Physiological stress in broilers: Ramifications on nutrient digestibility and responses

Journal of Applied Poultry Research

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 338-347

  Virden, W S ^a   Kidd, M T ^a  

^a MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Amino acid digestibility; Broiler; Physiological stress

Indexed keywords

EID: 73449123029     PISSN: 10566171     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3382/japr.2007-00093     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Selye, H. 1963. Stress and the adaptation syndrome. Pages 365-366 in Cyclopedia of Medicine, Surgery and Specialties. Vol. XIII. F. A. Davis Company, New York, NY.
2. Moberg, G. P. 2000. Biological response to stress: Implications for animal welfare. Pages 1-21 in The Biology of Animal Stress. G. P. Moberg and J. A. Mench, ed. CABI Publishing, UK.
3. Siegel, H. S. 1980. Physiological stress in birds. Bioscience 30:529-533.
4. Cannon, W. B. 1929. Bodily Changes in Pain, Fear and Rape: An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement. 2nd ed. Applelton, New York, NY.
5. Siegel, H. S. 1971. Adrenal, stress, and environment. Worlds Poult. Sci. J. 27:327-349.
6. Holmes, W. N., and J. G. Phillips. 1976. The adrenal cortex of birds. Pages 292-420 in General, Comparative and Clinical Endocrinology of the Adrenal Cortex. I. ChesterJones and I. W. Henderson, ed. Academic Press, New York, NY.
7. Heftmann, E., and E. Mosettig. 1970. Biochemistry of Steroids. Reinhold, New York.
8. de Roos, R. 1960. In vitro production of corticosterone by chicken adrenal. Endocrinology 67:719-721.
9. Plotsky, P. M. 1988. Hypophysiotropic regulation of stress-induced ACTH secretion. Pages 65-81 in Mechanisms of Physical and Emotional Stress. G. P. Chrousos, D. L. Loriaux, and P. W. Gold, ed. Plenum Press, New York, NY.
10. Axelrod, J., and T. D. Reisine. 1984. Stress hormones: Their interaction and regulation. Science 224:452-459.
11. Dinan, T. G. 1996. Serotonin and the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Life Sci. 58:1683-1694.
12. Siegel, H. S. 1995. Stress, strains, and resistance. Br. Poult. Sci. 36:3-22.
13. Thompson, E. B., and M. E. Lippman. 1974. Mechanism of action of glucocorticoids. Metabolism 23:159-202.
14. Baylé, J. D. 1967. Repercussions sur la corticosteronemie de la destruction de l'eminence mediare combine a la hypophysectomie ou a l'autogreffe hypophysaire chez canard. C. R. Soc. Biol. 161:2559-2562.
15. Hendricks, G. L., H. S. Siegel, and M. M. Mashaly. 1991. Ovine corticotropin-releasing factor increases endocrine and immunological activity of avian leukocytes in vivo. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 196:390-395.
16. Hendricks, G. L. III, M. M. Mashaly, and H. S. Siegel. 1995. Validation of an assay to measure adrenocorticotropin in plasma and from chicken leukocytes. Poult. Sci. 74:337-342.
17. Blecha, F. 2000. Immune system response to stress. Pages 111-121 in The Biology of Animal Stress. G. P. Moberg and J. A. Mench, ed. CABI Publishing, UK.
18. Munck, A. P., M. Guyre, and N. J. Holbrook. 1984. Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions. Endocrinol. Rev. 5:25-44.
19. Garren, H. W., and C. S. Shafner. 1956. How the period of exposure to different stress stimuli affects the endocrine and lymphatic gland weights of young chickens. Poult. Sci. 35:266-272.
20. Meyer, R. K., R. L. Aspinall, M. A. Graetzer, and H. R. Wolfe. 1964. Effect of corticosterone on the skin homograft reaction and on the precipitin and hemagglutinin production in thymectomized and bursectomized chickens. J. Immunol. 92:446-451.
21. Glick, B. 1967. Antibody and gland studies in cortisone and ACTH-injected birds. J. Immunol. 98:1076-1084.
22. Siegel, H. S., and J. W. Latimer. 1970. Bone and blood calcium responses to adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, and low environment temperature in young chickens. Proc. World's Poult. Congr. 14:453-463.
23. Siegel, H. S., and W. L. Beane. 1961. Time responses to single intramuscular doses of ACTH in chickens. Poult. Sci. 40:216-219.
24. Siegel, H. S. 1962. Critical ages for responses to ACTH in chicks. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2:385-388.
25. Gross, W. B., P. B. Siegel, and R. T. DuBose. 1980. Some effects of feeding corticosterone to chickens. Poult. Sci. 59:516-522.
26. Donker, R. A., and G. Beuving. 1989. Effect of corticosterone infusion on plasma corticosterone concentration, antibody production, circulating leukocytes and growth in chicken lines selected for humoral immune responsiveness. Br. Poult. Sci. 30:361-369.
27. Puvadolpirod, S., and J. P. Thaxton. 2000. Model of physiological stress in chickens: 1. Response parameters. Poult. Sci. 79:363-369.
28. Puvadolpirod, S., and J. P. Thaxton. 2000. Model of physiological stress in chickens: 2. Dosimetry of adrenocorticotropin. Poult. Sci. 79:370-376.
29. Puvadolpirod, S., and J. P. Thaxton. 2000. Model of physiological stress in chickens: 3. Temporal patterns of response. Poult. Sci. 79:377-382.
30. Sullivan, D. A., and C. R. Wira. 1979. Sex hormone and glucocorticoid receptors in the bursa of Fabricius of immature chicks. J. Immunol. 122:2617-2623.
31. Claman, H. N. 1988. Corticosteroids and the immune response. Pages 203-208 in Mechanisms of Physical and Emotional Stress. G. P. Chrousos, D. L. Loriaux, and P. W. Gold, ed. Plenum Press, New York, NY.
32. Daynes, R. A., and B. A. Araneo. 1989. Contrasting effects of glucocorticoids on the capacity of T cells to produce the growth factors interleukin 2 and interleukin 4. Eur. J. Immunol. 19:2319-2326.
33. Griffin, J. F. T. 1989. Stress and immunity: A unifying concept. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 20:263-312.
34. Klasing, K. C. 1994. Avian leukocytic cytokines. Poult. Sci. 73:1035-1043.
35. Hammond, J. 1952. Physiological limits to intensive production on animals. Br. Agric. Bull. 4:222-225.
36. Touchberry, R. W. 1984. Emerging technology for the production of food animals through land and aquaculture systems. Pages 500-504 in Future Agricultural Technology and Resource Conservation. B. C. English, J. A. Maetzold, B. R. Holding, and E. O. Heady, ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames.
37. Assenmacher, I. 1973. The peripheral endocrine glands. Pages 186-286 in Avian Biology. Vol. 3. D. S. Farmer and J. R. King, ed. Academic Press, New York, NY.
38. Berne, R. M., and M. N. Levy. 1990. Principles of Physiology. The C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, MO.
39. Guyton, A. C. 1991. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 8th ed. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA.
40. Exton, J. H. 1979. Regulation of gluconeogenesis by glucocorticoids. Pages 535-546 in Glucocorticoid Hormone Action. J. D. Baxter and G. G. Rousseau, ed. SpringerVerlag, New York, NY.
41. Puvadolpirod, S., and J. P. Thaxton. 2000. Model of physiological stress in chickens: 4. Digestion and Metabolism. Poult. Sci. 79:383-390.
42. Brown, K. I., D. S. Brown, and R. K. Meyer. 1958. The effect of surgical trauma, ACTH, and adrenal cortical hormones on electrolytes and gluconeogenesis in male chickens. Am. J. Physiol. 192:43-50.
43. Nagra, C. L., and R. K. Meyer. 1963. Influence of corticosterone on the metabolism of palmitate and glucose in cockerels. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 3:131-138.
44. Adams, B. M. 1968. Effects of cortisol on growth and uric acid excretion in the chick. J. Endocrinol. 40:145151.
45. Siegel, H. S., and M. Van Kampen. 1984. Energy relationships in growing chickens given daily injections of corticosterone. Br. Poult. Sci. 25:477-485.
46. Granner, D. K. 1979. The role of glucocorticoid hormones as biological amplifiers. Pages 593-612 in Glucocorticoid Hormone Action. J. D. Baxter and G. G. Rousseau, ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
47. Exton, J. H., S. C. Harper, A. L. Tucker, J. L. Flagg, and C. R. Park. 1973. Effects of adrenalectomy and glucocorticoid replacement on gluconeogenesis in perfused livers from diabetic rats. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 329:41-57.
48. Rannels, S. R., and L. S. Jefferson. 1980. Effects of glucocorticoids on muscle protein turnover in perfused rat hemicorpus. Am. J. Physiol. 238:E564-E572.
49. Odedra, B. A., P. G. Bates, and D. J. Millward. 1983. Time course of the effect of catabolic doses of corticosterone on protein turnover in rat skeletal muscle and liver. Biochem. J. 214:617-627.
50. Klasing, K. C., D. E. Laurin, and D. M. Fry. 1987. Immunologically mediated growth depression in chicks: Influence of feed intake, corticosterone and interleukin-1. J. Nutr. 117:1629-1637.
51. Baxter, J. D., and G. G. Rousseau. 1979. Glucocorticoid hormone action: An overview. Pages 1-24 in Glucocorticoid Hormone Action. J. D. Baxter and G. G. Rousseau, ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
52. Kelly, F. J., and D. F. Goldspink. 1982. The differing responses of four muscle types to dexamethazone treatment in the rat. Biochem. J. 208:147-151.
53. Fain, J. N. 1979. Inhibition of glucose transport in fat cells and activation of lipolysis by glucocorticoids. Pages 547-560 in Glucocorticoid Hormone Action. J. D. Baxter and G. G. Rousseau, ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
54. Shafrir, E., K. E. Sussman, and D. Steinberg. 1960. Role of the pituitary and the adrenal in the mobilization of free fatty acids and lipoproteins. J. Lipid Res. 1:459-465.
55. Bartov, I., L. S. Jensen, and J. R. Veltman. 1980. Effect of corticosterone and prolactin on fattening in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 59:1328-1334.
56. Hausberger, F. X. 1958. Action of insulin and cortisone on adipose tissue. Diabetes 7:211-220.
57. Urist, M. R., and N. M. Deutsch. 1960. Effects of cortisone upon blood, adrenal cortex, gonads and the development of osteoporosis in birds. Endocrinology 66:805-818.
58. Feher, J. J., and R. H. Wassermen. 1979. Intestinal calcium-binding protein and calcium absorption in cortisoltreated chicks: Effects of vitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Endocrinology 104:547-551.
59. Morey, E. R., and A. D. Kenney. 1964. Effects of catecholamines on urinary calcium and phosphorus in intact and parathyroidectomized rats. Endocrinology 75:78-85.
60. Fink, G. D., and M. J. Brody. 1978. Continuous measurement of renal blood flow changes to renal nerve stimulation and intra-arterial drug administration in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 234:H219-H222.
61. Puvadolpirod, S. 1997. Physiological stress in broiler chicks. PhD Diss. Mississippi State University, Mississippi State.
62. Edens, F. W., and H. S. Siegel. 1975. Adrenal responses in high and low ACTH response lines of chicken during acute heat stress. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 25:64-73.
63. Beuving, G., and G. M. A. Vonder. 1978. Effect of stressing factors on corticosterone levels in the plasma of laying hens. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 35:153-159.
64. Covasa, M., and J. M. Forbes. 1995. Selection of foods by broiler chickens following corticosterone administration. Br. Poult. Sci. 36:489-501.
65. Malheiros, R. D., V. M. B. Moraes, A. Collin, E. Decuypere, and J. Buyse. 2003. Free diet selection by broilers as influenced by dietary macronutrient ratio and corticosterone supplementation. 1. Diet selection, organ weights, and plasma metabolites. Poult. Sci. 82:123-131.
66. Siegel, H. S. 1962. Age and sex modification of responses to adrenocorticotropin in young chickens. 2. Changes in adrenal cholesterol and blood constituent levels. Poult. Sci. 41:321-344.
67. 1-24 or corticosterone on immature Gallus domesticus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 59:416-423.
68. Post, J., J. M. Rebel, and A. A. H. M. ter Huurne. 2003. Physiological effects of elevated plasma corticosterone concentrations in broiler chickens. An alternative means by which to assess the physiological effects of stress. Poult. Sci. 82:1313-1318.
69. Gross, W. B., and H. S. Siegel. 1983. Evaluation of the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio as a measure of stress in chickens. Avian Dis. 27:972-979.
70. Smoak, K. D., and G. P. Birrenkott. 1986. In vivo responsiveness of the broiler's adrenocortical system. Poult. Sci. 65:194-196.
71. Siegel, H. S. 1968. Blood cells and chemistry of young chickens during daily ACTH and cortisol administration. Poult. Sci. 47:1811-1817.
72. Thaxton, J. P., J. Gilbert, P. Y. Hester, and J. Brake. 1982. Mercury toxicity as compared to adrenocorticotropininduced physiological stress in the chicken. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11:509-514.
73. Dulin, W. E. 1956. Effects of corticosterone cortisone and hydrocortisone on fat metabolism in the chick. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 92:253-255.
74. Garren, H. W., C. H. Hill, and M. W. Carter. 1961. Adrenal response of young chickens to adrenocorticotropic hormone as influenced by dosage and frequency of injection. Poult. Sci. 40:446-453.
75. Freeman, B. M., and A. C. C. Manning. 1975. The resonse of the immature fowl to multiple injections of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Br. Poult. Sci. 16:212-219.
76. Siegel, P. B., W. B. Gross, and E. A. Dunnington. 1989. Effects of dietary corticosterone in young Leghorn and meat-type cockerels. Br. Poult. Sci. 30:185-192.
77. Sibbald, I. R. 1979. A bioassay for available amino acids and true metabolizable energy in feedingstuffs. Poult. Sci. 58:668-673.
78. Lemme, A., V. Ravindran, and W. L. Bryden. 2004. Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of raw materials in broilers. Multi-State Poult. Feed. Nutr. Health Manage. Conf. and Degussa Corp.'s Tech. Symp., Indianapolis, IN. CD-Rom.
79. Ravindran, V., and W. L. Bryden. 1999. Amino acid availability in poultry-In vitro and in vivo measurements. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 50:889-908.
80. Ravindran, V., L. I. Hew, G. Ravindran, and W. L. Bryden. 1999. A comparison of ileal digesta and excreta analysis for the determination of amino acid digestibility in food ingredients for poultry. Br. Poult. Sci. 40:266-274.
81. Kadim, I. T., P. J. Moughan, and V. Ravindran. 2002. Ileal amino acid digestibility assay for the growing meat chicken-Comparison of ileal and excreta amino acid digestibility in the chicken. Br. Poult. Sci. 43:588-597.
82. Virden, W. S., M. S. Lilburn, J. P. Thaxton, A. Corzo, D. Hoehler, and M. T. Kidd. 2007. The effect of corticosterone-induced stress on amino acid digestibility in Ross broilers. Poult. Sci. 86:338-342.
83. Iwasaki, K., R. Ikawa, H. Oyama, H. Horikawa, and R. Oishi. 1997. Effects of glucose in drinking water on performance of broilers reared under hot season. Jpn. Poult. Sci. 34:394-398.
84. Zhou, W. T., M. Fujita, S. Yamamoto, K. Iwasaki, R. Ikawa, H. Oyama, and H. Horikawa. 1998. Effects of glucose in drinking water on the changes in whole blood viscosity and plasma osmolality of broiler chickens during high temperature exposure. Poult. Sci. 77:644-647.
85. Nelson, D. L., and M. M. Cox. 2000. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. Worth Publishers, New York, NY.
86. Leathwood, P. D. 1987. Tryptophan availability and serotonin synthesis. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 46:143-146.
87. Laycock, S. R., and R. O. Ball. 1990. Alleviation of hysteria in laying hens with dietary tryptophan. Can. J. Vet. Res. 54:291-295.
88. Shea, M. M., J. A. Mench, and O. P. Thomas. 1990. The development of dietary tryptophan on aggressive behavior in developing and mature broiler breeder males. Poult. Sci. 69:1664-1669.
89. Séve, B., M. C. Meunier-Salaün, M. Monnier, Y. Colléux, and Y. Henry. 1991. Impact of dietary tryptophan and behavioral type on growth performance and plasma amino acids of young pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 69:3679-3688.
90. Shea-Moore, M. M., O. P. Thomas, and J. A. Mench. 1996. Decreases in aggression in tryptophan-supplemented broiler breeder males are not due to increases in blood niacin levels. Poult. Sci. 75:370-374.
91. Rosebrough, R. W. 1996. Crude protein and supplemental dietary tryptophan effects on growth and tissue neurotransmitter levels in the broiler chicken. Br. J. Nutr. 76:87-96.
92. van Hierdan, Y. M., J. M. Koohaas, and S. M. Korte. 2004. Chronic increase of dietary L-tryptophan decreases gentle feather pecking behavior. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 89:71-84.
93. Koopmans, S. J., A. C. Guzik, J. van der Meulen, R. Dekker, J. Kogut, B. J. Kerr, and L. L. Southern. 2006. Effects of supplemental l-tryptophan on serotonin, cortisol, intestinal integrity, and behavior in weanling piglets. J. Anim. Sci. 84:963-971.
94. Rodwell, V. W. 1979. Conversion of amino acids to specialized products. Page 430 in Review of Physiological Chemistry. A. H. Harper, V. W. Rodwell, and P. A. Mayes, ed. Lange Medical, Los Altos, CA.
95. Ryder, M. L. 1973. Hair. Studies in Biology No. 41. Edward Arnold, London, UK.
96. Rose, J., and M. Sterner. 1992. The role of adrenal glands in regulating onset of winter fur growth in mink (Mustela vison). J. Exp. Zool. 262:469-473.
97. Rose, J. 1995. Bilateral adrenalectomy induces early onset of summer fur growth in mink (Mustela vison). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 111:2443-2447.
98. Teeter, R. G., M. O. Smith, F. N. Owens, S. C. Arp, S. Sangiah, and J. E. Breazile. 1985. Chronic heat stress and respiratory alkalosis: Occurrence and treatment in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 64:1060-1064.
99. Branton, S. L., F. N. Reece, and J. W. Deaton. 1986. Use of ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate in acute heat exposure of broilers. Poult. Sci. 65:1659-1663.
100. Fixter, M., D. Balnave, and R. J. Johnson. 1987. The influence of dietary electrolyte balance on broiler growth at high temperatures. Pages 34-48 in Proc. Poult. Husbandry Res. Found. Symp., University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
101. Simmons, J. D., S. L. Branton, and J. W. Deaton. 1989. Survivability resulting from increased fluid consumption with broilers exposed to high temperature. Trans. ASAE 32:238-240.
102. Ferket, P. R., and M. A. Qureshi. 1992. Performance and immunity of heat-stressed broilers fed vitaminand electrolyte-supplemented drinking water. Poult. Sci. 71:88-97.
103. Balnave, D., and I. Gorman. 1993. A role for sodium bicarbonate supplements for growing broilers at high temperatures. World's Poult. Sci. J. 49:236-241.
104. Pardue, S. L., J. P. Thaxton, and J. Brake. 1985. Role of abscorbic acid in chicks exposed to high environmental temperature. J. Appl. Physiol. 58:1511-1516.
105. Kutlu, H. R., and J. M. Forbes. 1993. Self-selection of ascorbic acid in colored foods by heat-stressed broiler chicks. Physiol. Behav. 53:103-110.
106. McKee, J. S., and P. C. Harrison. 1995. Effects of supplemental ascorbic acid on the performance of broiler chickens exposed to multiple concurrent stressors. Poult. Sci. 74:1772-1785.