Industrialization, fossil fuels, and the transformation of land use: An integrated analysis of carbon flows in Austria 1830-2000

Journal of Industrial Ecology

Volumn 12, Issue 5-6, 2008, Pages 686-703

  Erb, Karl Heinz ^a   Gingrich, Simone ^a   Krausmann, Fridolin ^a   Haberl, Helmut ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KLAGENFURT   (Austria)

Author keywords

Biomass; Carbon accounting; Environmental history; Forest transition; Industrial ecology; Social metabolism

Indexed keywords

CARBON ACCOUNTING; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; FOREST TRANSITION; INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY; SOCIAL METABOLISM;

BIOMASS; CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOSYSTEMS; FOSSIL FUELS; LAND USE; METABOLISM; TIME SERIES;

ECONOMICS;

AGRARIAN CHANGE; AGRICULTURAL LAND; CARBON BUDGET; FOSSIL FUEL; GLOBAL CHANGE; INDUSTRIALIZATION; LAND USE CHANGE; NATURE-SOCIETY RELATIONS; SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; TRADE-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONS;

AUSTRIA;

EID: 73449148336     PISSN: 10881980     EISSN: 15309290     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00076.x     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Ajtay, G. L., P. Ketner, and P. Duvigneaud. 1979. Terrestrial primary production and phytomass. In The global carbon cycle, edited by B. Bolin et al. Chichester, UK: Wiley, pp. 129-182.
2. Amthor, J. S. and D. D. Baldocchi. 2001. Terrestrial higher plant respiration and net primary production. In Terrestrial global productivity, edited by J. Roy et al. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 33-59.
3. Ayres, R. U. and U. E. Simonis. 1994. Industrial metabolism: Restructuring for sustainable development. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
4. BMWA (Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftliche Angelegenheiten [Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour of the Republic of Austria]). 1990. Energiebericht 1990 der österreichischen Bundesregierung [Energy Report 1990 of the Austrian Government]. Vienna, Austria: BMWA.
5. Bolin, B., E. T. Degens, S. Kempe, and P. Ketner. 1979. The global carbon cycle. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
6. Bork, H. R., H. Bork, C. Dalchow, B. Faust, H.-P. Piorr, and T. Schatz. 1998. Landschaftsentwicklung in Mitteleuropa [Landscape development in Central Europe]. Stuttgart, Germany: Klett-Perthes.
7. Boserup, E. 1981. Population and technological change-A study of long-term trends. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8. Canadell, J. G., H. A. Mooney, D. D. Baldocchi, J. A. Berry, J. R. Ehleringer, C. B. Field, S. T. Gower, et al. 2000. Carbon metabolism of the terrestrial biosphere: A multitechnique approach for improved understanding. Ecosystems 3(2):2-130.
9. Caspersen, J. P., S. W. Pacala, J. C. Jenkins, G. C. Hurtt, P. R. Moorcroft, and R. A. Birdsey. 2000. Contributions of land-use history to carbon accumulation in U. S. forests. Science 290(5494):5494-1151.
10. Channiwala, S. A. and P. P. Parikh. 2002. A unified correlation for estimating HHV of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. Fuel 81(8):8-1063.
11. Erb, K.-H. 2004a. Actual land demand of Austria 1926-2000: A variation on ecological footprint assessments. Land Use Policy 21(3):3-259.
12. Erb, K.-H. 2004b. Land-use related changes in aboveground carbon stocks of Austria's terrestrial ecosystems. Ecosystems 7(5):5-572.
13. Erb, K.-H., T. Kastner, S. Zandl, H. Weisz, H. Haberl, and M. Jonas. 2006. Nutzen der MFA fü r das Treibhausgas-Monitoring im Rahmen eines Full Carbon Accounting-Ansatzes. Feasibilitystudie [The utility of the material flow accounting concept for national carbon monitoring, in the context of a full carbon accounting approach. Feasibilty study] Social Ecology Working Paper 89. Vienna, Austria: Institute of Social Ecology.
14. Eurostat. 2001. Economy-wide material flow accounts and derived indicators: A methodological guide. Luxembourg: Eurostat, European Commission, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
15. Falkowski, P., R. J. Scholes, E. Boyle, J. Canadell, D. Canfield, J. Elser, N. Gruber, et al. 2000. The global carbon cycle: A test of our knowledge of earth as a system. Science 290(5490):5490-296.
16. Field, C. B., M. R. Raupach, and V. Reynaldo. 2004. The global carbon cycle: Integrating humans, climate, and the natural world. In Scope 62: The global carbon cycle: Integrating humans, climate, and the natural world, edited by C. B. Field and M. R. Raupach. London: Scope 62 Island Press, pp. 1-13.
17. Fischer-Kowalski, M. 1998. Society's metabolism: The intellectual history of material flow analysis, Part I: 1860-1970. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2(1):1-78.
18. Fischer-Kowalski, M. and K.-H. Erb. 2003. Gesellschaftlicher Stoffwechsel im Raum: Auf der Suche nach einem sozialwissenschaftlichen Zugang zur biophysischen Realität [Socioeconomic metabolism in space.: In search of a sociological approach to the biophysical reality]. In Humanökologie: Ansätze zur Überwindung der Natur-Kultur-Dichotomie [Human ecology: Approaches to overcome the nature-culture dichotomy], edited by P. Meusburger and T. Schwan. Stuttgart, Germany: Steiner Verlag, pp. 257-285.
19. Fischer-Kowalski, M. and H. Haberl. 2007. Socioecological transitions and global change: Trajectories of social metabolism and land use. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
20. Fischer-Kowalski, M. and W. Hüttler. 1998. Society's metabolism: The intellectual history of material flow analysis, Part II: 1970-1998. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2(4):4-137.
21. Fischer-Kowalski, M., F. Krausmann, and B. Smetschka. 2004. Modelling scenarios of transport across history from a socio-metabolic perspective. Review, a Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center 27(4):4-342.
22. Gingrich, S., K.-H. Erb, F. Krausmann, V. Gaube, and H. Haberl. 2007. Long-term dynamics of terrestrial carbon stocks in Austria: A comprehensive assessment of the time period from 1830 to 2000. Regional Environmental Change 7(1):1-47.
23. Grigg, D. 1992. The transformation of agriculture in the West. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
24. Grübler, A. 1998. Technology and global change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
25. Haberl, H. 2001a. The energetic metabolism of societies, Part I: Accounting concepts. Journal of Industrial Ecology 5(1):1-33.
26. Haberl, H. 2001b. The energetic metabolism of societies, Part II: Empirical examples. Journal of Industrial Ecology 5(2):2-88.
27. Haberl, H. 2006. The global socioeconomic energetic metabolism as a sustainability problem. Energy - The International Journal 31(1):1-99.
28. Haberl, H., M. Fischer-Kowalski, F. Krausmann, H. Weisz, and V. Winiwarter. 2004. Progress towards sustainability? What the conceptual framework of material and energy flow accounting (MEFA) can offer. Land Use Policy 21(3):3-213.
29. Haberl, H., V. Winiwarter, K. Andersson, R. U. Ayres, C. G. Boone, A. Castillio, G. Cunfer, et al. 2006. From LTER to LTSER: Conceptualizing the socio-economic dimension of long-term socio-ecological research. Ecology and Society 11(2):2 [online]. www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art13/
30. Houghton, R. A. 1995. Land-use change and the carbon cycle. Global Change Biology 1(2):2-287.
31. Houghton, R. A. and D. L. Skole. 1990. Carbon. In The earth as transformed by human action, global and regional changes in the biosphere over the past 300 years, edited by B. L. I. Turner et al. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 393-408.
32. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2001. Climate change 2001: The scientific basis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
33. IPCC. 2006. 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. Japan: IGES.
34. IPCC Working Group I. 2003. IPCC meeting on current scientific understanding of the processes affecting terrestrial carbon stocks and human influences upon them. Expert meeting report. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC.
35. Kauppi, P. E., J. H. Ausubel, J. Fang, A. S. Mather, R. A. Sedjo, and P. E. Waggoner. 2006. Returning forests analyzed with the forest identity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(46):46-17579.
36. Kilian, W. and F. Müller. 1995. Die Natürlichen Waldgesellschaften und Wuchsgebiete [The natural forest associations and growth areas]. In Ökobilanz Wald-Österreich [Ecobalance forest-Austria], edited by Austrian Statistical Office and Forestry Research Agency. Vienna, Austria: Austrian Statistical Office and Forestry Research Agency, pp. 25-36.
37. Körner, Ch., B. Schilcher, and S. Pelaez-Riedl. 1993. Vegetation und Treibhausproblematik: Eine Beurteilung der Situation in Österreich unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kohlenstoffbilanz [Vegetation and greenhouse gas problematics: An assessment of Austria's situation in special consideration of the carbon budget]. In Anthropogene Klimaänderung: mögliche Auswirkungen auf Österreich-mögliche Maßnahmen in Österreich, Bestandsaufnahme und Dokumentation [Anthropogenic climate change: Potential consequences for Austria-possible measures in Austria, assessment and documentation], edited by Austrian Academy of Sciences, Commission on Air Pollution. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences, pp. 6.1-6.46.
38. Krausmann, F. 2001. Land use and industrial modernization: An empirical analysis of human influence on the functioning of ecosystems in Austria 1830-1995. Land Use Policy 18(1):1-26.
39. Krausmann, F. 2004. Milk, manure and muscular power: Livestock and the industrialization of agriculture. Human Ecology 32(6):6-773.
40. Krausmann, F. 2006. Die Forest Transition in Österreich: Eine sozialökologische Annäherung [The forest transition in Austria: A socio-ecological attempt]. Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft 148:75-91.
41. Krausmann, F. and H. Haberl. 2002. The process of industrialization from the perspective of energetic metabolism: Socioeconomic energy flows in Austria 1830-1995. Ecological Economics 41(2):2-201.
42. Krausmann, F., H. Haberl, N. B. Schulz, K.-H. Erb, E. Darge, and V. Gaube. 2003. Land-use change and socio-economic metabolism in Austria, Part I: Driving forces of land-use change: 1950-1995. Land Use Policy 20(1):1-20.
43. Lambin, E. F. and H. J. Geist. 2006. Land-use and landcover change: Local processes and global impacts. Berlin: Springer.
44. Larcher, W. 1984. Ökologie der Pflanzen [Ecology of plants]. Stuttgart, Germany: Ulmer.
45. Lindemann, R. L. 1942. The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology 23(4):4-418.
46. Lotka, A. J. 1925. Elements of physical biology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
47. Machado, G., R. Schaeffer, and E. Worrel. 2001. Energy and carbon embodied in the international trade of Brazil: An input-output approach. Ecological Economics 39(3):3-424.
48. Marland, G., T. A. Boden, and R. J. Andres. 2000. Global, regional, and national CO2 emissions. In Trends: A compendium of data on global change, edited by Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. Oak Ridge, TN: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
49. Marschall, J. 1975. Hilfstafeln für die Forsteinrichtung [Ancillary tables for forestry management]. Vienna, Austria: Österreichischer Agrarverlag.
50. Mather, A. 1992. The forest transition. Area 24(4):4-379.
51. Mather, A. S. and C. L. Needle. 1998. The forest transition: A theoretical basis. Area 30(2):2-124.
52. Mather, A. S., J. Fairbairn, and C. L. Needle. 1999. The course and drivers of the forest transition: The case of France. Journal of Rural Studies 15(1):1-90.
53. Moritsch, A. 1972. Der Franziszeische Grundsteuerkataster: Quelle für die Wirtschaftsgeschichte und historische Volkskunde [The Franciscean Cadastre: Source for economic history and historic anthropology]. East European Quarterly 3(4):4-448.
54. Nilsson, S., A. Z. Shvidenko, V. Stolbovoi, M. Gluck, M. Jonas, and M. Obersteiner. 2000. Full carbon account for Russia. Laxenburg, Austria: IIASA.
55. Odum, E. P. 1971. Fundamentals of ecology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
56. Rudel, T. K., O. T. Coomes, E. Moran, F. Achard, A. Angelsen, J. Xu, and E. Lambin. 2005. The forest transition: Towards a global understanding of land use change. Global Environmental Change 15:23-31.
57. Sandgruber, R. 1978. Österreichische Agrarstatistik 1750-1918 [Austrian agricultural statistics 1750-1918]. Vienna, Austria: Verlag für Geschicte und Politik.
58. Sandgruber, R. 1979. Der Franziszeische Kataster und die dazugehörigen Steuerschätzungsoperate als wirtschafts-und sozialhistorische Quellen [The Franciscean Cadastre and the associated fiscal assessment reports as sources for economic and social history]. Mitteilungen aus dem niederösterreichischen Landesarchiv 3:16-28.
59. Saugier, B., J. Roy, and H. A. Mooney. 2001. Estimations of global terrestrial productivity: Converging toward a single number? In Terrestrial global productivity, edited by J. Roy et al. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 543-557.
60. Schieler, K. and K. Schadauer. 2004. The Austrian forest inventory 2000-2002. Vienna, Austria: Austrian Federal Office and Research Centre for Forests (BFW).
61. Schimel, D. S., J. I. House, K. A. Hibbard, P. Bousquet, P. Ciais, P. Peylin, B. H. Braswell, et al. 2001. Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems. Nature 414(6860):6860-172.
62. 2 and climate to carbon storage by ecosystems in the United States. Science 287(5460):5460-2006.
63. Schindler, K. 1885. Die Forste der in Verwaltung des K. K. Ackerbau-Ministeriums stehenden Staatsund Fondsgüter [The forests of the "Staatsund Fondsgüter" under the administration of the imperial-royal Ministry of Agriculture]. Vienna, Austria: Druck und Verlag der kaiserlichköniglichen Hof-und Staatsdruckerei.
64. Schindler, K. 1889. Die Forste der in Verwaltung des K. K. Ackerbau-Ministeriums stehenden Staats-und Fondsgüter [The forests of the "Staatsund Fondsgüter" under the administration of the imperial-royal Ministry of Agriculture]. Vienna, Austria: Druck und Verlag der kaiserlichköniglichen Hof-und Staatsdruckerei.
65. Sieferle, R. P. 2001. The subterranean forest: Energy systems and the industrial revolution. Cambridge, UK: White Horse Press.
66. Sieferle, R. P., F. Krausmann, H. Schandl, and V. Winiwarter. 2006. Das Ende der Fläche: Zum Sozialen Metabolismus der Industrialisierung [Area's end: On the social metabolism of industrialization]. Cologne, Germany: Böhlau.
67. Sitch, S., B. Smith, I. C. Prentice, A. Arneth, A. Bondeau, W. Cramer, J. O. Kaplan, et al. 2003. Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model. Global Change Biology 9(2):2-185.
68. Statistik Austria. 2002. Statistisches Jahrbuch Österreichs 2002 [Austrian statistical yearbook 2002]. Vienna: Statistik Austria.
69. Steffen, W., I. Noble, J. Canadell, M. Apps, E. D. Schulze, and P. Jarvis. 1998. The terrestrial carbon cycle: Implications for the Kyoto Protocol. Science 280(5368):5368-1394.
70. Steffen, W., J. Jäger, D. J. Carson, and C. Bradshaw. 2002. Challenges of a changing earth. Berlin: Springer.
71. Steffen, W., A. Sanderson, P. D. Tyson, J. Jäger, P. A. Matson, B. Moore III, F. Oldfield, K. Richardson, H. J. Schellnhuber, B. L. Turner II, and R. J. Wasson. 2004. Global change and the earth system: A planet under pressure. Berlin: Springer.
72. Stuber, M. and M. Bürgi. 2001. Agrarische Waldnutzung in der Schweiz 1800-1950: Waldweide, Waldheu, Nadel-und Laubfutter [Agrarian forest use in Switzerland 1800-1950: Forest pasture, forest hay, coniferous and deciduous feedstuff]. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen 152(12):12-508.
73. Tüxen, R. 1956. Die heutige potentielle natürliche Vegetation als Gegenstand der Vegetationskartierung [The present potential natural vegetation as object of vegetation mapping].Angewandte Pflanzensoziologie 13:5-42.
74. Uusivuori, J., E. Lehto, and M. Palo. 2002. Population, income and ecological conditions as determinants of forest area variation in the tropics. Global Environmental Change 12(4):4-323.
75. Vitousek, P. M. 1992. Global environmental change: An introduction. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23:1-14.
76. von Thünen, J. H. 1875. Der isolierte Staat in Beziehung auf Landwirthschaft und Nationalökonomie [The isolated state in relation to agriculture and national economy]. Berlin: Wiegant, Hempel und Parey.
77. Watson, R. T. and I. R. Noble. 2002. Carbon and the science-policy-nexus: The Kyoto challenge. In Challenges of a changing earth, edited by W. Steffen et al. Berlin: Springer, pp. 57-64.
78. Watson, R. T., I. R. Noble, B. Bolin, N. H. Ravindranath, D. J. Verardo, and D. J. Dokken. 2000. Land use, land-use change, and forestry: A special report of the IPCC. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
79. Weiss, P., K. Schieler, K. Schadauer, K. Radunsky, and M. Englisch. 2000. Die Kohlenstoffbilanz des österreichischen Waldes und Betrachtungen zum Kyoto-Protokol [The Austrian forest's carbon balance and reflections on the Kyoto protocol]. Vienna, Austria: Umweltbundesamt.
80. Weisz, H., F. Krausmann, C. Amann, N. Eisenmenger, K.-H. Erb, K. Hubacek, and M. Fischer-Kowalski. 2006. The physical economy of the European Union: Cross-country comparison and determinants of material consumption. Ecological Economics 58(4):4-698.