Teeth as black as a bumble bee's wings: The ethnobotany of teeth blackening in Southeast Asia

Ethnobotany Research and Applications

Volumn 7, Issue , 2009, Pages 381-398

  Zumbroich, Thomas J ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOMBUS (GENUS); EPIPREMNUM PINNATUM; NICOTIANA TABACUM; PAEDERIA FOETIDA; PIPER BETEL; PSIDIUM; PSIDIUM GUAJAVA;

EID: 73649120262     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15473465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.17348/era.7.0.381-398     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Adriani, N. & A.C. Kruyt. 1901. Geklopte boomschors als kleedingstof op Midden-Celebes, en hare geographische verspreiding in Indonesie. Archives Internationales d'Ethnographie 14:139-191.
2. Alcina, F.I. 1668. Historia de las Islas e indios de Bisayas. Translated, edited and annotated by C.J. Kobak & L. Gutierrez. 2002-. History of the Bisayan people in the Philippine Islands. UST Publishing House, Manila.
3. Andaya, B.W. 2006. The Flaming Womb: Repositioning women in early modern Southeast Asia. University of Hawaiì Press, Honolulu.
4. Arndt, P. 1961. Wörterbuch der Ngadhasprache. Anthropos Institute, Posieux.
5. Bailit, H.L. 1968. A possible benefit from tooth-blackening. American Anthropologist 70(2):348-353.
6. Barnes, R.H. 1974. Kédang: A study of the collective thought of an eastern Indonesian people. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
7. Barrett Jones, A.M. 1984. Early Tenth Century Java from the Inscriptions. Foris Publications, Dordrecht & Cinnaminson.
8. Beccari, O. 1904. Wanderings in the Great Forests of Borneo. Constable & Co., London.
9. Bellwood, P. 2004. The origins and dispersals of agricultural communities in Southeast Asia. Pp. 21-40 in Southeast Asia: From prehistory to history. Edited by I. Glover & P. Bellwood. RoutledgeCurzon, London & New York.
10. Blench, R. 2008. The Prehistory of the Daic (Tai-Kadai) Speaking Peoples and the hypothesis of an Austronesian connection. Presented at EURASEAA, Leiden, 3rd September 2008.
11. Bonifacy. 1907. Le laquage des dents en noir chez les Annamites. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 8(5-6):437-440.
12. Boyle, F. 1865. Adventures among the Dyaks of Borneo. Hurst & Blackett, London.
13. Brenner, J.F. von. 1894. Besuch bei den Kannibalen Sumatras. Leo Woerl, Würzburg.
14. Burg, C.L. van der. 1884-. De Geneesheer in Nederlandsch- Indië. 3 volumes. Martinus Nijhoff,'s Gravenhage.
15. Burkill, I.H. 1935. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. 2 volumes. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London.
16. Clapp, W.C. 1908. A Vocabulary of the Igorot Language as Spoken by the Bontok Igorots. Bureau of Science, Division of Ethnology Publications 5(3):141-236.
17. Clercq, F.S.A. de. 1909. Nieuw Plantkundig Woordenboek voor Nederlandsch Indië. De Bussey, Amsterdam.
18. Clifford H.C. & F.A. Swettenham. 1894. A Dictionary of the Malay Language: Malay - English. Government Printing Office, Taiping.
19. Cole, F.-C. 1913. The Wild Tribes of Davao District, Mindanao. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
20. Cole, F.-C. 1922. The Tinguian: Social, religious, and economic life of a Philippine tribe. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
21. Cole, F.-C. 1956. The Bukidnon of Mindanao. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
22. Condominas, G. 1957. Nous Avons Mangéacute; la Forêt. Mercure de France, Paris.
23. Conklin, H.C. 1958. Betel Chewing among the Hanunóo. National Research Council of the Philippines, Quezon City.
24. Conklin, H.C. 1967. Ifugao ethnobotany 1905-1965: The 1911 Beyer-Merrill report in perspective. Pp. 204-262 in Studies in Philippine Anthropology. Edited by M.D. Zamora. Alemar Phoenix, Luzon.
25. Covarrubias, M. 1937. The Island of Bali. A. Knopf, New York.
26. Crevost, C. 1907. Le laquage des dents chez les Annamites. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 8(5-6):441-442.
27. Davias-Baudrit. 1965. Dictionaire Rhadé-Français. Dalat.
28. Eerdmans, A.J.A.F. 1897. Het landschap Gowa. Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen 50(3):1-77.
29. Enjoy, P.d'. 1898. Coloration dentaire des Annamites. Bulletins de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 9:466-469.
30. Evans, I.H.N. 1922. Among Primitive Peoples in Borneo. Seeley, Service & Co., London.
31. Filet, G.J. 1855. De Planten in den Botanischen Tuin bij het Groot Militair Hospitaal te Weltevreden. Lange & Co., Batavia.
32. Flynn, M. 1977. Black teeth: A primitive method of caries prevention in Southeast Asia. Journal of the American Dental Association 95(1):96-97.
33. Forge, A. 1980. Tooth and fang in Bali. Canberra Anthropology 3(1):1-16.
34. Fox, R.B. 1970. The Tabon Caves. National Museum of the Philippines, Manila.
35. Fuentes, V.M.A. & E.T. de la Cruz. 1980. A Treasury of Mandaya and Mansaka Folk Literature. New Day Publishers, Quezon City.
36. Galang, R.E. 1941. Filing and blackening of teeth among some Philippine ethnic groups. Philippine Journal of Science 75(4):424-433.
37. García, F. 1937. Vida y martirio de el venerable Padre Diego de Sanvitores de la Compañia de Jesús, primer apóstol de la islas Marianas, por el padre Francisco García;.
38. Madrid 1683. Translated by Margaret Higgins. Guam Recorder 14:36.
39. Garvan, J.M. 1931. The Manóbos of Mindanao. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC.
40. Garvan, J.M. 1964. The Negritos of the Philippines. Edited by H. Hochegger. Ferdinand Berger, Wien.
41. Gomes, E.H. 1911. Seventeen Years among the Sea Dayaks of Borneo. Seeley, London.
42. Grabowsky, F.J. 1884. Das Feilen und Färben der Zähne bei den Bewohnern Südost-Borneos, speziell den Malaien der Distrikte Batang Alai und Laboean-Amas. Das Ausland 7:125-126.
43. Guillaume, H. 1903. Beschrijving van het tandenveilen (erkiker) bij de Karo-Bataks. Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsch Zendelinggenotschap 47:1-14.
44. Haddon, A.C. & L.E. Start. 1936. Iban or Sea Dayak Fabric and Their Pattens. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
45. Hagen, B. 1884. Die künstlichen Verunstaltungen des Körpers bei den Batta. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 16:217-225.
46. Hamilton, G. 1790. Short description of Car Nicobar. Asiatic Researches 2:337-344.
47. Hardeland, A. 1859. Dajacksch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Frederik Muller, Amsterdam.
48. Hasselt, A.L. v. 1882. Midden-Sumatra: Reizen en onderzoekingen der Sumatra-expeditie. Volume 3. E.J. Brill, Leiden.
49. Hasskarl, J.K. 1845. Aanteekeningen over het Nut, Door de Bewoners van Java aan eenige Planten van dat Eiland Toegescheven. Johannes Müller, Amsterdam.
50. Headland, T.N. 1977. Teeth mutilation among the Casiguran Dumagat. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 5:54-64.
51. Heyne, K. 1950. De Nuttige Planten van Indonesië. 2 volumes. W. van Hoeve's, Gravenhage & Bandung.
52. Holbe, M.T.-V. 1908. A propos des dents noires des Annamites et de la chique de bétel. Bulletins de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 9(5-6):671-678.
53. Hoskins, J. 1990. Doubling descent, deities and personhood: An exploration of Kodi gender categories. Pp. 273-306 in Power and Difference: Gender in island Southeast Asia. Edited by J. Atkinson & S. Errington. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto.
54. Huard, P. 1951. Teeth-blackening in Eastern Asia and Indo-China. Asia: Asian quarterly of culture and synthesis 1(2):197-205.
55. Hurgronje, C.S. 1906. The Achehnese. Translated by A.W.S. O'Sullivan. Volume 1. E.J. Brill, Leiden.
56. Jansen, P.C.M. & D. Cardon. 2004. Editors of Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 3: Dyes and tannins. Backhuys, Wageningen.
57. Joustra, M. 1901. Een en ander uit de litteratuur der Karo- Bataks. Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap 45:91-101.
58. Joustra, M. 1907. Karo-Bataksch Woordenboek. E.J. Brill, Leiden.
59. Killian, H.N. 1904-1905. Madoereesch-Nederlandsch Woordenboek. 2 Volumes. E.J. Brill, Leiden.
60. Kruyt, A.C. 1896. Een en ander aangande het geestelijk en maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer. Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap 40:145-282.
61. Lambrecht, F. 1978. Ifugaw-English Dictionary. Catholic Apostolic Vicar of the Mountain Province, Baguio City.
62. Laufer, B. 1919. Sino-Iranica: Chinese contributions to the history of civilization in Anicient Iran. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Series 15(3):185-630.
63. Ling Roth, H. 1893. The natives of Borneo. Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 22:22-64.
64. Lubère, S. de la. 1691. Description du Royaume de Siam. Volume 1. Abraham Wolfgang, Amsterdam.
65. Madale, A.T. 1997. The Maranaws, Dwellers of the Lake. Rex Book Store, Manila.
66. Madrigal Llorente, A.M. 1983. A Blending of Cultures: The Batanes, 1686-1898. Historical Conservation Society, Manila.
67. Man, E.H. 1894. On the use of narcotics by the Nicobar islanders, and certain deformations connected therewith. Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 23:232-240.
68. Marsden, W. 1784. The History of Sumatra. T. Payne, London.
69. Maspéro, H. 1918. Etudes d'histoire d'Annam: Le Royaume de Van Lang. Bulletin de L'Ecole Française d'Extrême-Orient 18(3):1-10.
70. Matthes, B.F. 1859. Makassarsch-Hollandsch Woordenboek met Hollandsch-Makassaarsche Woordenlijst. Frederik Muller, Amsterdam.
71. Matthes, B.F. 1874. Boegineesch-Hollandsch Woordenboek met Hollandsch-Boeginesche Woordenlijst. Martinus Nijhoff's, Gravenhage.
72. Maurice, Albert-Marie. 1993. Les Mnong des Hauts-plateaux (Centre-Vietnam). Volume 1. Editions L'Hamattan, Paris.
73. McKaughan, H. & B. Macaraya. 1996. A Maranao Dictionary. De La Salle University Press, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Manila.
74. Meyer, A.B. 1883. Das Feilen der Zähne bei den Bewohnern des Ostindischen Archipels, speciell bei den Javanen. Das Ausland 21:401-405.
75. Milner, G.R. & C.S. Larsen. 1991. Teeth as artefacts of human behavior: Intentional mutilation and accidental modification. Pp. 357-378 in Advances in Dental Anthropology. Edited by M.A. Kelley & C.S. Larsen. Wiley-Liss, New York.
76. Mintz, M.W. 2004. Bikol Dictionary: Diksionáriong Bikol. 2 Volumes. Indonesian/Malay Texts & Resources, Perth.
77. Nguyên, X.H. 2006. Betel-chewing in Vietnam: Its past and current importance. Anthropos 101(2):499-518.
78. Oosting, H.J. 1879. Soendasch-Nederduitsch Woordenboek. Ogilvie & Co, Batavia.
79. Perelaer, M.T.H. 1870. Ethnographische Deschrijving der Dayaks. Joh. Noman en Zoon, Zalt-Bommel.
80. Perelaer, M.T.H. 1881. Borneo van Zuid naar Noord. Volume 1. Elsevier, Rotterdam.
81. Perry, L.M. 1980. Medicinal Plants of East and Southeast Asia. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge.
82. Petti, S. & C. Scully. 2009. Polyphenols, oral health and disease: A review. Journal of Dentistry 37(6):413-423.
83. Pijnapple, J. 1875. Maleisch-Hollandsch Woordenboek. 2nd edition. Frederik Muller & Johannes Enschedé, Amsterdam & Haarlem.
84. Poensen, C. 1876. Iets over de kleeding der Javanen. Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsch Zendelinggenotschap 20:257-294.
85. Quisumbing, E. 1951. Medicinal Plants of the Philippines. Bureau of Printing, Manila.
86. Reid, A. 1985. From betel-chewing to tobacco-smoking in Indonesia. Journal of Asian Studies 44(3):529-547.
87. Reid, A. 1988. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680. Volume 1. Yale University Press, New Haven.
88. Reis Altschul, S. v. 1973. Drugs and Foods from Little-Known Plants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
89. Rey, H. 1888. Le Tonkin. Octave Doin, Paris.
90. Ridley, H.N. 1902. The timbers of the Malay Peninsula. Agricultural Bulletin of the Straits and Federated Malay States 1(6):196-220.
91. Rigg, J. 1862. A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java. Lange & Co., Batavia.
92. Romero, J. 1970. Dental mutilation, trephination, and cranial deformation. Pp. 50-57 in Handbook of Middle American Indians: Physical anthropology. Volume 9. Edited by R. Wauchope & T.D. Stewart. University of Texas Press, Austin.
93. Rooney, D. 1993. Betel Chewing Traditions in South-East Asia. Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur.
94. Roosita, K., C.M. Kusharto, M. Sekiyama, Y. Fachrurozi & R. Ohtsuka. 2008. Medicinal plants used by the villagers of a Sundanese community in West Java, Indonesia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115(1):72-81.
95. Roux, H. 1924. Deux tribus de la région de Phongsali. Bulletin de l'Ecole Française d'Extrême-Orient 24:373-500.
96. Rumphius, G.E. 1747. Het Amboinsche Kruid-boek, Herbarium Amboinense. Volume 5. Fransicum Changuion, Hermannum Uytwerf, Amsterdam.
97. Sallet, A. 1928. Les laquages des dents et les teintures dentaires chez les Annamites. Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hué 15(4):223-254.
98. San Buenaventura, P. de. 1613. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala. Pila.
99. Scott, W.H. 1994. Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society. Ateneo de Manila University Press, Manila.
100. Sherfan, A.D. 1976. The Yakan of Basilan. Fotomatic Inc., Cebu City.
101. Skeat, W.W. 1900. Malay Magic. Macmillan & Co, London.
102. Sokny, S., P.C. Ratha & S. Vannak. 2007. Technique of Natural Dyeing and Traditional Pattern of Silk Production in Cambodia. Buddhist Institute, Phnom Phen.
103. Stöhr, W. 1981. Betel in Südost- und Südasien. Pp. 552- 559 in Rausch und Realität: Drogen im Kulturvergleich. Volume 2. Edited by G. Vögler. Museum für Völkerkunde, Köln.
104. Suddhasthira, T., S. Thaweboon, N. Dendoung, B. Thaweboon & S. Dechkunakorn. 2006. Antimicrobial activity of Cratoxylum formosum on Streptococcus mutans. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 37(6):1156-1159.
105. Suzuki, P. 1959. The Religious System and Culture of Nias, Indonesia. Excelsior's, Gravenhage.
106. Tayanin, G.L. & D. Bratthall. 2006. Black teeth: Beauty or caries prevention? Practice and beliefs of the Kammu people. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 38:81-86.
107. Tayles, N. 1996. Tooth ablation in prehistoric Southeast Asia. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 6:333-345.
108. Torre, V.R. de la. 1978. Patterns of Philippine Life. Regal Publishing, Manila.
109. Treacher, W.H. 1889. British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan and North Borneo. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 20:13-74.
110. Valderrama, U.C. 1987. The Colourful Mandaya: Ethnic tribe of Davao oriental. U.C. Valderrama, Davao City.
111. Vanoverbergh. M. 1927. Plant names in Iloco. Journal of the American Oriental Society 47(2):133-173.
112. Vanoverbergh, M. 1929. Dress and adornment in the Mountain Province of Luzon, Philippine Islands. Publications of the Catholic Anthropological Conference 1(5):181-242.
113. Vanoverbergh, M. 1933. A Dictionary of Lepanto Igorot or Kankanay, as it is Spoken in Bauco. Anthropos, Mödling.
114. Vanoverbergh, M. 1937. Negritos of Eastern Luzon. Anthropos 32:905-928.
115. Vanoverbergh, M. 1972. Isneg - English Vocabulary. University Press of Hawaiì, Honolulu.
116. Vaughan Stevens, H. 1897. Anthropologische Bemerkungen über die Eingeborenen von Malacca. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 29:173-206.
117. Verheijen, J.A.J. 1990. Dictionary of Plant Names in the Lesser Sunda Islands. Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra.
118. Veth, P.J. 1875. Java: Geographisch, ethnologisch, historisch. Volume 1. Erven F. Bohn, Haarlem.
119. Wheeler, C. 2006. One history, two regionns: Cham precedents in the history of the Hoi An region. Pp. 163-193 in Viet Nam: Borderless histories. Edited by Nhung Tran & A. Reid. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
120. Wilken, G.A. 1888. Iets over de mutilatie der tanden bij de volken van den Indischen Archipel. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 3(3):472-504.
121. Wilkinson, R.J. 1955. A Malay-English Dictionary (Romanised). 2 Volumes. Macmillan, London.
122. Wilson, L. 1947. Ilongot Life and Legends. Baguio.
123. Wilson, L. 1947. Ilongot Life and Legends. Baguio. Wray, L. 1893. Teeth blacking amongst the Malays. Perak Museum Notes 1(2):35-39.
124. Zumbroich, T.J. 2008. The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: A synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond. E-Journal of Indian Medicine 1(3):87-140.
125. Zumbroich, T.J. & A. Salvador-Amores. 2009. 'When black teeth were beautiful' - The history and ethnography of dental modifications in Luzon, Philippines. Studia Asiatica 10:1-39.
126. Zwaan, J.P.K. de. 1908. Bijdrage tot de Anthropologie der Menangkabau-Maleiers. Meulenhoff & Co., Amsterdam.