An examination of mixed layer sensitivity in the northeast Pacific Ocean from July 2001-July 2005 using the General Ocean Turbulence Model and Argo Data

Atmosphere - Ocean

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 139-153

  Jackson, Jennifer M ^a,c   Myers, Paul G ^a   Ianson, Debby ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; ATMOSPHERIC FORCING; COLD WATER; HEAT FLUX; MIXED LAYER; SALINITY; SHOALING WAVE; SHORTWAVE RADIATION; WATER TEMPERATURE;

GULF OF ALASKA; PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (NORTHEAST);

EID: 73449132587     PISSN: 07055900     EISSN: 14809214     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3137/OC308.2009     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. ADAMEC, D. and R.L. ELSBERRY. 1984. Sensitivity of mixed layer predictions at Ocean Station apa to atmospheric forcing parameters. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 14(4): 769-780.
2. ALEXANDER, M.A. and C. PENLAND. 1996. Variability in a mixed layer ocean model driven by stochastic atmospheric forcing. J. Clim. 9: 2424-2442.
3. BOND, N.A.; J.E. OVERLAND, M. SPILLANE and P. STABENO. 2003. Recent shifts in the state of the North Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(23): 2183, doi:10.1029/2003GL018597.
4. BROWN, R.G. and L.L. FU. 2000. An examination of the spring 1997 mid-latitude west Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly. ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN, 38(4): 577-599.
5. CAPOTONDI, A.; M.A. ALEXANDER, C. DESER and A.J. MILLER. 2005. Low-frequency variability in the Northeast Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 35: 1403-1420.
6. CRAWFORD, W.; P. SUTHERLAND and P. VAN HARDENBERG. 2005. Cold water intrusion in the eastern Gulf of Alaska in 2002. ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN, 43(2): 119-128.
7. CRAWFORD, W.; J. GALBRAITH and N. BOLINGBROKE. 2007. Line P ocean temperature and salinity, 1956-2005. Prog. Oceanogr. 75(2): 161-178.
8. CUMMINS, P.F. and G.S.E. LAGERLOEF. 2002. Low-frequency pycnocline depth variability at Ocean Weather Station in the northeast Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 32: 3207-3215.
9. CURCHITSER, E.M.; D.B. HAIDVOGEL, A.J. HERMANN, E.L. DOBBINS, T.M. POWELL and A. KAPLAN. 2005. Multi-scale modeling of the North Pacific Ocean: Assessment and analysis of simulated basin-scale variability. J. Geophys. Res. 110: C11021, doi:10.1029/2005JC002902. (Pubitemid 43056638)
10. DENMAN, K.L. and M. MIYAKE. 1973. Upper layer modification at Ocean Station Papa. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 3: 185-196.
11. DENMAN, K.L. and M.A. PEÑA. 1999. A coupled 1-D biological/physical model of the northeast subarctic Pacific Ocean with iron limitation. Deep- Sea Res. II, 46: 2877-2908.
12. DESER, C.; A.S. PHILLIPS and J.W. HURRELL. 2004. Pacific interdecadal climate variability: Linkages between the Tropics and the North Pacific during boreal winter since 1900. J. Clim. 17: 3109-3124.
13. FISHERIES AND OCEANS CANADA. 2005. Line-Profiles from Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada database http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc. ca/sci/osap/data/linep/linepselectdata-e.htm. Last accessed 2005.
14. FREELAND, H. 2002. The heat flux across Line-P 1996-1999. ATMOSPHEREOCEAN, 40(1): 81-89.
15. FREELAND, H.; K. DENMAN, C.S. WONG, F. WHITNEY and R. JACQUES. 1997. Evidence of change in the winter mixed layer in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I, 44(12): 2117-2129.
16. FREELAND, H.J.; G. GATIEN, A. HUYER and R.L. SMITH. 2003. Cold halocline in the northern California Current: An invasion of subarctic water. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(3): 1141, doi:10.1029/2002GL016663.
17. FREELAND, H.J. and P.F. CUMMINS. 2005. Argo: A new tool for environmental monitoring and assessment of the world's oceans, an example from the N.E. Pacific. Prog. Oceanogr. 64: 31-44.
18. GOULD, J.; D. ROEMMICH, S. WIJFFELS, H. FREELAND, M. IGNASZEWSKY, X. JIANPING, S. POULIQUEN, Y. DESAUBIES, U. SEND, K. RADHAKRISHNAN, K. TAKEUCHI, K. KIM, M. DANCHENKOV, P. SUTTON, B. KING, B. OWENS and S. RISER. 2004. Argo profiling floats bring new era of in situ ocean observations. EOS Trans. AGU, 85(19): 185-190.
19. GUILYARDI, E. 2006. El Niño-mean state-seasonal cycle interactions in a multi-model ensemble. Clim. Dyn. 26: 329-348.
20. JACKSON, J.M.; P.G. MYERS and D. IANSON. 2006. An examination of advection in the northeast Pacific Ocean, 2001-05. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33: L15601, doi:10.1029/2006GL026278. (Pubitemid 44945797)
21. KALNAY, E.; M. KANAMITSU, R. KISTLER, W. COLLINS, D. DEAVEN, L. GANDIN, M. IREDELL, S. SAHA, G. WHITE, J. WOOLLEN, Y. ZHU, A. LEETMAA, B. REYNOLDS, M. CHELLIAH, W. EBISUSAKI, W. HIGGINS, J. JANOWIAK, K.C. MO, C. ROPELEWSKI, J. WANG, R. JENNE and D. JOSEPH. 1996. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77(3): 437-471.
22. KRAUS, E.B. and J.S. TURNER. 1967. A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline. II. The general theory and its consequences. Tellus, 19(1): 98-105.
23. LAGERLOEF, G.S.E. 1995. Interdecadal variations in the Alaska Gyre. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25: 2242-2258.
24. LAÎNÉ, A., W.W. HSIEH and H.J. FREELAND. 2006. Forcing mechanisms controlling surface and subsurface temperature anomalies along Line P, north-east Pacific Ocean. ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN, 44(2): 163-176.
25. LALLI, C.M. and T.R. PARSONS. 1995. Biological Oceanography: An Introduction, Butterworth-Heinemen, Oxford, 406p.
26. LARGE, W.G.; J.C. MCWILLIAMS and S.C. DONEY. 1994. Oceanic vertical mixing: a review and a model with nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Rev. Geophys. 32: 363-403.
27. LARGE, W.G. and G.B. CRAWFORD. 1995. Observations and simulations of upper-ocean response to wind events during the Ocean Storms Experiment. J. phys. Oceanogr. 25: 2831-2852.
28. LI, M. 2005. Investigation of mixed layer depths along Line and throughout the Gulf of Alaska using historical data and Argo floats. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. 40p.
29. LI, M.; P.G. MYERS and H. FREELAND. 2005. An examination of historical mixed layer depths along Line in the Gulf of Alaska. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32: L05613, doi:1029/2004GL021911.
30. MANN, K.H. and J.R.N. LAZIER. 2006. Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems, Third Edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 496 pp.
31. MANTUA, N.J. and S.R. HARE. 2002. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation. J. Oceanogr. 58: 35-44.
32. MCPHADEN, M.J. 2004. Evolution of the 2002/03 El Niño. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 85: 677-695.
33. MEEHL, G.A.; H. TENG and G. BRANSTATOR. 2006. Future changes of El Niño in two global climate coupled models. Clim. Dyn. 26: 549-566.
34. MILLER, A.J. and N. SCHNEIDER. 2000. Interdecadal climate regime dynamics in the North Pacific Ocean: theories, observations and ecosystem impacts. Prog. Oceanogr. 47: 355-379.
35. OVERLAND, J.E.; N.A. BOND and J.M. ADAMS. 2001. North pacific atmospheric and SST anomalies in 1997: Links to ENSO? Fish. Oceanogr. 10(1): 69-80.
36. POLOVINA, J.J.; G.T. MITCHUM and G.T. EVANS. 1995. Decadal and basin-scale variation in mixed layer depth and the impact on biological production in the Central and North Pacific, 1960-88. Deep-Sea Res. 42(10): 1701-1716.
37. SCHWING, F.B.; T. MURPHEE, L. DEWITT and P.M. GREEN. 2002. The evolution of oceanic and atmospheric anomalies in the northeast Pacific during the El Niño and La Niña events of 1995-2001.Prog. Oceanogr. 54: 459-491.
38. STEINER, N.; S. VAGLE, K. DENMAN and C. MCNEIL. 2007. Oxygen and nitrogen cycling in the northeast Pacific - Simulations and observations at Station Papa in 2003/04. J. Mar. Res. 65: 441-469.
39. STEWART, R.H. 2005. Introduction to Physical Oceanography. On-line textbook. http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/ocng-textbook/contents.html. Last accessed 2005.
40. STEYN, D.G. and I.G. MCKENDRY. 1988. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of a three-dimensional mesoscale numerical model simulation of a sea breeze in terrain. Mon. Weather Rev. 116(10): 1914-1926.
41. STRUB, P.T. and C. JAMES. 2002. The 1997-98 oceanic El Niño signal along the southeast and northeast Pacific boundaries: an altimeter view. Prog. Oceanogr. 54: 439-458.
42. THOMSON, R.E. and I.V. FINE. 2003. Estimating mixed layer depth from oceanic profile data. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 20: 319-329.
43. UMLAUF, L. and H. BURCHARD. 2003. A generic length-scale equation for geophysical turbulence models. J. Mar. Res. 61: 235-265.
44. UMLAUF, L.; H. BURCHARD and K. HUTTER. 2003. Extending the k-ù model towards oceanic applications. Ocean Model. 5(3): 195-218.
45. UMLAUF, L.; H. BURCHARD and K. BOLDING. 2007. GOTM: Source code and Test Case Documentation, version 3.1.2. http://www.gotm.net. Last accessed August 2008.
46. WHITNEY, F.A. and H.J. FREELAND. 1999. Variability in upper-ocean water properties in the NE Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II, 46: 2351-2370.
47. WHITNEY, F.A. and D.W. WELCH. 2002. Impact of the 1997-1998 El Niño and 1999 La Niña on nutrient supply in the Gulf of Alaska. prog. Oceanogr. 54: 405-421.
48. WILLMOTT, C.J. 1982. Some comments on the evaluation of model performance, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 63(11): 1309-1313.