Atmospheric gas concentrations over the past century measured in air from firn at the South Pole

Nature

Volumn 383, Issue 6597, 1996, Pages 231-235

  Battle, M ^a   Bender, M ^a   Sowers, T ^b   Tans, P P ^c   Butler, J H ^c   Elkins, J W ^c   Ellis, J T ^a   Conway, T ^c   Zhang, N ^c,d   Lang, P ^c   Clarke, A D ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND   (United States)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; ICE; OXYGEN;

AIR ANALYSIS; ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERE; BIOSPHERE; GAS; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ATMOSPHERIC GAS; FIRN; SNOWPACK;

ANTARCTICA, SOUTH POLE;

EID: 0029659745     PISSN: 00280836     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/383231a0     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Delmas, R. Tellus 45B, 391-396 (1993).
2. Schwander, J. et al. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 2831-2838 (1993).
3. Schwander, J. in The Environmental Record in Glaciers and Ice Sheets (eds Oeschger, H. & Langway, C.) 53-67 (Wiley, New York, 1989).
4. Keeling, C. D. et al. in Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas (ed. Peterson, D. H.) 165-236 (Geophys. Monogr. 55, Am. Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 1989).
5. Sarmiento, J. L., Orr, J. C. & Siegenthaler, U. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 3621-3645 (1992).
6. Ciais, P., Tans, P., Trolier, M., White, J. W. C. & Frakey, R. J. Science 269, 1098-1102 (1995).
7. Bender, M., Ellis, T., Tans, P., Francey, R. & Lowe, D. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 10, 9-21 (1996).
8. Keeling, R. F., Piper, S. C. & Heimann, M. Nature 381, 218-221 (1996).
9. Colbeck, S. C. J. Glaciol. 35, 209-213 (1989).
10. Gibbs, J. W. Collected Works Vol. 1, Thermodynamics (Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, 1928).
11. Craig, H., Horibe, Y. & Sowers, T. Science 242, 1675-1678 (1988).
12. Sowers, T., Bender, M. & Raynaud, D. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 5137-5150 (1989).
13. Herron, M. M. & Langway, C. C. J. Glaciol. 25, 373-384 (1980).
14. Bender, M., Sowers, T. & Lipenkov, V. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 18651-18660 (1995).
15. Grew, K. E. & Ibbs, T. L. Thermal Diffusion in Gases (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1952).
16. Severinghaus, J. P., Bender, M. L., Keeling, R. F. & Broecker, W.S. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta (in the press).
17. Severinghaus, J. P. & Sowers, T. (abstr) Eos 76(46) November (1995).
18. Patterson, W. The Physics of Glaciers (Pergamon, Oxford, 1969).
19. Jones, P., Wigley, T. & Briffa, K. in Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (eds Boden, T. A., Kaiser, D. P., Sepanski, R. J. & Stoss, F. W.) 603-608 (No. ORNL/CDIAC-65, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge, 1994).
20. Gow, A. J. J. Glaciol. 5, 467-477 (1965).
21. Kuivinen, K. C., Koci, B. R., Holdsworth, G. W. & Gow, A. J. Antarct. J. US 17, 89-91 (1982).
22. Bender, M.L., Sowers, T., Bamola, J.M. & Chappellaz, J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 189-192 (1994).
23. Martinerie, P., Raynaud, D., Etheridge, D. M., Barnola, J.-M. & Mazaudier, D. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 112, 1-13 (1992).
24. Etheridge, D. M., Pearman, G. & Fraser, P. Tellus 44b, 282-294 (1992).
25. Etheridge, D. M. et al. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 4115-4128 (1996).
26. Machta, L. in Proc. Int. Meeting on Stable Isotopes in Tree Ring Research (ed. Jacoby, G. C.) 125-127 (1980).
27. Keeling, R. F. thesis, Harvard Univ. (1988).
28. Keeling, R. F. & Shertz, S. R. Nature 358, 723-727 (1992).
29. Schwander, J., Stauffer, B. & Sigg, A. Ann, Glaciol. 10, 141-145 (1988).
30. Etheridge, D., Pearman, G. & deSilva, F. in Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (eds Boden, T. A., Kaiser, D. P., Sepanski, R. J. & Stoss, F. W.) 391-394 (No. ORNL/CDIAC-65, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge, 1994).
31. Weiss, R. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 7185-7195 (1981).
32. Prinn, R. et al. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 18369-18385 (1990).
33. Khalil, M. A. K. & Rasmussen, R. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 14651-14660 (1992).
34. Thompson, T. M. et al. in Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory No. 22 Summary Report 1993 (eds Peterson, J. & Rossen, R.) 72-91 (US Dept. of Commerce, Boulder, Colorado, 1994).
35. Nevison, C., Esser, G. & Holland, E. Clim. Change 32, 327-378 (1996).
36. Khalil, M. Encyclopedia of Environmental Biology Vol. 2, 251-265 (Academic, New York, 1995).
37. Dibb, J., Rasmussen, R., Mayewski, P. & Holdsworth, G. Chemosphere 27, 2413-2423 (1993).
38. Zardini, D., Raynaud, D., Scharffe, D. & Seiler, W. J. Atmos, Chem. 8, 189-201 (1989).
39. Khalil, M. & Rasmussen, R. Ann. Glaciol. 10, 73-79 (1988).
40. Pearman, G., Etheridge, D., de Silva, F. & Fraser, P. Nature 320, 348-350 (1986).
41. Leuenberger, M. & Siegenthaler, U. Nature 360, 449-451 (1992).
42. Machida, T., Nakazawa, T., Fujii, Y., Aoki, S. & Watanabe, O. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 2921-2924 (1995).
43. Prasad, S. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 5285-5294 (1994).
44. Schade, G. & Crutzen, P. J. Atmos. Chem. 22, 319-346 (1995).
45. Thoning, K. W., Tans, P. P. & Waterman, L. S. in Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (eds Boden, T. A., Kaiser, D. P., Sepanski, R. J. & Stoss, F. W.) 28-40 (No. ORNL/ CDIAC-65, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge, 1994).
46. Dlugokencky, E. J., Lang, P. M., Masarie, K. A. & Steele, L. P. in Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (eds Boden, T. A., Kaiser, D. P., Sepanski, R. J. & Stoss, F. W.) 262-266 (No. ORNL/CDIAC-65, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge, 1994).
47. Landolt-Börnstein, Eigenschaften der Materie in ihren Aggregätzustanden Vol. 6, Ch 5a (Springer, Berlin, 1969).
48. Conway, T. et al. Tellus 40B, 81-115 (1988).
49. Butler, J., Elkins, J., Thompson, T. & Egan, K.J. Geophys. Res. 94, 14865-14877 (1989).
50. Bender, M. L., Tans, P. P., Ellis, J. T., Orchardo, J. & Habfast, K. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 4751-4758 (1994).
51. Marland, G., Andres, R. J. & Boden, T. A. in Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (eds Boden, T. A., Kaiser, D. P., Sepanski, R. J. & Stoss. F. W.) 504-584 (No. ORNL/ CDIAC-65, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge, 1994).