Alopecia areata update. Part II. Treatment

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Volumn 62, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 191-202

  Alkhalifah, Abdullah ^a   Alsantali, Adel ^a   Wang, Eddy ^a   McElwee, Kevin J ^a   Shapiro, Jerry ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

biologics; corticosteroids; immunotherapy; intralesional; minoxidil; phototherapy

Indexed keywords

ADALIMUMAB; BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE; BETAMETHASONE VALERATE; BEXAROTENE; BIMATOPROST; CAPSAICIN; CLOBETASOL; CLOBETASOL PROPIONATE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; DESOXIMETASONE; DEXAMETHASONE; DIPHENCYPRONE; DITHRANOL; EFALIZUMAB; ETANERCEPT; LATANOPROST; LATTISSE; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MINOXIDIL; PIMECROLIMUS; PLACEBO; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; PSORALEN; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; SQUARIC ACID DIBUTYL ESTER; TACROLIMUS; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACNE; ALOPECIA AREATA; CATARACT; CERVICAL LYMPHADENOPATHY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTACT DERMATITIS; CONTACT URTICARIA; CREAM; CUSHING SYNDROME; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSMENORRHEA; ECZEMA; ERYTHEMA; ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FACE EDEMA; FIBROMA; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; FOAM; FOLLICULITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERPIGMENTATION; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRICHOSIS; HYPOPIGMENTATION; HYPOTRICHOSIS; LOW DRUG DOSE; LYMPHADENOPATHY; MONOTHERAPY; NEPHROTOXICITY; OBESITY; OINTMENT; OSTEOPOROSIS; PATIENT SELECTION; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; PUVA; QUALITY OF LIFE; RASH; RECURRENCE RISK; REMISSION; REVIEW; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SKIN IRRITATION; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT PLANNING; TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VITILIGO;

ADMINISTRATION, TOPICAL; ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ADULT; ALOPECIA AREATA; ANIMALS; CHILD; CYCLOPROPANES; CYCLOSPORINE; HAIR; HAPTENS; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INJECTIONS, INTRALESIONAL; LASER THERAPY; METHOTREXATE; MINOXIDIL; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RATS; RECURRENCE; RESEARCH DESIGN; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SULFASALAZINE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE;

EID: 73649139228     PISSN: 01909622     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.10.031     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Delamere F.M., Sladden M.M., Dobbins H.M., and Leonardi-Bee J. Interventions for alopecia areata. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 (2008) CD004413
2. Olsen E.A., Hordinsky M.K., Price V.H., Roberts J.L., Shapiro J., Canfield D., et al. Alopecia areata investigational assessment guidelines-part II. National Alopecia Areata Foundation. J Am Acad Dermatol 51 (2004) 440-447
3. Garg S., and Messenger A.G. Alopecia areata: evidence-based treatments. Semin Cutan Med Surg 28 (2009) 15-18
4. Abell E., and Munro D.D. Intralesional treatment of alopecia areata with triamcinolone acetonide by jet injector. Br J Dermatol 88 (1973) 55-59
5. Porter D., and Burton J.L. A comparison of intra-lesional triamcinolone hexacetonide and triamcinolone acetonide in alopecia areata. Br J Dermatol 85 (1971) 272-273
6. Sohn K.C., Jang S., Choi D.K., Lee Y.S., Yoon T.J., Jeon E.K., et al. Effect of thioredoxin reductase 1 on glucocorticoid receptor activity in human outer root sheath cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 356 (2007) 810-815
7. Charuwichitratana S., Wattanakrai P., and Tanrattanakorn S. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in the treatment of alopecia areata with 0.25% desoximetasone cream. Arch Dermatol 136 (2000) 1276-1277
8. Mancuso G., Balducci A., Casadio C., Farina P., Staffa M., Valenti L., et al. Efficacy of betamethasone valerate foam formulation in comparison with betamethasone dipropionate lotion in the treatment of mild-to-moderate alopecia areata: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled, investigator-blinded trial. Int J Dermatol 42 (2003) 572-575
9. Tosti A., Piraccini B.M., Pazzaglia M., and Vincenzi C. Clobetasol propionate 0.05% under occlusion in the treatment of alopecia totalis/universalis. J Am Acad Dermatol 49 (2003) 96-98
10. Tosti A., Iorizzo M., Botta G.L., and Milani M. Efficacy and safety of a new clobetasol propionate 0.05% foam in alopecia areata: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 20 (2006) 1243-1247
11. Pascher F., Kurtin S., and Andrade R. Assay of 0.2 percent fluocinolone acetonide cream for alopecia areata and totalis. Efficacy and side effects including histologic study of the ensuing localized acneform response. Dermatologica 141 (1970) 193-202
12. Wester R.C., Maibach H.I., Guy R.H., and Novak E. Minoxidil stimulates cutaneous blood flow in human balding scalps: pharmacodynamics measured by laser Doppler velocimetry and photopulse plethysmography. J Invest Dermatol 82 (1984) 515-517
13. Bunker C.B., and Dowd P.M. Alterations in scalp blood flow after the epicutaneous application of 3% minoxidil and 0.1% hexyl nicotinate in alopecia. Br J Dermatol 117 (1987) 668-669
14. Lachgar S., Charveron M., Gall Y., and Bonafe J.L. Minoxidil upregulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human hair dermal papilla cells. Br J Dermatol 138 (1998) 407-411
15. Uno H., Cappas A., and Brigham P. Action of topical minoxidil in the bald stump-tailed macaque. J Am Acad Dermatol 16 (1987) 657-668
16. Mori O., and Uno H. The effect of topical minoxidil on hair follicular cycles of rats. J Dermatol 17 (1990) 276-281
17. Buhl A.E., Waldon D.J., Conrad S.J., Mulholland M.J., Shull K.L., Kubicek M.F., et al. Potassium channel conductance: a mechanism affecting hair growth both in vitro and in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 98 (1992) 315-319
18. Messenger A.G., and Rundegren J. Minoxidil: mechanisms of action on hair growth. Br J Dermatol 150 (2004) 186-194
19. Galbraith G.M., and Thiers B.H. In vitro suppression of human lymphocyte activity by minoxidil. Int J Dermatol 24 (1985) 249-251
20. Fiedler-Weiss V.C. Potential mechanisms of minoxidil-induced hair growth in alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 16 (1987) 653-656
21. Price V.H. Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of topical minoxidil in extensive alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 16 (1987) 730-736
22. Fiedler-Weiss V.C. Topical minoxidil solution (1% and 5%) in the treatment of alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 16 (1987) 745-748
23. Price V.H. Topical minoxidil (3%) in extensive alopecia areata, including long-term efficacy. J Am Acad Dermatol 16 (1987) 737-744
24. Olsen E.A., Dunlap F.E., Funicella T., Koperski J.A., Swinehart J.M., Tschen E.H., et al. A randomized clinical trial of 5% topical minoxidil versus 2% topical minoxidil and placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men. J Am Acad Dermatol 47 (2002) 377-385
25. Olsen E.A., Whiting D., Bergfeld W., Miller J., Hordinsky M., Wanser R., et al. A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of a novel formulation of 5% minoxidil topical foam versus placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men. J Am Acad Dermatol 57 (2007) 767-774
26. Lucky A.W., Piacquadio D.J., Ditre C.M., Dunlap F., Kantor I., Pandya A.G., et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 5% and 2% topical minoxidil solutions in the treatment of female pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol 50 (2004) 541-553
27. Schmoeckel C., Weissmann I., Plewig G., and Braun-Falco O. Treatment of alopecia areata by anthralin-induced dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 115 (1979) 1254-1255
28. Fiedler-Weiss V.C., and Buys C.M. Evaluation of anthralin in the treatment of alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol 123 (1987) 1491-1493
29. Tang L., Cao L., Sundberg J.P., Lui H., and Shapiro J. Restoration of hair growth in mice with an alopecia areata-like disease using topical anthralin. Exp Dermatol 13 (2004) 5-10
30. MacDonald Hull S.P., Wood M.L., Hutchinson P.E., Sladden M., and Messenger A.G. Guidelines for the management of alopecia areata. Br J Dermatol 149 (2003) 692-699
31. Fiedler V.C., Wendrow A., Szpunar G.J., Metzler C., and DeVillez R.L. Treatment-resistant alopecia areata. Response to combination therapy with minoxidil plus anthralin. Arch Dermatol 126 (1990) 756-759
32. Sasmaz S., and Arican O. Comparison of azelaic acid and anthralin for the therapy of patchy alopecia areata: a pilot study. Am J Clin Dermatol 6 (2005) 403-406
33. Strobel R., and Rohrborn G. Mutagenic and cell transforming activities of 1-chlor-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) and squaric-acid-dibutylester (SADBE). Arch Toxicol 45 (1980) 307-314
34. Summer K.H., and Goggelmann W. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene depletes glutathione in rat skin and is mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat Res 77 (1980) 91-93
35. Wilkerson M.G., Henkin J., and Wilkin J.K. Diphenylcyclopropenone: examination for potential contaminants, mechanisms of sensitization, and photochemical stability. J Am Acad Dermatol 11 (1984) 802-807
36. Wilkerson M.G., Henkin J., Wilkin J.K., and Smith R.G. Squaric acid and esters: analysis for contaminants and stability in solvents. J Am Acad Dermatol 13 (1985) 229-234
37. van der Steen P.H., van Baar H.M., Happle R., Boezeman J.B., and Perret C.M. Prognostic factors in the treatment of alopecia areata with diphenylcyclopropenone. J Am Acad Dermatol 24 (1991) 227-230
38. Wiseman M.C., Shapiro J., MacDonald N., and Lui H. Predictive model for immunotherapy of alopecia areata with diphencyprone. Arch Dermatol 137 (2001) 1063-1068
39. Weise K., Kretzschmar L., John S.M., and Hamm H. Topical immunotherapy in alopecia areata: anamnestic and clinical criteria of prognostic significance. Dermatology 192 (1996) 129-133
40. Galadari I., Rubaie S., Alkaabi J., and Galadari H. Diphenylcyclopropenone (diphencyprone, DPCP) in the treatment of chronic severe alopecia areata (AA). Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 35 (2003) 397-401
41. Gordon P.M., Aldrige R.D., McVittie E., and Hunter J.A. Topical diphencyprone for alopecia areata: evaluation of 48 cases after 30 months' follow-up. Br J Dermatol 134 (1996) 869-871
42. Tosti A., Bellavista S., and Iorizzo M. Alopecia areata: a long term follow-up study of 191 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 55 (2006) 438-441
43. McElwee K., Freyschmidt-Paul P., Ziegler A., Happle R., and Hoffmann R. Genetic susceptibility and severity of alopecia areata in human and animal models. Eur J Dermatol 11 (2001) 11-16
44. Orecchia G., and Perfetti L. Alopecia areata and topical sensitizers: allergic response is necessary but irritation is not. Br J Dermatol 124 (1991) 509
45. Orecchia G., Malagoli P., and Santagostino L. Treatment of severe alopecia areata with squaric acid dibutylester in pediatric patients. Pediatr Dermatol 11 (1994) 65-68
46. Dall'oglio F., Nasca M.R., Musumeci M.L., La Torre G., Ricciardi G., Potenza C., et al. Topical immunomodulator therapy with squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE) is effective treatment for severe alopecia areata (AA): results of an open-label, paired-comparison, clinical trial. J Dermatolog Treat 16 (2005) 10-14
47. Aghaei S. Topical immunotherapy of severe alopecia areata with diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP): experience in an Iranian population. BMC Dermatol 5 (2005) 6
48. Sotiriadis D., Patsatsi A., Lazaridou E., Kastanis A., Vakirlis E., and Chrysomallis F. Topical immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone in the treatment of chronic extensive alopecia areata. Clin Exp Dermatol 32 (2007) 48-51
49. Francomano M., and Seidenari S. Urticaria after topical immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone. Contact Dermatitis 47 (2002) 310-311
50. Alam M., Gross E.A., and Savin R.C. Severe urticarial reaction to diphenylcyclopropenone therapy for alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 40 (1999) 110-112
51. Tosti A., Guerra L., and Bardazzi F. Contact urticaria during topical immunotherapy. Contact Dermatitis 21 (1989) 196-197
52. Perret C.M., Steijlen P.M., Zaun H., and Happle R. Erythema multiforme-like eruptions: a rare side effect of topical immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone. Dermatologica 180 (1990) 5-7
53. Pan J.Y., Theng C., Lee J., and Goh B.K. Vitiligo as an adverse reaction to topical diphencyprone. Ann Acad Med Singapore 38 (2009) 276-277
54. Henderson C.A., and Ilchyshyn A. Vitiligo complicating diphencyprone sensitization therapy for alopecia universalis. Br J Dermatol 133 (1995) 496-497
55. Rokhsar C.K., Shupack J.L., Vafai J.J., and Washenik K. Efficacy of topical sensitizers in the treatment of alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 39 (1998) 751-761
56. Happle R. Antigenic competition as a therapeutic concept for alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol Res 267 (1980) 109-114
57. Herbst V., Zoller M., Kissling S., Wenzel E., Stutz N., and Freyschmidt-Paul P. Diphenylcyclopropenone treatment of alopecia areata induces apoptosis of perifollicular lymphocytes. Eur J Dermatol 16 (2006) 537-542
58. Happle R., Klein H.M., and Macher E. Topical immunotherapy changes the composition of the peribulbar infiltrate in alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol Res 278 (1986) 214-218
59. Wasylyszyn T., Kozlowski W., and Zabielski S.L. Changes in distribution pattern of CD8 lymphocytes in the scalp in alopecia areata during treatment with diphencyprone. Arch Dermatol Res 299 (2007) 231-237
60. Hoffmann R., Wenzel E., Huth A., van der Steen P., Schaufele M., Henninger H.P., et al. Cytokine mRNA levels in Alopecia areata before and after treatment with the contact allergen diphenylcyclopropenone. J Invest Dermatol 103 (1994) 530-533
61. Friedli A., Labarthe M.P., Engelhardt E., Feldmann R., Salomon D., and Saurat J.H. Pulse methylprednisolone therapy for severe alopecia areata: an open prospective study of 45 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 39 (1998) 597-602
62. Kar B.R., Handa S., Dogra S., and Kumar B. Placebo-controlled oral pulse prednisolone therapy in alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 52 (2005) 287-290
63. Winter R.J., Kern F., and Blizzard R.M. Prednisone therapy for alopecia areata. A follow-up report. Arch Dermatol 112 (1976) 1549-1552
64. Sharma V.K. Pulsed administration of corticosteroids in the treatment of alopecia areata. Int J Dermatol 35 (1996) 133-136
65. Olsen E.A., Carson S.C., and Turney E.A. Systemic steroids with or without 2% topical minoxidil in the treatment of alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol 128 (1992) 1467-1473
66. Burton J.L., and Shuster S. Large doses of glucocorticoid in the treatment of alopecia areata. Acta Derm Venereol 55 (1975) 493-496
67. Sharma V.K., and Gupta S. Twice weekly 5 mg dexamethasone oral pulse in the treatment of extensive alopecia areata. J Dermatol 26 (1999) 562-565
68. Kurosawa M., Nakagawa S., Mizuashi M., Sasaki Y., Kawamura M., Saito M., et al. A comparison of the efficacy, relapse rate and side effects among three modalities of systemic corticosteroid therapy for alopecia areata. Dermatology 212 (2006) 361-365
69. Lester R.S., Knowles S.R., and Shear N.H. The risks of systemic corticosteroid use. Dermatol Clin 16 (1998) 277-288
70. Taylor C.R., and Hawk J.L. PUVA treatment of alopecia areata partialis, totalis and universalis: audit of 10 years' experience at St John's Institute of Dermatology. Br J Dermatol 133 (1995) 914-918
71. Mohamed Z., Bhouri A., Jallouli A., Fazaa B., Kamoun M.R., and Mokhtar I. Alopecia areata treatment with a phototoxic dose of UVA and topical 8-methoxypsoralen. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 19 (2005) 552-555
72. Healy E., and Rogers S. PUVA treatment for alopecia areata-does it work? A retrospective review of 102 cases. Br J Dermatol 129 (1993) 42-44
73. Zakaria W., Passeron T., Ostovari N., Lacour J.P., and Ortonne J.P. 308-nm excimer laser therapy in alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 51 (2004) 837-838
74. Raulin C., Gundogan C., Greve B., and Gebert S. Excimer laser therapy of alopecia areata-side-by-side evaluation of a representative area [in German]. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 3 (2005) 524-526
75. Gundogan C., Greve B., and Raulin C. Treatment of alopecia areata with the 308-nm xenon chloride excimer laser: case report of two successful treatments with the excimer laser. Lasers Surg Med 34 (2004) 86-90
76. Al-Mutairi N. 308-nm excimer laser for the treatment of alopecia areata. Dermatol Surg 33 (2007) 1483-1487
77. Yamazaki M., Miura Y., Tsuboi R., and Ogawa H. Linear polarized infrared irradiation using Super Lizer is an effective treatment for multiple-type alopecia areata. Int J Dermatol 42 (2003) 738-740
78. Tzung T.Y., Chen C.Y., Tzung T.Y., Kao F.J., and Chen W.C. Infrared irradiation as an adjuvant therapy in recalcitrant alopecia areata. Dermatol Surg 35 (2009) 721-723
79. Bissonnette R., Shapiro J., Zeng H., McLean D.I., and Lui H. Topical photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolaevulinic acid does not induce hair regrowth in patients with extensive alopecia areata. Br J Dermatol 143 (2000) 1032-1035
80. Fernández-Guarino M., Harto A., García-Morales I., Pérez-García B., Arrazola J.M., and Jaén P. Failure to treat alopecia areata with photodynamic therapy. Clin Exp Dermatol 33 (2008) 585-587
81. Shapiro J., Lui H., Tron V., and Ho V. Systemic cyclosporine and low-dose prednisone in the treatment of chronic severe alopecia areata: a clinical and immunopathologic evaluation. J Am Acad Dermatol 36 (1997) 114-117
82. Kim B.J., Min S.U., Park K.Y., Choi J.W., Park S.W., Youn S.W., et al. Combination therapy of cyclosporine and methylprednisolone on severe alopecia areata. J Dermatolog Treat 19 (2008) 216-220
83. Phillips M.A., Graves J.E., and Nunley J.R. Alopecia areata presenting in 2 kidney-pancreas transplant recipients taking cyclosporine. J Am Acad Dermatol 53 5 suppl. 1 (2005) S252-S255
84. Dyall-Smith D. Alopecia areata in a renal transplant recipient on cyclosporin. Australas J Dermatol 37 (1996) 226-227
85. Cerottini J.P., Panizzon R.G., and de Viragh P.A. Multifocal alopecia areata during systemic cyclosporine A therapy. Dermatology 198 (1999) 415-417
86. Davies M.G., and Bowers P.W. Alopecia areata arising in patients receiving cyclosporin immunosuppression. Br J Dermatol 132 (1995) 835-836
87. Gilhar A., Pillar T., and Etzioni A. Topical cyclosporin A in alopecia areata. Acta Derm Venereol 69 (1989) 252-253
88. Mauduit G., Lenvers P., Barthelemy H., and Thivolet J. Treatment of severe alopecia areata with topical applications of cyclosporin A [in French]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 114 (1987) 507-510
89. Verma D.D., Verma S., McElwee K.J., Freyschmidt-Paul P., Hoffman R., and Fahr A. Treatment of alopecia areata in the DEBR model using cyclosporin A lipid vesicles. Eur J Dermatol 14 (2004) 332-338
90. Joly P. The use of methotrexate alone or in combination with low doses of oral corticosteroids in the treatment of alopecia totalis or universalis. J Am Acad Dermatol 55 (2006) 632-636
91. Strober B.E., Siu K., Alexis A.F., Kim G., Washenik K., Sinha A., et al. Etanercept does not effectively treat moderate to severe alopecia areata: an open-label study. J Am Acad Dermatol 52 (2005) 1082-1084
92. Price V.H., Hordinsky M.K., Olsen E.A., Roberts J.L., Siegfried E.C., Rafal E.S., et al. Subcutaneous efalizumab is not effective in the treatment of alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 58 (2008) 395-402
93. Garcia Bartels N., Lee H.H., Worm M., Burmester G.R., Sterry W., and Blume-Peytavi U. Development of alopecia areata universalis in a patient receiving adalimumab. Arch Dermatol 142 (2006) 1654-1655
94. Kirshen C., and Kanigsberg N. Alopecia areata following adalimumab. J Cutan Med Surg 13 (2009) 48-50
95. Chaves Y., Duarte G., Ben-Said B., Tebib J., Berard F., and Nicolas J.F. Alopecia areata universalis during treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with anti-TNF-alpha antibody (adalimumab). Dermatology 217 (2008) 380
96. Pelivani N., Hassan A.S., Braathen L.R., Hunger R.E., and Yawalkar N. Alopecia areata universalis elicited during treatment with adalimumab. Dermatology 216 (2008) 320-323
97. Ettefagh L., Nedorost S., and Mirmirani P. Alopecia areata in a patient using infliximab: new insights into the role of tumor necrosis factor on human hair follicles. Arch Dermatol 140 (2004) 1012
98. Fabre C., and Dereure O. Worsening alopecia areata and de novo occurrence of multiple halo nevi in a patient receiving infliximab. Dermatology 216 (2008) 185-186
99. Posten W., and Swan J. Recurrence of alopecia areata in a patient receiving etanercept injections. Arch Dermatol 141 (2005) 759-760
100. Abramovits W., and Losornio M. Failure of two TNF-alpha blockers to influence the course of alopecia areata. Skinmed 5 (2006) 177-181
101. Pan Y., and Rao N.A. Alopecia areata during etanercept therapy. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 17 (2009) 127-129
102. Ranganath V.K., and Furst D.E. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug use in the elderly rheumatoid arthritis patient. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 33 (2007) 197-217
103. Ellis C.N., Brown M.F., and Voorhees J.J. Sulfasalazine for alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 46 (2002) 541-544
104. Aghaei S. An uncontrolled, open label study of sulfasalazine in severe alopecia areata. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 74 (2008) 611-613
105. Rashidi T., and Mahd A.A. Treatment of persistent alopecia areata with sulfasalazine. Int J Dermatol 47 (2008) 850-852
106. Bearden W., and Anderson R. Trichiasis associated with prostaglandin analog use. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 20 (2004) 320-322
107. Tosti A., Pazzaglia M., Voudouris S., and Tosti G. Hypertrichosis of the eyelashes caused by bimatoprost. J Am Acad Dermatol 51 5 suppl (2004) S149-S150
108. Hart J., and Shafranov G. Hypertrichosis of vellus hairs of the malar region after unilateral treatment with bimatoprost. Am J Ophthalmol 137 (2004) 756-757
109. Herane M.I., and Urbina F. Acquired trichomegaly of the eyelashes and hypertrichosis induced by bimatoprost. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 18 (2004) 644-645
110. Sasaki S., Hozumi Y., and Kondo S. Influence of prostaglandin F2alpha and its analogues on hair regrowth and follicular melanogenesis in a murine model. Exp Dermatol 14 (2005) 323-328
111. Roseborough I., Lee H., Chwalek J., Stamper R.L., and Price V.H. Lack of efficacy of topical latanoprost and bimatoprost ophthalmic solutions in promoting eyelash growth in patients with alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 60 (2009) 705-706
112. Ross E.K., Bolduc C., Lui H., and Shapiro J. Lack of efficacy of topical latanoprost in the treatment of eyebrow alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 53 (2005) 1095-1096
113. Price V.H., Willey A., and Chen B.K. Topical tacrolimus in alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 52 (2005) 138-139
114. Thiers B.H. Topical tacrolimus: treatment failure in a patient with alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol 136 (2000) 124
115. Rigopoulos D., Gregoriou S., Korfitis C., Gintzou C., Vergou T., Katrinaki A., et al. Lack of response of alopecia areata to pimecrolimus cream. Clin Exp Dermatol 32 (2007) 456-457
116. Feldmann K.A., Kunte C., Wollenberg A., and Wolfe H. Is topical tacrolimus effective in alopecia areata universalis?. Br J Dermatol 147 (2002) 1031-1032
117. Park S.W., Kim J.W., and Wang H.Y. Topical tacrolimus (FK506): treatment failure in four cases of alopecia universalis. Acta Derm Venereol 82 (2002) 387-388
118. Talpur R., Vu J., Bassett R., Stevens V., and Duvic M. Phase I/II randomized bilateral half-head comparison of topical bexarotene 1% gel for alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 61 (2009) 592.e1-592.e9
119. Ehsani A., Toosi S., Seirafi H., Akhyani M., Hosseini M., Azadi R., et al. Capsaicin vs. clobetasol for the treatment of localized alopecia areata. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol (2009 Mar 5) [Epub ahead of print]
120. Hordinsky M., and Ericson M. Autoimmunity: alopecia areata. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 9 (2004) 73-78
121. Yoo K.H., Kim M.N., Kim B.J., and Kim C.W. Treatment of alopecia areata with fractional photothermolysis laser. Int J Dermatol (2009 Jul 13) [Epub ahead of print]
122. Ruiz-Doblado S., Carrizosa A., and Garcia-Hernandez M.J. Alopecia areata: psychiatric comorbidity and adjustment to illness. Int J Dermatol 42 (2003) 434-437
123. Cipriani R., Perini G.I., and Rampinelli S. Paroxetine in alopecia areata. Int J Dermatol 40 (2001) 600-601
124. Willemsen R., Vanderlinden J., Deconinck A., and Roseeuw D. Hypnotherapeutic management of alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol 55 (2006) 233-237
125. Meroni P., Tincani A., Alarcon-Riquelme M., Shoenfeld Y., and Borghi M. European Forum on Antiphospholipid Antibodies: research in progress. Lupus 18 (2009) 924-929
126. Nancy A.L., and Yehuda S. Prediction and prevention of autoimmune skin disorders. Arch Dermatol Res 301 (2009) 57-64
127. Arnson Y., Amital H., and Shoenfeld Y. Vitamin D and autoimmunity: new aetiological and therapeutic considerations. Ann Rheum Dis 66 (2007) 1137-1142
128. Kamen D., and Aranow C. Vitamin D in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Rheumatol 20 (2008) 532-537
129. Cutolo M., Otsa K., Uprus M., Paolino S., and Seriolo B. Vitamin D in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 7 (2007) 59-64
130. Harnett W., and Harnett M.M. Therapeutic immunomodulators from nematode parasites. Expert Rev Mol Med 10 (2008) e18
131. O'Neill J.L., and Kalb R.E. Ustekinumab in the therapy of chronic plaque psoriasis. Biologics 3 (2009) 159-168