The mechanics of first order splay faulting: The strike-slip case

Journal of Structural Geology

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 118-126

  Scholz, Christopher H ^a   Ando, Ryosuke ^a   Shaw, Bruce E ^a  

^a International Research Institute for Climate and Society   (United States)

Author keywords

Earthquakes; Fault interactions; Faulting

Indexed keywords

CONTINENTAL TRANSFORM; FAULT INTERACTIONS; FIRST ORDER; PLATE MOTIONS; PRINCIPAL STRESS; STRESS FIELD; STRIKE-SLIP FAULT;

EARTHQUAKES;

STRESSES;

DEFORMATION MECHANISM; EARTHQUAKE; FAULTING; SHEAR STRESS; STRESS FIELD; STRIKE-SLIP FAULT; SYMMETRY; TECTONICS; TRANSFORM FAULT; VECTOR;

EID: 73449094145     PISSN: 01918141     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsg.2009.10.007     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Abercrombie R.E., Webb T., Robinson R., McGinty P.J., Mori J., and Beavan R.J. The enigma of the Arthur's Pass, New Zealand, earthquake. 1. Reconciling a variety of data for an unusual earthquake sequence. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 105 (2000) 16119-16137
2. Anders M.H., Spiegelman M., Rodgers D.W., and Hagstrum J.T. The growth of fault-bounded tilt blocks. Tectonics 12 (1993) 1451-1459
3. Anderson E.M. The Dynamics of Faulting (1951), Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh
4. Ando R., Shaw B.E., and Scholz C.H. Quantifying natural fault geometry: statistics of splay fault angles. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 99 (2009) 389-395
5. Atwater T. Implications of plate tectonics for the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of western North America. Geological Society of America Bulletin 81 (1970) 3513-3536
6. Aydin A., and Page B.M. Diverse Pliocene-Quaternary tectonics in a transform environment, San Francisco Bay region, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin 95 (1984) 1303-1317
7. Baba T., Cummins P.R., Hori T., and Kaneda Y. High precision slip distribution of the 1944 Tonankai earthquake inferred from tsunami waveforms: possible slip on a splay fault. Tectonophysics 426 (2006) 119-134
8. Bhat H.S., Dmowska R., Rice J.R., and Kame N. Dynamic slip transfer from the Denali to Totschunda faults, Alaska: testing theory for fault branching. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 94 (2004) S202-S213
9. Bhat H.S., Olives M., Dmowska R., and Rice J.R. Role of fault branches in earthquake rupture dynamics. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 112 (2007) B11309.1-B11309.16
10. Bourne S.J., Arnadottir T., Beavan J., Darby D.J., England P.C., Parsons B., Walcott R.I., and Wood P.R. Crustal deformation of the Marlborough fault zone in the South Island of New Zealand: geodetic constraints over the interval 1982-1994. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 103 (1998) 30147-30165
11. Bryant W.A. Digital database of Quaternary and Younger faults from the Fault Activity Map of California. California Geological Survey Web Page (2005). http://www.consrv.ca.gov/CGS/information/publications/Pages/QuaternaryFaults_ver2.aspx
12. Cladouhos T.T., and Allmendinger R.W. Finite strain and rotation from fault-slip data. Journal of Structural Geology 15 (1993) 771-784
13. Cunningham W.D., and Mann P. Tectonics of strike-slip restraining and releasing bends. In: Cunningham W.D., and Mann P. (Eds). Tectonics of Strike-slip Restraining and Releasing Bends (2007), The Geological Society, London 1-12
14. de Joussineau G., Mutlu O., Aydin A., and Pollard D.D. Characterization of strike-slip fault - splay relationships in sandstone. Journal of Structural Geology 29 (2007) 1831-1842
15. DeMets C., and Dixon T.H. New kinematic models for Pacific-North America motion from 3 Ma to present. I: Evidence for steady motion and biases in the NUVEL-1A model. Geophysical Research Letters 26 (1999) 1921-1924
16. Demets C., Gordon R.G., Argus D.F., and Stein S. Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time-scale on estimates of current plate motions. Geophysical Research Letters 21 (1994) 2191-2194
17. Dillon J.T., and Ehrig P.L. Displacement of the Southern San Andreas fault. In: Ehrig P.R., Weldon II R.J., and Matti J.C. (Eds). The San Andreas Fault System: Displacement, Palinspastic Reconstruction, and Geological Evolution (1993), Geological Society of America 199-216
18. Du Y.J., and Aydin A. Shear fracture patterns and connectivity at geometric complexities along strike-slip faults. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 100 (1995) 18093-18102
19. Duan B., and Oglesby D.D. Nonuniform prestress from prior earthquakes and the effect on dynamics of branched fault systems. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 112 (2007) B05308.1-B05308.18
20. Fletcher H.J., and Freymueller J.T. New constraints on the motion of the Fairweather fault, Alaska, from GPS observations. Geophysical Research Letters 30 (2003) 1139
21. Freeman T.S., Heath E.G., Guptill P.D., and Waggoner J.T. Seismic hazard assessment - Newport Inglewood fault. In: Pipkin B.W., and Proctor R.J. (Eds). Engineering Practice in Southern California (1992), Association of Engineering Geologists 211-231
22. Freund R. Kinematics of transform and transcurrent faults. Tectonophysics 21 (1974) 93-134
23. Garfunkel Z., and Ron H. Block rotation and deformation by strike-slip faults. 2. The properties of a type of macroscopic discontinuous deformation. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth and Planets 90 (1985) 8589-8602
24. Gilbert L., Scholz C.H., and Beavan J. Strain localization along the San Andreas fault: consequences for loading mechanisms. Journal of Geophysical Research 99 (1994) 975-984
25. Haeussler P.J. Surface map of the 2002 M7.9 Denali fault earthquake, Alaska. US Geological Survey Data Series Report 422 (2009). http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/422/
26. Haeussler P.J., Schwartz D.P., Dawson T.E., Stenner H.D., Lienkaemper J.J., Sherrod B., Cinti F.R., Montone P., Craw P.A., Crone A.J., and Personius S.F. Surface rupture and slip distribution of the Denali and Totschunda faults in the 3 November 2002 M 7.9 earthquake, Alaska. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 94 (2004) S23-S52
27. Hardebeck J.L., and Hauksson E. Role of fluids in faulting inferred from stress field signatures. Science 285 (1999) 236-239
28. Hardebeck J.L., and Hauksson E. Crustal stress field in southern California and its implications for fault mechanics. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 106 (2001) 21859-21882
29. Jackson J., and Molnar P. Active faulting and block rotations in the Western Transverse Ranges, California. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth and Planets 95 (1990) 22073-22087
30. Jackson J.A. Active normal faulting and crustal extension. In: Coward M., Dewey J., and Hancock P. (Eds). Continental Extensional Tectonics (1987), Blackwell, London 3-18
31. Jaeger J.C., and Cook N.G.W. Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics (1976), Chapman and Hall, London
32. Jones L.M. Focal mechanisms and the state of stress on the San Andreas fault in Southern California. Journal of Geophysical Research 93 (1988) 8869-8892
33. Kendrick K.J., Morton D.M., Wells S.G., and Simpson R.W. Spatial and temporal deformation along the northern San Jacinto fault, southern California: implications for slip rates. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92 (2002) 2782-2802
34. Kim Y.S., and Sanderson D.J. Structural similarity and variety at the tips in a wide range of strike-slip faults: a review. Terra Nova 18 (2006) 330-344
35. Kostrov B.V., and Das S. Evaluation of stress and displacement-fields due to an elliptical plane shear crack. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 78 (1984) 19-33
36. Kranz R.L. The effects of confining pressure and stress difference on static fatigue of granite. Journal of Geophysical Research 85 (1980) 1854-1866
37. Little T.A., and Jones A. Seven million years of strike-slip and related off-fault deformation, northeastern Marlborough fault system, South Island, New Zealand. Tectonics 17 (1998) 285-302
38. Luyendyk B.P., Kamerling M.J., Terres R.R., and Hornafius J.S. Simple shear of Southern-California during neogene time suggested by paleomagnetic declinations. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth and Planets 90 (1985) 2454-2466
39. Magistrale H., and Rockwell T. The central and southern Elsinore fault zone, Southern California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86 (1996) 1793-1803
40. Mann P. Global catalogue, classification, and tectonic origins of restraining and releasing bends on active and ancient strike-slip fault systems. In: Cunningham W.D., and Mann P. (Eds). Tectonics of Strike-slip Restraining and Releasing Bends (2007), The Geological Society, London 13-142
41. Martel S.J. Mechanical controls on fault geometry. Journal of Structural Geology 21 (1999) 585-596
42. Martel S.J., and Boger W.A. Geometry and mechanics of secondary fracturing around small three-dimensional faults in granitic rock. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 103 (1998) 21299-21314
43. Meade B.J., and Hager B.H. Block models of crustal motion in southern California constrained by GPS measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 110 (2005) B03403.1-B03403
44. Morton D.M., and Matti J.C. Extension and contraction within and evolving divergent strike-slip fault complex: the San Andreas and San Jacinto fault zones and their convergence in Southern California. In: Powell R.E., Welden R.J., and Matti J. (Eds). The San Andreas Fault System: Displacement, Palinspastic Reconstruction, and Geological Evolution, Memoir 178 (1993), Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO 217-230
45. Park J.O., Tsuru T., Kodaira S., Cummins P.R., and Kaneda Y. Splay fault branching along the Nankai subduction zone. Science 297 (2002) 1157-1160
46. Plafker G. Tectonic deformation associated with 1964 Alaska earthquake - earthquake of 27 March 1964 resulted in observable crustal deformation of unprecedented areal extent. Science 148 (1965) 1675-1687
47. Poliakov A.N.B., Dmowska R., and Rice J.R. Dynamic shear rupture interactions with fault bends and off-axis secondary faulting. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 107 (2002) ESE6.1-ESE6.18
48. Savage J.C., and Burford R.O. Geodetic determination of relative plate motion in Central California. Journal of Geophysical Research 78 (1973) 832-845
49. Scholz C.H. Transform fault systems of California and New Zealand: similarities in their tectonic and seismic styles. Journal of the Geological Society London 133 (1977) 215-229
50. Scholz C.H. The brittle-plastic transition and the depth of seismic faulting. Geologische Rundschau 77 (1988) 319-328
51. Scholz C.H. Evidence for a strong San Andreas fault. Geology 28 (2000) 163-166
52. Scholz C.H., Barazangi M., and Sbar M.L. Late Cenozoic evolution of the Great Basin, westem United States, as an ensialic interarc basin. Geological Society of America Bulletin 82 (1971) 2979-2990
53. Scholz C.H., and Gupta A. Fault interactions and seismic hazard. Journal of Geodynamics 29 (2000) 459-467
54. Sibson R.H. A note on fault reactivation. Journal of Structural Geology 7 (1985) 751-754
55. Sibson R.H., and Xie G.Y. Dip range for intracontinental reverse fault ruptures: truth not stranger than friction?. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88 (1998) 1014-1022
56. Stein R.S. The role of stress transfer in earthquake occurrence. Nature 402 (1999) 605-609
57. Stephenson W.J., Odum J.K., Williams R.A., and Anderson M.L. Delineation of faulting and basin geometry along a seismic reflection transect in urbanized San Bernardino Valley, California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92 (2002) 2504-2520
58. Suppe J. Absolute fault and crustal strength from wedge tapers. Geology 35 (2007) 1127-1130
59. Townend J., and Zoback M.D. How faulting keeps the crust strong. Geology 28 (2000) 399-402
60. Wakabayashi J. Distribution of displacement on and evolution of a young transform fault system: the northern San Andreas fault system, California. Tectonics 18 (1999) 1245-1274
61. Walcott R.I. Modes of oblique compression: late Cenozoic tectonics of the South Island of New Zealand. Reviews of Geophysics 36 (1998) 1-26
62. Wesnousky S. Earthquakes, quaternary faults, and seismic hazard in California. Journal of Geophysical Research 91 (1986) 12587-12631
63. Yeats R., and Berryman K. South Island, New Zealand and Transverse Ranges, California, a seismotectonic comparison. Tectonics 6 (1987) 363-376
64. Zoback M.L., and Zoback M.D. Lithospheric stress and deformation. In: Watts A.B. (Ed). Treatise on Geophysics (2007), Elsevier, Amsterdam 253-274