient and ultimately impossible'. See Blackhurst and Hartridge, above (n 54) 707.
  • 77
    • 73849091449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A totally member-driven organization is, in many cases, counterproductive, and most certainly inefficient
    • See Jackson, above (n 12) 72
    • 'A totally member-driven organization is, in many cases, counterproductive, and most certainly inefficient'. See Jackson, above (n 12) 72.
  • 78
    • 73849149656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sutherland Report, above (n 3) para 338.
    • Sutherland Report, above (n 3) para 338.
  • 79
    • 73849112185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 80
    • 73849101218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid para 361.
    • Ibid para 361.
  • 81
    • 73849124768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid para 365.
    • Ibid para 365.
  • 82
    • 73849125542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid paras 365-6.
    • Ibid paras 365-6.
  • 83
    • 73849112184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid paras 342-53.
    • Ibid paras 342-53.
  • 84
    • 73849124767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid paras 355-6.
    • Ibid paras 355-6.
  • 85
    • 73849145573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The information is taken from the respective websites of the OECD and the WTO; online OECD ; online WTO .
    • The information is taken from the respective websites of the OECD and the WTO; online OECD ; online WTO .
  • 86
    • 26644467732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steve Charnovitz believes that the Secretariat should not debate with civil society and defend the WTO publicly. In his view, it is 'wrong, for regular WTO staff to serve as a truth squad and respond to critics of the WTO, See Steve Charnovitz, A Close Look at a Few Points, 2005 8 JIEL 311, 319
    • Steve Charnovitz believes that the Secretariat should not debate with civil society and defend the WTO publicly. In his view, it is 'wrong. . . for regular WTO staff to serve as a truth squad and respond to critics of the WTO'. See Steve Charnovitz, 'A Close Look at a Few Points' (2005) 8 JIEL 311, 319.
  • 88
    • 4544320099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, eg Steve Charnovitz, 'The WTO and Cosmopolitics' (2004) 7 JIEL 675.
    • See, eg Steve Charnovitz, 'The WTO and Cosmopolitics' (2004) 7 JIEL 675.
  • 89
    • 4544299733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Julio Lacarte, 'Transparency, Public Debate and Participation by NGOs in the WTO: A WTO Perspective' (2004) 7 JIEL 686.
    • Julio Lacarte, 'Transparency, Public Debate and Participation by NGOs in the WTO: A WTO Perspective' (2004) 7 JIEL 686.
  • 91
    • 84868081245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It was organized by the Inter-Parliamentary Union and held within the framework of the WTO Public Symposium 'Challenges ahead on the road to Cancun, See Inter-Parliamentary Union, Panel Discussion, Challenges Ahead on the Road to Cancun 17 June 2003, online IPU
    • It was organized by the Inter-Parliamentary Union and held within the framework of the WTO Public Symposium 'Challenges ahead on the road to Cancun'. See Inter-Parliamentary Union, Panel Discussion, Challenges Ahead on the Road to Cancun (17 June 2003), online IPU .
  • 92
    • 73849128653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, the WTO and the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association organized regional workshops for African and Caribbean Parliamentarians in Cape Town and Port-of-Spain in 2003. See a booklet prepared by the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and the WTO, Regional Workshops for Parliamentarians on the Multilateral Trading System, online Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and the WTO (28-30 July 2003), online WTO .
    • For example, the WTO and the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association organized regional workshops for African and Caribbean Parliamentarians in Cape Town and Port-of-Spain in 2003. See a booklet prepared by the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and the WTO, Regional Workshops for Parliamentarians on the Multilateral Trading System, online Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and the WTO (28-30 July 2003), online WTO .
  • 93
    • 73849144096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sutherland Report, above (n 3) paras 201-5.
    • Sutherland Report, above (n 3) paras 201-5.
  • 94
    • 73849116615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charnovitz, above (n 76) 316
    • Charnovitz, above (n 76) 316.
  • 97
    • 4544378966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Parliamentary Dimension to the WTO-More Than Just a Vision?
    • See also, 7 JIEL 659, 662
    • See also Erika Mann, 'A Parliamentary Dimension to the WTO-More Than Just a Vision?' (2004) 7 JIEL 659, 662.
    • (2004)
    • Mann, E.1
  • 98
    • 84868054835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WTO Director General Dialogues with MPs at IPU Meeting on International Trade
    • Inter-Parliamentary Union, 9 June, online IPU
    • Inter-Parliamentary Union, WTO Director General Dialogues with MPs at IPU Meeting on International Trade, Press Release 119 (9 June 2001), online IPU .
    • (2001) Press Release , vol.119
  • 100
    • 73849108306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 101
    • 84868061386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parliamentarians for More Transparency and Accountability of World Trade Negotiations
    • Inter-Parliamentary Union, 12 November, online IPU
    • Inter-Parliamentary Union, Parliamentarians for More Transparency and Accountability of World Trade Negotiations, Press Release 124 (12 November 2001), online IPU .
    • (2001) Press Release , vol.124
  • 102
    • 73849125543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 103
    • 73849152683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 104
    • 84868074119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the Final Declaration/Conclusions of the Parliamentary Meeting on the occasion of the fourth WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha. Inter-Parliamentary Union, Parliamentary Meeting-Final Declaration/Conclusions 11 November 2001, online IPU
    • See the Final Declaration/Conclusions of the Parliamentary Meeting on the occasion of the fourth WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha. Inter-Parliamentary Union, Parliamentary Meeting-Final Declaration/Conclusions (11 November 2001), online IPU .
  • 105
    • 73849143768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Belgium, Canada, China, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Iran Islamic Republic of, Japan, Kenya, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, South Africa, Thailand, Uruguay, United States of America, Inter-Parliamentary Union, European Parliament, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and World Trade Organization
    • Belgium, Canada, China, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Japan, Kenya, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, South Africa, Thailand, Uruguay, United States of America, Inter-Parliamentary Union, European Parliament, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and World Trade Organization.
  • 106
    • 84868063764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parliaments Have a Special Role in Making the International Trading System More Open, More Equitable, More Predictable and Non-discriminatory
    • Inter-Parliamentary Union, , 18 February, online IPU
    • Inter-Parliamentary Union, Parliaments Have a Special Role in Making the International Trading System More Open, More Equitable, More Predictable and Non-discriminatory, Press Release 151 (18 February 2003), online IPU .
    • (2003) Press Release , vol.151
  • 107
    • 73849124037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parliamentary Conference on the WTO, Final Declaration adopted by consensus on 18 February 2003 at para 11, online IPU .
    • Parliamentary Conference on the WTO, Final Declaration adopted by consensus on 18 February 2003 at para 11, online IPU .
  • 109
    • 73849141414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Parliamentary Conference on the WTO, Cancun Session-Declaration adopted by consensus on 12 September 2003, online IPU .
    • See also Parliamentary Conference on the WTO, Cancun Session-Declaration adopted by consensus on 12 September 2003, online IPU .
  • 110
    • 73849089688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parliamentary Conference on the WTO, Rules of Procedure adopted on 26 November 2004 and amended on 12 September 2008, online IPU .
    • Parliamentary Conference on the WTO, Rules of Procedure adopted on 26 November 2004 and amended on 12 September 2008, online IPU .
  • 112
    • 73849092678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some 400 members of national parliaments representing 65 countries and regional parliamentary assemblies participated in the Parliamentary Conference in Hong Kong in December 2005. Inter-Parliamentary Union, A Critical Moment for the WTO, Say Parliamentarians, Press Relase 215 (12 December 2005), online IPU .
    • Some 400 members of national parliaments representing 65 countries and regional parliamentary assemblies participated in the Parliamentary Conference in Hong Kong in December 2005. Inter-Parliamentary Union, A Critical Moment for the WTO, Say Parliamentarians, Press Relase 215 (12 December 2005), online IPU .
  • 113
    • 73849115557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Parliamentary Conference on the WTO that took place on 1-2 December 2006 brought together some 400 delegates from over 70 countries. Inter-Parliamentary Union, The Political Cost of Failure Should Perhaps Be Considered as the Most Compelling Reason for Reaching a Deal, Press Release 251 (1 December 2006), online IPU .
    • The Parliamentary Conference on the WTO that took place on 1-2 December 2006 brought together some 400 delegates from over 70 countries. Inter-Parliamentary Union, The Political Cost of Failure Should Perhaps Be Considered as the Most Compelling Reason for Reaching a Deal, Press Release 251 (1 December 2006), online IPU .
  • 114
    • 73849129401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • More than 400 parliamentarians from over 80 countries participated in the Parliamentary Conference on the WTO on 12 September 2008. Inter-Parliamentary Union, Parliamentarians Urge WTO Negotiators to Close the Deal, Press Release 309 (12 September 2008), online IPU .
    • More than 400 parliamentarians from over 80 countries participated in the Parliamentary Conference on the WTO on 12 September 2008. Inter-Parliamentary Union, Parliamentarians Urge WTO Negotiators to Close the Deal, Press Release 309 (12 September 2008), online IPU .
  • 115
    • 73849150846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annual 2006 Session of the Parliamentary Conference on the WTO, Declaration adopted by consensus on 2 December 2006 at para 7, online IPU .
    • Annual 2006 Session of the Parliamentary Conference on the WTO, Declaration adopted by consensus on 2 December 2006 at para 7, online IPU .
  • 116
    • 73849089309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Annual 2008 Session of the Parliamentary Conference on the WTO, Outcome Document adopted by consensus on 12 September 2008 at paras 8 and 11, online IPU .
    • See also Annual 2008 Session of the Parliamentary Conference on the WTO, Outcome Document adopted by consensus on 12 September 2008 at paras 8 and 11, online IPU .
  • 117
    • 73849096359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The legal basis for building communications between the WTO and non-governmental organizations is found in Article V:2 of the WTO Agreement, The General Council may make appropriate arrangements for consultation and cooperation with non-governmental organizations concerned with matters related to those of the WTO
    • The legal basis for building communications between the WTO and non-governmental organizations is found in Article V:2 of the WTO Agreement, 'The General Council may make appropriate arrangements for consultation and cooperation with non-governmental organizations concerned with matters related to those of the WTO'.
  • 120
    • 73849130421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sutherland Report, above (n 3) paras 183-5.
    • Sutherland Report, above (n 3) paras 183-5.
  • 121
    • 73849121266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid paras 206-10.
    • Ibid paras 206-10.
  • 122
    • 73849132329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid paras 190-1, 210.
    • Ibid paras 190-1, 210.
  • 123
    • 73849146989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid paras 193-4.
    • Ibid paras 193-4.
  • 124
    • 73849131491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid paras 206-12.
    • Ibid paras 206-12.


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