Thermal fractionation of air in polar firn by seasonal temperature gradients

Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

Volumn 2, Issue 7, 2001, Pages

  Severinghaus, Jeffrey P ^a   Grachev, Alexi ^a   Battle, Mark ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b BOWDOIN COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

firn air; gas isotopes; isotope fractionation; paleothermometer; Thermal diffusion; thermal diffusion sensitivity

Indexed keywords

DIFFUSION; DOMES; GASES; ICE; ISOTOPES; POLES; TEMPERATURE; THERMAL DIFFUSION; THERMAL GRADIENTS;

ATMOSPHERIC CHANGES; FIRN AIRS; FIRST PRINCIPLES; GAS ISOTOPES; ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; MEASURING TEMPERATURE; PALEOTHERMOMETER; THERMAL FRACTIONATION;

THERMAL DIFFUSION IN GASES;

EID: 73549119988     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15252027     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000GC000146     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Albert, M., E. Shultz, and, F. Perron, (2000), Snow and firn permeability at Siple Dome, Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 31, 353-356.
2. Alley, R. B., and, B. R. Koci, (1990), Recent warming in central Greenland? Ann. Glaciol., 14, 6-8.
3. Battle, M., et al., (1996), Atmospheric gas concentrations over the past century measured in air from firn at the South Pole, Nature, 383, 231-235.
4. 2 ratio of the atmosphere during recent decades reflected in the composition of air in the firn at Vostok Station, Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 189-192.
5. 2 ratio of air, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 4751-4758.
6. Butler, J. H., M. Battle, M. L. Bender, S. A. Montzka, A. D. Clarke, E. S. Saltzman, C. M. Sucher, J. P. Severinghaus, and, J. W. Elkins, (1999), A record of atmospheric halocarbons during the twentieth century from polar firn air, Nature, 399, 749-755.
7. Chapman, S., and, F. W. Dootson, (1917), A note on thermal diffusion, Philos. Mag., 33, 248-253.
8. Colbeck, S. C., (1989), Air movement in snow due to windpumping, J. Glaciol., 35, 209-213.
9. Connolley, W. M., (1996), The Antarctic temperature inversion, Int. J. Climatol., 16, 1333-1342.
10. Craig, H., Y. Horibe, and, T. Sowers, (1988), Gravitational separation of gases and isotopes in polar ice caps, Science, 242, 1675-1678.
11. Fabre, A., J.-M. Barnola, L. Arnaud, and, J. Chappellaz, (2000), Determination of gas diffusivity in polar firn: Comparison between experimental measurements and inverse modeling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 557-560.
12. 4 from the Cape Grim air archive and Antarctic firn air, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23,631-23,643.
13. Gibbs, J. W., (1928), On the equilibrium of heterogeneous substances, in The Collected Works of J. Willard Gibbs, vol. 1, Thermodynamics, pp. 158-159, Copp, Clark, Mississauga, Ont., Canada.
14. Grew, K. E., and, T. L. Ibbs, (1952), Thermal Diffusion in Gases, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
15. Herron, M. M., and, C. C. Langway, (1980), Firn densification: An empirical model, J. Glaciol., 25, 373-385.
16. 2 concentration, Nature, 381, 218-221.
17. Kincaid, J. M., E. G. D. Cohen, and, M. Lopez de Haro, (1987), The Enskog theory for multicomponent mixtures, IV, Thermal diffusion, J. Chem. Phys., 86, 963-975.
18. Lang, C., M. Leuenberger, J. Schwander, and, S. Johnsen, (1999), 16°C rapid temperature variation in central Greenland 70,000 years ago, Science, 286, 934-937.
19. Leuenberger, M., J. Schwander, and, C. Lang, (1999), Delta 15 N measurements as a calibration tool for the paleothermometer and gas-ice age differences: A case study for the 8200 B.P. event on GRIP ice, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 22,163-22,170.
20. Leuenberger, M., J. Schwander, R. Mulvaney, and, P. Nyfeler, (2000), Experimental and theoretical calculation of thermal diffusion factors, Newsletter, European Geophysical Society Scientific Programme, No. 74, p. 207, March.
21. Lindemann, F. A., and, F. W. Aston, (1919), The possibility of separating isotopes, Philos. Mag. Ser. 6, 37, 523-534.
22. Paterson, W. S. B., (1969), The Physics of Glaciers, Pergamon, New York.
23. Powers, D., K. O'Neill, and, S. C. Colbeck, (1985), Theory of natural convection in snow, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 10,641-10,649.
24. Reid, R. C., J. M. Prausnitz, and, T. K. Sherwood, (1977), The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
25. Schwander, J., (1989), The transformation of snow to ice and the occlusion of gases, in The Environmental Record in Glaciers and Ice Sheets, edited by, H. Oeschger, and, C. C. Langway Jr, pp. 53-67, John Wiley, New York.
26. Schwander, J., B. Stauffer, and, A. Sigg, (1988), Air mixing in firn and the age of the air at pore close-off, Ann. Glaciol., 10, 141-145.
27. Schwander, J., J.-M. Barnola, C. Andrie, M. Leuenberger, A. Ludin, D. Raynaud, and, B. Stauffer, (1993), The age of the air in the firn and the ice at Summit, Greenland, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2831-2838.
28. Severinghaus, J. P., and, E. J. Brook, (1999), Abrupt climate change at the end of the last glacial period inferred from trapped air in polar ice, Science, 81 (19), 930-934.
29. Severinghaus, J. P., and, E. J. Brook, (2000), Do atmospheric gases fractionate during air bubble closure in polar firn and ice? (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 81 (19), Spring Meet. Suppl., S20.
30. Severinghaus, J. P., M. L. Bender, R. F. Keeling, and, W. S. Broecker, (1996), Fractionation of soil gases by diffusion of water vapor, gravitational settling, and thermal diffusion, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 1005-1018.
31. Severinghaus, J. P., R. F. Keeling, B. R. Miller, R. F. Weiss, B. Deck, and, W. S. Broecker, (1997), Feasibility of using sand dunes as archives of old air, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16,783-16,792.
32. Severinghaus, J. P., T. Sowers, E. J. Brook, R. B. Alley, and, M. L. Bender, (1998), Timing of abrupt climate change at the end of the Younger Dryas period from thermally fractionated gases in polar ice, Nature, 391, 141-146.
33. 2 in polar ice, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 5137-5150.
34. 2 in air trapped in polar ice: A tracer of gas transport in the firn and a possible constraint on ice age-gas age differences, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 15,683-15,697.
35. Trudinger, C. M., I. G. Enting, D. M. Etheridge, R. J. Francey, V. A. Levchenko, L. P. Steele, D. Raynaud, and, L. Arnaud, (1997), Modeling air movement and bubble trapping in firn, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6747-6763.