Bovine Coronavirus Associated Syndromes

Veterinary Clinics of North America - Food Animal Practice

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 123-146

  Boileau, Mélanie J ^a   Kapil, Sanjay ^a  

^a OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bovine enteropathogenic coronavirus; Bovine respiratory coronavirus; Calf diarrhea; Winter dysentery

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; BOS; BOVINAE; BOVINE CORONAVIRUS; CORONAVIRUS;

EID: 73349124808     PISSN: 07490720     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.10.003     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Martin S.W., Nagy E., Shewen P.E., et al. The association of titers to bovine coronavirus with treatment for bovine respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves. Can J Vet Res 62 4 (1998) 257-261
2. Gagea M.I., Bateman K.G., Dreumel T.V., et al. Diseases and pathogens associated with mortality in Ontario feedlots. J Vet Diagn Invest 18 1 (2006) 18-28
3. Snowder G.D., Van Vleck L.D., Cundiff L.V., et al. Bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle: environmental, genetic, and economic factors. J Anim Sci 84 (2006) 1999-2008
4. Storz J., Purdy C.W., Lin X., et al. Isolation of respiratory coronaviruses, other cytocidal viruses and Pasteurella spp. from cattle involved in two natural outbreaks of shipping fever. J Am Vet Med Assoc 216 10 (2000) 1599-1604
5. Storz J., Stine L., Liem A., et al. Coronavirus isolations from nasal swabs samples in cattle with signs of respiratory tract disease after shipping. J Am Vet Med Assoc 208 9 (1996) 1452-1455
6. Lin X.Q., O eilly K.L., Storz J., et al. Antibody responses to respiratory coronavirus infections of cattle during shipping fever pathogenesis. Arch Virol 145 11 (2000) 2335-2349
7. McNulty M.S., Bryson D.G., Allan G.M., et al. Coronavirus infection of the bovine respiratory tract. Vet Microbiol 9 5 (1984) 425-434
8. Lathrop S.L., Wittum T.E., Brock K.V., et al. Association between infection of the respiratory tract attributable to bovine coronavirus and health and growth performance of cattle in feedlots. Am J Vet Res 61 9 (2000) 1062-1066
9. Storz J., Lin X., Purdy C.W., et al. Coronavirus and Pasteurella infections in bovine shipping fever pneumonia and Evans' criteria for causation. J Clin Microbiol 38 9 (2000) 3291-3298
10. Hasoksuz M., Vlasova A., and Saif L.J. Detection of group 2a coronaviruses with emphasis on bovine and wild ruminant strains. Virus isolation and detection of antibody, antigen, and nucleic acid. Methods Mol Biol 454 (2008) 43-59
11. Kanno T., Kamivoshi T., Ishihara R., et al. Phylogenic studies of bovine coronaviruses isolated in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 71 1 (2009) 83-86
12. Takiuchi E., Alfieri A.F., and Alfieri A.A. Molecular analysis of the bovine coronavirus S1 gene by direct sequencing of diarrheic fecal specimens. Braz J Med Biol Res 41 4 (2008) 277-282
13. Liu L., Hägglund S., Hakhverdan M., et al. Molecular epidemiology of bovine coronavirus on the basis of comparative analysis of the S gene. J Clin Microbiol 44 3 (2006) 957-960
14. Popova R., and Zhang X. The spike but not the hemagglutinin/esterase protein of bovine coronavirus is necessary and sufficient for viral infection. Virology 294 1 (2002) 222-236
15. Kapil S, Lamm CG, McVey DS, et al. Detection of bovine respiratory coronavirus in beef cattle. In: Proceedings of the 27th annual meeting of the American Society of Virologists. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, July 15, 2008. p. 9-1.
16. Carman P.S., and Hazlett M.J. Bovine coronavirus infection in Ontario, 1990-1991. Can Vet J 33 12 (1992) 812-814
17. Storz J. Respiratory disease of cattle associated with coronavirus infections. In: Howard J.L., and Smith R.A. (Eds). Current veterinary therapy: food animal practice 4 (1998), WB Saunders, Philadelphia 291-293
18. Lin X.Q., O'Reilly K.L., and Storz J. Antibody responses of cattle with respiratory coronavirus infections during pathogenesis of shipping fever pneumonia are lower with antigens of enteric strains than with those of a respiratory strain. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 5 (2002) 1010-1013
19. Tsunemitsu H., and Saif L.J. Antigenic and biologic comparisons of bovine coronavirus derived from neonatal calf diarrhea and winter dysentery of adult cattle. Arch Virol 140 7 (1995) 1303-1311
20. Thomas C.J., Hoet A.E., Sreevatsan S., et al. Transmission of bovine coronavirus and serologic responses in feedlot calves under field conditions. Am J Vet Res 67 8 (2006) 1412-1420
21. Cho K.O., Hoet A.E., Loerch S.C., et al. Evaluation of concurrent shedding of bovine coronavirus via the respiratory tract and enteric route. Am J Vet Res 62 9 (2001) 1436-1441
22. Reynolds D.J., Debney T.G., Hall G.A., et al. Studies on the relationship between coronaviruses from the intestinal and respiratory tracts in calves. Arch Virol 85 1-2 (1985) 71-83
23. Saif L.J., Redman D.R., Moorhead P.D., et al. Experimentally induced coronavirus infections in calves: viral replication in the respiratory and intestinal tracts. Am J Vet Res 47 7 (1986) 1426-1432
24. Tsunemitsu H., Yonemichi H., Hirai T., et al. Isolation of bovine coronavirus from feces and nasal swabs of calves with diarrhea. J Vet Med Sci 53 3 (1991) 433-437
25. Hasoksuz M., Lathrop S., Al-dubaib M.A., et al. Antigenic variation among bovine enteric coronaviruses (BEVC) and bovine respiratory coronaviruses (BRCV) detected using monoclonal antibodies. Arch Virol 144 12 (1999) 2441-2447
26. El-Kanawati Z.R., Tsunemitsu H., Smith D.R., et al. Infection and cross-protection studies of winter dysentery and calf diarrhea bovine coronavirus strains in colostrum-deprived and gnotobiotic calves. Am J Vet Res 57 1 (1996) 48-53
27. Hasoksuz M., Sreevatsan S., Cho K.O., et al. Molecular analysis of the S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein of respiratory and enteric bovine coronavirus isolates. Virus Res 84 1-2 (2002) 101-109
28. Reynolds D.J. Coronavirus replication in the intestinal and respiratory tracts during infection of calves. Ann Rech Vet 14 4 (1983) 445-446
29. Zhang X., Herbst W., Kousoulas K.G., et al. Comparison of the S genes and the biological properties of respiratory and enteropathogenic bovine coronaviruses. Arch Virol 134 3-4 (1994) 421-426
30. Gelinas A.-M., Boutin M., Sasseville A.M.-J., et al. Bovine coronaviruses associated with enteric and respiratory diseases in Canadian dairy cattle display different reactivities to anti-HE monoclonal antibodies and distinct amino acid changes in their HE, S and ns4.9 protein. Virus Res 76 1 (2001) 43-57
31. Hasoksuz M., Lathrop S.L., Gadfiled K.L., et al. Isolation of bovine respiratory coronaviruses from feedlot cattle and comparison of their biological and antigenic properties with bovine enteric coronaviruses. Am J Vet Res 60 10 (1999) 1227-1233
32. Hasoksuz M., Hoet A.E., Loerch S.C., et al. Detection of respiratory and enteric shedding of bovine coronaviruses in cattle at an Ohio feedlot. J Vet Diagn Invest 14 4 (2002) 308-313
33. Kanno T., Hatama S., Ishihara R., et al. Molecular analysis of the S glycoprotein gene of bovine coronaviruses isolated in Japan from 1999-2006. J Gen Virol 88 Pt 4 (2007) 1218-1224
34. Park S.J., Kim G.Y., Choy H.E., et al. Dual enteric and respiratory tropisms of winter dysentery bovine coronavirus in calves. Arch Virol 152 10 (2007) 1885-1900
35. Decaro N., Martella V., Elia G., et al. Biological and genetic analysis of a bovine-like coronavirus isolated from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves. Virology 370 1 (2008) 213-222
36. Wunschman A., Frank R., Pomeroy K., et al. Enteric coronavirus infection in a juvenile dromadery (Camelus dromaderius). J Vet Diagn Invest 14 5 (2002) 441-444
37. Genova S.G., Streeter R.N., Simpson K.M., et al. Detection of an antigenic group 2 coronavirus in an adult alpaca with enteritis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 15 10 (2008) 1629-1632
38. Majhdi F., Minocha H.C., and Kapil S. Isolation and characterization of a coronavirus from elk calves with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 35 11 (1997) 2937-2942
39. Hasoksuz M., Alekseev K., Vlasova A., et al. Biologic, antigenic, and full-length genomic characterization of a bovine-like coronavirus isolated from a giraffe. J Virol 81 10 (2007) 4981-4990
40. Decaro N., Mari V., Desario C., et al. Severe outbreak of bovine coronavirus infection in dairy cattle during the warmer season. Vet Microbiol 126 1-3 (2008) 30-39
41. Saif L.J. Development of nasal, fecal and serum isotype-specific antibodies in calves challenged with bovine coronavirus or rotavirus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 17 1-4 (1987) 425-439
42. Heckert R.A., Saif L.J., Hoblet K.H., et al. A longitudinal study of bovine coronavirus enteric and respiratory infections in dairy calves in two herds in Ohio. Vet Microbiol 22 2-3 (1990) 187-201
43. Heckert R.A., Saif L.J., Myers G.W., et al. Epidemiologic factors and isotype-specific antibody responses in serum and mucosal secretions of dairy calves with bovine coronavirus respiratory tract and enteric tract infections. Am J Vet Res 52 6 (1991) 845-851
44. Collins J.K., Riegel C.A., Olson J.D., et al. Shedding of enteric coronavirus in adult cattle. Am J Vet Res 48 3 (1987) 361-365
45. Kapil S., and Goyal S.M. Bovine coronavirus-associated respiratory disease. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 17 9 (1995) 1179-1181
46. Crouch C.F., Bielefeldt Ohmann H., Watts T.C., et al. Chronic shedding of bovine enteric coronavirus antigen-antibody complexes by clinically normal cows. J Gen Virol 66 Pt 7 (1985) 1489-1500
47. Evermann J.F., and Benfield D.A. Coronaviral infections. In: Williams E.S., and Barber I.K. (Eds). Infectious diseases of wild mammals. 3rd edition (2001), Iowa State University Press, Ames (IA) 245-253
48. Tsunemitsu H., Smith D.R., and Saif L.J. Experimental inoculation of adult dairy cows with bovine coronavirus and detection of coronavirus in feces by RT-PCR. Arch Virol 144 1 (1999) 167-175
49. Saif L.J., and Smith K.L. Enteric viral infections of calves and passive immunity. J Dairy Sci 68 1 (1985) 206-228
50. Kapil S., Trent A.M., and Goyal S.M. Excretion and persistence of bovine coronavirus in neonatal calves. Arch Virol 115 1-2 (1990) 127-132
51. Kapil S., Pomeroy K.A., Goyal S.M., et al. Experimental infection with a virulent pneumoenteric isolate of bovine coronavirus. J Vet Diagn Invest 3 1 (1991) 88-89
52. Clark K.J., Sarr A.B., Grant P.G., et al. In vitro studies on the use of clay, clay minerals and charcoal to adsorb bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus. Vet Microbiol 63 2-4 (1998) 137-146
53. Lorusso A., Desario C., Mari V., et al. Molecular characterization of a canine respiratory coronavirus strain detected in Italy. Virus Res 141 1 (2009) 96-100
54. Kaneshima T., Hohdatsu T., Hagino R., et al. The infectivity and pathogenicity of a group 2 bovine coronavirus in pups. J Vet Med Sci 69 3 (2007) 301-303
55. Woolums A.R., Ames T.R., and Baker J.C. The bronchopneumonias (respiratory disease complex of cattle, sheep, and goats). In: Smith B.P. (Ed). Large animal internal medicine. 4th edition (2009), Mosby Elsevier, St. Louis (MO) 602-643
56. Thomas L.H., Gourlay R.N., Stott E.J., et al. A search for new microorganisms in calf pneumonia by the inoculation of gnotobiotic calves. Res Vet Sci 33 2 (1982) 170-182
57. Busato A., Steiner L., Tontis A., et al. Frequency and etiology of calf losses and calf diseases in cow-calf farms. I. Methods of data collection, calf mortality, and calf morbidity. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 104 4 (1997) 131-135
58. Ganaba R., Belanger D., Dea S., et al. A seroepidemiological study of the importance in cow-calf pairs of respiratory and enteric viruses in beef operations from northwestern Quebec. Can J Vet Res 59 1 (1995) 26-33
59. Lathrop S.L., Wittum T.E., Loerch S.C., et al. Antibody titers against bovine coronavirus and shedding of the virus via the respiratory tract in feedlot cattle. Am J Vet Res 61 9 (2000) 1057-1061
60. Plummer P.J., Rohrbach B.W., Daugherty R.A., et al. Effect of intranasal vaccination against bovine enteric coronavirus on the occurrence of respiratory tract disease in a commercial backgrounding feedlot. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225 5 (2004) 726-731
61. O'Connor A., Martin S.W., Nagy E., et al. The relationship between the occurrence of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease and titer changes to bovine coronavirus and bovine viral diarrhea virus in 3 Ontario feedlots. Can J Vet Res 65 3 (2001) 137-142
62. Cho K.O., Hasoksuz M., Nielsen P.R., et al. Cross-protection studies between respiratory and calf diarrhea and winter dysentery coronavirus strains in calves and RT-PCR and nested PCR for their detection. Arch Virol 146 12 (2001) 2401-2409
63. Saif L.J. A review of evidence implicating bovine coronavirus in the etiology of winter dysentery in cows: an enigma resolved?. Cornell Vet 80 4 (1990) 303-311
64. Thomson R.G. A perspective on respiratory disease in feedlot cattle. Can Vet J 21 6 (1980) 181-185
65. Evans A.S. Causation and disease: the Henle-Koch postulates revisited. Yale J Biol Med 49 9 (1976) 175-195
66. Traven M., Naslund K., Linde N., et al. Experimental reproduction of winter dysentery in lactating cows using BCV-comparison with BCV infection in milk-fed calves. Vet Microbiol 81 2 (2001) 127-151
67. Cavirani S, Galvani G, Taddei S, et al. Involvement of coronavirus in acute bovine respiratory disease (BRD) of cattle. In: Proceedings of the X International Symposium of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians. Salsomaggiore (PR), Italy, July 4-7, 2001. p. 395-6.
68. Lavazza A., Boldini M., Lombardi G., et al. Identification of rotavirus and coronavirus in neonatal diarrhoea of calves submitted to the Brescia laboratory in 1991-1992. Atti della Societa Italiana di Buiatria 25 (1993) 249-258
69. Mebus C.A., Stair E.L., Rhodes M.B., et al. Pathology of neonatal calf diarrhea induced by a coronavirus-like agent. Vet Pathol 10 1 (1973) 45-64
70. Gunn A.A., Naylor J.A., and House J.K. Diarrhea. In: Smith B.P. (Ed). Large animal internal medicine. 4th edition (2009), Mosby Elsevier, St. Louis (MO) 340-363
71. Mebus C.A., Newman L.E., and Stair E.L. Scanning electron, light, and immunofluorescent microscopy of intestine of gnotobiotic calf infected with calf diarrheal coronavirus. Am J Vet Res 36 12 (1975) 1719-1725
72. Mebus C.A., Stair E.L., Rhodes M.B., et al. Neonatal calf diarrhea: propagation, attenuation, and characteristics of a coronavirus-like agent. Am J Vet Res 34 2 (1973) 145-150
73. Langpap T.J., Bergeland M.E., and Reed D.E. Coronaviral enteritis of young calves: virologic and pathologic findings in naturally occurring infections. Am J Vet Res 40 10 (1979) 1476-1478
74. Bridger J.C., Woode G.N., and Meyling A. Isolation of coronavirus from neonatal calf diarrhea in great Britain and Denmark. Vet Microbiol 3 2 (1978) 101-113
75. Babiuk L.A., Sabara M., and Hudson G.R. Rotavirus and coronavirus infections in animals. Prog Vet Microbiol Immunol 1 (1985) 80-120
76. Moon H.W. Mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diarrhea: a review. J Am Vet Med Assoc 172 4 (1978) 443-448
77. Woode G.N., Smith G.N., and Dennis M.J. Intestinal damage in rotavirus infected calves assessed by D-xylose malabsorption. Vet Rec 102 15 (1978) 340-341
78. Clark M.A. Bovine coronavirus. Br Vet J 149 1 (1993) 51-70
79. Nappert G., Hamilton D., Petrie L., et al. Determination of lactose and xylose malabsorption in preruminant diarrheic calves. Can J Vet Res 57 3 (1993) 152-158
80. Ewaschuk J.B., Naylor J.M., Palmer R., et al. D-Lactate production and excretion in diarrheic calves. J Vet Intern Med 18 5 (2004) 744-747
81. Lewis L.D., and Phillips R.W. Pathophysiologic changes due to coronavirus-induced diarrhea in the calf. J Am Vet Med Assoc 173 5 Pt 2 (1978) 636-642
82. Bendali F., Bichet H., Schelcher F., et al. Pattern of diarrhoea in newborn beef calves in south-west France. Vet Res 30 1 (1999) 61-74
83. Durham P.J.K., Farquharson B.C., and Stevenson B.J. Rotavirus and coronavirus associated diarrhoea in calves. N Z Vet J 27 12 (1979) 271-272
84. Hoet A.E., Smiley J., Thomas C., et al. Association of enteric shedding of bovine torovirus (Breda virus) and other enteropathogens with diarrhea in veal calves. Am J Vet Res 64 4 (2003) 485-490
85. Reynolds D.J., Morgan J.H., Chanter N., et al. Microbiology of calf diarrhoea in southern Britain. Vet Rec 119 2 (1986) 34-39
86. Mostl K., and Burki F. Incidence of diarrhea and of rotavirus- and coronavirus-shedding in calves, whose dams had been vaccinated with an experimental oil-adjuvanted vaccine containing bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 35 3 (1988) 186-196
87. Crouch C.F., and Acres S.D. Prevalence of rotavirus and coronavirus antigens in the feces of normal cows. Can J Comp Med 48 3 (1984) 340-342
88. Marsolais G., Assaf R., Montpetit C., et al. Diagnosis of viral agents associated with neonatal calf diarrhea. Can J Comp Med 42 2 (1978) 168-171
89. Snodgrass D.R., Terzolo H.R., Sherwood D., et al. Aetiology of diarrhea in young calves. Vet Rec 119 2 (1986) 31-34
90. Crouch C.F., Oliver S., Hearle D.C., et al. Lactogenic immunity following vaccination of cattle with bovine coronavirus. Vaccine 19 2-3 (2000) 189-196
91. Cho K.O., Halbur P.G., Bruna J.D., et al. Detection and isolation of coronavirus from feces of three herds of feedlot cattle during outbreaks of winter dysentery-like diseases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217 8 (2000) 1191-1194
92. Bulgin M.S., Ward A., Barrett D.P., et al. Detection of rotavirus and coronavirus shedding in two beef cow herds in Idaho. Can Vet J 30 3 (1989) 235-239
93. Barrington G.M., Gay J.M., and Evermann J.F. Biosecurity for neonatal gastrointestinal diseases. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 18 1 (2002) 7-34
94. Moon H.W., McClurkin A.W., Isaacson R.E., et al. Pathogenic relationships of rotavirus, Escherichia coli, and other agents in mixed infections in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 173 5 Pt 2 (1978) 577-583
95. Acres S.D., Saunders J.R., and Radostits O.M. Acute undifferentiated neonatal diarrhea of beef calves: the prevalence of enterotoxigenic E. coli, reo-like (rota) virus and other enteropathogens in cow-calf herds. Can Vet J 18 5 (1977) 113-121
96. Benfield D.A., and Saif L.J. Cell culture propagation of a coronavirus isolated from cows with winter dysentery. J Clin Microbiol 28 6 (1990) 1454-1457
97. Espinasse J., Viso M., Laval A., et al. Winter dysentery: a coronavirus-like agent in the faeces of beef and dairy cattle with diarrhoea. Vet Rec 110 16 (1982) 385
98. Broes A., Van Opdenbosch E., and Wellemans G. Isolement d'un coronavirus chez des bovins atteints d'enterite hemorragique hivernale (winter dysentery) en Belgique [Isolation of a coronavirus from Belgian cattle with winter haemorrhagic enteritis]. Ann Med Vet 128 4 (1984) 299-303
99. Natsuaki S., Goto K., Nakamura K., et al. Fatal winter dysentery with severe anemia in an adult cow. J Vet Med Sci 69 9 (2007) 957-960
100. Saif L.J., Redman D.R., Brock K.V., et al. Winter dysentery in adult dairy cattle: detection of coronavirus in the faeces. Vet Rec 123 11 (1988) 300-301
101. Smith D.R., Fedorka-Cray P.J., Mohan R., et al. Epidemiologic herd-level assessment of causative agents and risk factors for winter dysentery in dairy cattle. Am J Vet Res 59 8 (1998) 994-1001
102. van Kruiningen H.J., Khairallah L.H., Sasseville V.G., et al. Calfhood coronavirus enterocolitis: a clue to the etiology of winter dysentery. Vet Pathol 24 6 (1987) 564-567
103. Takahashi E., Inaba Y., Sato K., et al. Epizootic diarrhoea of adult cattle associated with a coronavirus-like agent. Vet Microbiol 5 2 (1980) 151-154
104. Kruiningenvan H.J., Hiestand L., Hill D.L., et al. Winter dysentery in dairy cattle: recent findings. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 7 10 (1985) S591-S599 S598-9
105. Tsunemitsu H., El-Kanawati Z.R., Smith D.R., et al. Isolation of coronaviruses antigenically indistinguishable from bovine coronavirus from wild ruminants with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 33 12 (1995) 3264-3269
106. Smith D.R., Fedorka-Cray P.J., Mohan R., et al. Evaluation of cow-level risk factors for the development of winter dysentery in dairy cattle. Am J Vet Res 59 8 (1998) 986-993
107. MacPherson L.W. Bovine virus enteritis (winter dysentery). Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 21 6 (1957) 184-192
108. Barrera Valle M., Rodriguez Batista E., Betancourt Martell A., et al. Short communication. First report in Cuba of bovine coronavirus detection in a winter dysentery outbreak. Spanish J Agr Res 4 3 (2006) 221-224
109. Campbell S.G., and Cookingham C.A. The enigma of winter dysentery. Cornell Vet 68 4 (1978) 423-441
110. Fleetwood A.J., Edwards S., Foxell P.W., et al. Winter dysentery in adult dairy cattle. Vet Rec 125 22 (1989) 553-554
111. Durham P.J., Hassard L.E., Armstrong K.R., et al. Coronavirus-associated diarrhea (winter dysentery) in adult cattle. Can Vet J 30 10 (1989) 825-827
112. Roberts S.J. Winter dysentery in dairy cattle. Cornell Vet 47 3 (1957) 372-388
113. Guard C.L., and Fecteau G. Winter dysentery in cattle. In: Smith B.P. (Ed). Large animal internal medicine. 4th edition (2009), Mosby Elsevier, St. Louis (MO) 876-877
114. White M.E., Schukken Hein Y., and Tanksley B. Space-time clustering of, and risk factors for, farmer-diagnosed winter dysentery in dairy cattle. Can Vet J 30 12 (1989) 948-951
115. Kahrs R.F., Scott F.W., and Hillman R.B. Epidemiologic observations on bovine winter dysentery. Bovine Practitioner 8 (1973) 36-39
116. Traven M., Silvan A., Larsson B., et al. Experimental infection with bovine coronavirus (BCV) in lactating cows: clinical disease, viral excretion, interferon-alpha and antibody response. Bovine Pract 29 (1995) 64-65
117. Dar A.M., Kapil S., and Goyal S.M. Comparison of immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and direct fluorescent antibody test for the detection of bovine coronavirus. J Vet Diagn Invest 10 2 (1998) 152-157
118. Schoenthaler S.L., and Kapil S. Development and applications of a bovine coronavirus antigen detection enzyme-linked immunoassay. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 6 1 (1999) 130-132
119. Daginakatte G.C., Chard-Bergstrom C., Andrews G.A., et al. Production, characterization, and uses of monoclonal antibodies against recombinant nucleoprotein of elk coronavirus. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 6 3 (1999) 341-344
120. Luginbuhl A., Reitt K., Metzler A., et al. Field study of the prevalence and diagnosis of diarrhea-causing agents in the newborn calf in a Swiss veterinary practice area. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 147 6 (2005) 245-252
121. Selman I.E., Allan E.M., Gibbs H.A., et al. Effect of anti-prostaglandin therapy in experimental parainfluenza type 3 pneumonia in weaned, conventional calves. Vet Rec 115 5 (1984) 101-105
122. Friton G, Cajal C, Leemann R, et al. Pharmaco-economic benefit of meloxicam (Metacam) in the treatment of respiratory disease in feedlot cattle. In: Proceedings of the 23rd World Buiatrics Conference. Quebec, Canada, July 11-16, 2004.
123. Apley M. Ancillary therapy in food animal infectious disease with a focus on steroids and NSAIDS in bovine respiratory disease and toxic mastitis: what should (and shouldn't we be doing?). In: Proceedings of the Ontario Veterinary Medical Association (OVMA). Ontario; 2008. p. 203-10.
124. Apley M. Ancillary therapy of bovine respiratory disease. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 13 3 (1997) 575-592
125. Naylor J.M. Oral electrolyte therapy. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 15 3 (1999) 487-504
126. Berchtold J. Intravenous fluid therapy of calves. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 15 3 (1999) 505-531
127. Arthington J.D., Jaynes C.A., Tyler H.D., et al. The use of bovine serum protein as an oral support therapy following coronavirus challenge in calves. J Dairy Sci 85 5 (2002) 1249-1254
128. Bendali F., Sanaa M., Bichet H., et al. Risk factors associated with diarrhoea in newborn calves. Vet Res 30 5 (1999) 509-522
129. Kasari T.R., and Wikse S.E. Perinatal mortality in beef herds. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 10 1 (1994) 1-185
130. Heath S.E. Neonatal diarrhea in calves: investigation of herd management practices. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 14 3 (1992) 385-393
131. Heath S.E. Neonatal diarrhea in calves: diagnosis and intervention in problem herds. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 14 7 (1992) 995-1002
132. Smith DR, Grotelueschen DM, Knott T, et al. Prevention of neonatal diarrhea with the Sandhills calving system. In: Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference of American Association of Bovine Practitioners. Forth Worth, TX, September 23-25, 2004. p. 23-5.
133. Pence M., Robbe S., and Thomson J. Reducing the incidence of neonatal calf diarrhea through evidence-based management. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 23 (2001) S73-S75
134. de Leeuw P.W., and Tiessink J.W. Laboratory experiments on oral vaccination of calves against rotavirus or coronavirus induced diarrhea. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 31 1 (1985) 55-64
135. Decaro N., Campolo M., Mari V., et al. A candidate modified-live bovine coronavirus vaccine: safety and immunogenicity evaluation. New Microbiol 32 1 (2009) 109-113
136. O'Toole D., Steadman L., Raisbeck M., et al. Myositis, lameness, and recumbency after use of water-in-oil adjuvanted vaccines in near-term beef cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 17 1 (2005) 23-31
137. Kapil S., Richardson K.L., Maag T.R., et al. Characterization of bovine coronavirus isolates from eight different states in the USA. Vet Microbiol 67 (1999) 221-230
138. Lin X., O'Reilly K.L., Burrel M.L., et al. Infectivity-neutralizing and hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibody responses to respiratory coronavirus infections of cattle in pathogenesis of shipping fever pneumonia. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 8 2 (2001) 357-362